CN111821946A - Preparation method of modified restoration plant biochar for cadmium-polluted soil restoration - Google Patents
Preparation method of modified restoration plant biochar for cadmium-polluted soil restoration Download PDFInfo
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- CN111821946A CN111821946A CN202010678421.5A CN202010678421A CN111821946A CN 111821946 A CN111821946 A CN 111821946A CN 202010678421 A CN202010678421 A CN 202010678421A CN 111821946 A CN111821946 A CN 111821946A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of modified restoration plant biochar for restoring cadmium contaminated soil, which comprises the following steps: (1) harvesting the restoration plants containing heavy metals with certain concentration, washing, drying, crushing and sieving to obtain a biomass raw material; (2) placing the biomass in a tubular furnace under nitrogen atmosphere for high-temperature carbonization, keeping the pyrolysis temperature at 400-700 ℃, keeping the residence time for 1-2h, cooling to room temperature, and grinding to obtain the repair plant biochar with different pyrolysis temperatures; (3) spreading a certain mass of the repair plant biochar in a glass ware with the thickness of about 2mm, and placing the glass ware under an ultraviolet lamp of 250W for irradiating for 8-24 h; (4) and (4) taking out the culture dish after the irradiation is finished, and obtaining the modified restoration plant biochar. The phytobiocarbon repairing material prepared by the method is low in toxic leaching amount, environmentally acceptable and simple in preparation method, and the modified biochar effectively inhibits the effectiveness and the mobility of heavy metals in soil, so that the double values of safe disposal and resource recycling of hazardous wastes are realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of environmental protection, in particular to a method for treating plants containing heavy metal cadmium after repairing cadmium contaminated soil, which is used for preparing repair plant biochar and recycling the modified biochar.
Background
Heavy metal pollution in soil has become an environmental problem to be solved urgently at present. The large amount of heavy metals accumulated in the soil is mainly caused by human activities such as mining, waste water and pesticides. Cadmium, one of the major heavy metal contaminants, poses a serious threat to the safety of the overall agricultural production due to its extremely high toxicity and non-biodegradability. Various studies have shown that the presence of excess cadmium in soil can negatively affect plant growth, including brown spots, curling and even leaf abscission. In addition, cadmium accumulated in foods such as wheat and rice also has a great influence on human health, resulting in various diseases such as pneumonia, hypertension and osteoporosis. Therefore, finding an effective method for treating cadmium-polluted soil is not slow enough.
Phytoremediation is a technique that plants absorb, degrade, convert and fix heavy metals in soil, so as to achieve the purpose of remediating contaminated soil. The heavy metal adsorption material has the advantages of strong adsorption capacity on heavy metals, high economy, simple and convenient operation and the like, and is widely applied to heavy metal soil remediation. However, the restoration plants often contain high heavy metal content and have the risk of secondary pollution, so that the safe disposal of the restoration plant residues is an urgent problem to be solved. Common treatment methods for repairing plants include direct landfill, incineration, composting, pyrolysis and the like, wherein the pyrolysis technology refers to a method for heating and disposing biomass under an anaerobic condition. The restoration plants can be decomposed into combustible fuels such as gas, liquid, solid and the like after being subjected to pyrolysis treatment and can be respectively utilized, and the solid is the biochar. The pyrolysis technology not only can realize more than 90% volume reduction efficiency, and the heat treatment temperature is low moreover, and the furnace seals and is unfavorable for the volatilization and the migration of heavy metal, and in addition, living beings pyrolysis product bio-oil or coke is the product of high calorific value, is favorable to the reuse of the energy.
Generally, biochar has a richer void structure and a larger specific surface area. The biochar is a solid substance which is insoluble, stable, highly aromatic and rich in carbon, has a developed pore structure, has the characteristics of more negative charges, strong ion exchange capacity, excellent adsorption performance and the like, and shows strong adsorption capacity on heavy metal cations. The biochar can not only improve soil fertility and plant growth, but also reduce the content of heavy metals in plants by fixing the bioavailability in soil. The preparation source of the biochar is wide, and the biochar comprises agricultural waste, livestock manure, sludge and the like. Therefore, the method has feasibility for obtaining the biochar by pyrolyzing the remediation plants and applying the biochar to the treatment of the heavy metal pollution of the soil.
However, unmodified biochar tends to have limited effect on heavy metals in the soil and requires modification treatments to improve its performance. The modification of biochar can be generally classified into chemical modification, physical modification, impregnation modification and the like. However, these methods are accompanied by many problems such as high economic cost, poor effect, etc. At the same time, such modification may present increased leaching risks for the heavy metals contained in the phytobiocarbon being repaired. The ultraviolet radiation can increase the specific surface area of the biomass, can introduce oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the biomass, and is not easy to cause secondary pollution. Therefore, how to combine the repair plant biochar with ultraviolet radiation to prepare the ultraviolet modified repair plant biochar material has important significance for enhancing the inhibition capability of the repair plant biochar material on the effectiveness of heavy metal cadmium in soil.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method of modified and repaired plant biochar which has environmental acceptability and can effectively reduce the effectiveness and the mobility of heavy metal cadmium in soil, and the double values of safe disposal and resource recycling of hazardous wastes are realized.
The invention solves the technical problems by the following technical scheme:
(1) harvesting the restoration plants containing heavy metals with certain concentration, washing, drying, grinding and sieving to obtain a biomass raw material;
(2) placing the biomass raw material in a tubular furnace under nitrogen atmosphere for high-temperature carbonization, keeping the pyrolysis temperature at 400-700 ℃, keeping the pyrolysis time for 1-2h, cooling to room temperature, and grinding to obtain the repair plant biochar with different pyrolysis temperatures;
(3) spreading a certain mass of the repair plant biochar in a glass ware with the thickness of about 2mm, and placing the glass ware under an ultraviolet lamp of 250W for irradiating for 8-24 h;
(4) and (4) taking out the culture dish after the irradiation is finished, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the modified restoration plant biochar.
Further, the heavy metal restoration plants in the step (1) are cadmium pollution restoration plants, and the biomass raw material is ground and then screened by a 50-mesh standard sieve.
Further, the biomass raw material is rape or ryegrass.
Further, the temperature rise rate in the step (2) is 20 ℃ min-1The nitrogen flow rate is 0.5 L.min-1And the biochar is ground and then is sieved by a 100-mesh sieve.
Further, the culture dish in the step (3) is placed on an electric hot plate to keep the temperature of the biochar at 80 ℃.
Further, in the step (3), the radiation distance between the culture dish and the ultraviolet lamp is kept at 40 cm.
The invention provides modified restoration plant biochar prepared by the method.
In addition, the invention also provides modified restoration plant biochar applied to the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soil, which comprises the following steps:
(1) adding modified restoration plant biochar into heavy metal contaminated soil according to 0.2-0.6% of the soil mass, and fully mixing the biochar with the soil surface layer;
(2) and (3) watering the soil regularly to keep the soil moisture at 60% of the maximum field moisture capacity.
Further, the heavy metal contaminated soil is cadmium contaminated soil.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) according to the method disclosed by the invention, the prepared biochar is low in toxic leaching amount, according to a leaching experiment, referring to a method disclosed in 'horizontal oscillation method of solid waste leaching toxicity leaching method (HJ 557-2010)', the obtained modified and repaired plant biochar is respectively placed into distilled water, a nitric acid/sulfuric acid mixed solution and glacial acetic acid, the cadmium concentration in a leaching solution is far lower than a leaching toxicity standard identification value (GB5085.3-2007), and the method has environmental acceptability, is simple in preparation method, easy for industrial production, free of additional environmental hazard and capable of achieving the safe disposal problem of hazardous wastes (refer to example 6).
(2) According to the invention, ultraviolet radiation is adopted to modify the repair plant biochar, and scanning electron microscope results show that compared with unmodified biochar, more irregular corrosion holes exist on the surface of the modified biochar; at the same time, the pore structure is more uniform and the impurities in the channels are dredged, which contributes to increasing their surface area. The infrared spectrum result shows that the content of the carboxyl functional group on the surface of the modified biochar is obviously increased, which indicates that the complexation of the modified biochar to heavy metals is enhanced. Introduction of ultraviolet radiation is not only simple to handle, but also free from secondary pollution (cf. example 5).
(3) The modified and repaired plant biochar provided by the invention can effectively reduce the content of the heavy metal in the effective state of the heavy metal in the soil and the content of the heavy metal in each organ of the plant, has short treatment period and high passivation efficiency, and achieves the purpose of resource recycling (refer to examples 7 and 8).
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an SEM photograph of a modified phytobiocarbon and a modified phytobiocarbon as in example 5;
FIG. 2 is an FTIR profile of the modified phytobiocarbon and the modified phytobiocarbon as in example 5.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of modified restoration plant biochar for restoring cadmium-contaminated soil, which comprises the following specific processes:
(1) taking cadmium content as 0.14mg kg-1After being cleaned by deionized water, the rape is placed in an oven to be dried to constant weight, and then the rape is ground and sieved by a 50-mesh sieve to obtain a biomass raw material for later use;
(2) placing rape in a tube furnace at 0.5 L.min-1Continuously introducing nitrogen, heating to 600 ℃, keeping the time for 1h, naturally cooling the temperature in the furnace to room temperature, taking out, grinding and sieving by a 100-mesh sieve to obtain rape biochar for later use;
(3) 10g of rape biochar was spread in approximately 2mm glass dishes and the dishes were placed on a hot plate so that the temperature of the biochar was maintained at 80 ℃. Then placing the culture dish under an ultraviolet lamp of 250W for irradiating for 16h, and keeping the distance between the culture dish and the ultraviolet lamp at 40 cm;
(4) and (4) taking out the culture dish after the irradiation is finished, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the modified rape biochar for later use.
Example 2:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of modified restoration plant biochar for restoring cadmium-contaminated soil, which comprises the following specific processes:
(1) taking cadmium content as 0.14mg kg-1After being cleaned by deionized water, the rape is placed in an oven to be dried to constant weight, and then the rape is ground and sieved by a 50-mesh sieve to obtain a biomass raw material for later use;
(2) placing rape in a tube furnace at 0.5 L.min-1Continuously introducing nitrogen, heating to 400 deg.C, standing for 2 hr, naturally cooling to room temperature, taking out, grinding to 100 meshAfter screening, obtaining rape biochar for later use;
(3) 10g of rape biochar was spread in approximately 2mm glass dishes and the dishes were placed on a hot plate so that the temperature of the biochar was maintained at 80 ℃. Then placing the culture dish under an ultraviolet lamp of 250W for irradiating for 16h, and keeping the distance between the culture dish and the ultraviolet lamp at 40 cm;
(4) and (4) taking out the culture dish after the irradiation is finished, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the modified rape biochar for later use.
Example 3:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of modified restoration plant biochar for restoring cadmium-contaminated soil, which comprises the following specific processes:
(1) taking cadmium content as 3.86mg kg-1Cleaning the ryegrass with deionized water, placing the ryegrass in an oven to dry the ryegrass to constant weight, grinding the ryegrass and sieving the ryegrass with a 50-mesh sieve to obtain a biomass raw material for later use;
(2) placing rye grass in a tube furnace at 0.5 L.min-1Continuously introducing nitrogen, heating to 600 ℃, keeping the time for 1h, naturally cooling the temperature in the furnace to room temperature, taking out, grinding and sieving with a 100-mesh sieve to obtain the ryegrass biochar for later use;
(3) 10g of rye grass biochar was laid flat in a glass dish of about 2mm and the dish was placed on a hot plate so that the temperature of the biochar was maintained at 80 ℃. Then placing the culture dish under an ultraviolet lamp of 250W for irradiating for 16h, and keeping the distance between the culture dish and the ultraviolet lamp at 40 cm;
(4) and (4) taking out the culture dish after the irradiation is finished, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the modified ryegrass biochar for later use.
Example 4:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of modified restoration plant biochar for restoring cadmium-contaminated soil, which comprises the following specific processes:
(1) taking cadmium content as 3.86mg kg-1Cleaning the ryegrass with deionized water, placing the ryegrass in an oven to dry the ryegrass to constant weight, grinding the ryegrass and sieving the ryegrass with a 50-mesh sieve to obtain a biomass raw material for later use;
(2) processing ryePlacing grass in a tube furnace at a rate of 0.5 L.min-1Continuously introducing nitrogen at the speed of (1), heating to 500 ℃, keeping the time for 1h, taking out after the temperature in the furnace is naturally cooled to room temperature, and grinding and sieving by a 100-mesh sieve to obtain the ryegrass biochar;
(3) 10g of rye grass biochar was laid flat in a glass dish of about 2mm and the dish was placed on a hot plate so that the temperature of the biochar was maintained at 80 ℃. Then placing the culture dish under an ultraviolet lamp of 250W for irradiating for 8h, and keeping the distance between the culture dish and the ultraviolet lamp at 40 cm;
(4) and (4) taking out the culture dish after the irradiation is finished, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the modified ryegrass biochar for later use.
Example 5:
this example performed Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis on the canola biochar and ryegrass biochar A, B, and the modified canola biochar and modified ryegrass biochar C, D prepared in examples 1 and 3 above.
Scanning electron microscope results show that more irregular corrosion holes exist on the surface of the modified biochar compared with the unmodified biochar. At the same time, the pore structure is more uniform and the impurities in the channels are dredged, which contributes to increasing their surface area. The infrared spectrum result shows that the content of the carboxyl functional group on the surface of the modified biochar is obviously increased, which indicates that the complexation of the modified biochar to heavy metals is enhanced.
Example 6:
this example performed a toxicity leaching experiment on the modified remediating phytobiocarbon prepared in examples 1-4 above. The leaching experiment was carried out by using water leaching, a nitric acid/sulfuric acid mixed solution (60:40, w/w; pH: 4.20. + -. 0.05) and glacial acetic acid (pH: 2.88. + -. 0.05) according to the method of horizontal shaking method for leaching toxic leaching of solid wastes (HJ 557-2010): and (3) adding 1g of ultraviolet modified restoration plant biochar into 20mL of deionized water, oscillating for 8h, 18h and 18h respectively in a constant-temperature water bath oscillating box at room temperature, centrifuging, filtering, and measuring the cadmium content in the supernatant. Meanwhile, a blank test (without adding biochar) is carried out to eliminate test errors.
TABLE 1 different modified repair plant biochar leachingConcentration (mg. L) of heavy metal cadmium in the solution-1)
The identification values of heavy metals in the standard identification values of leaching toxicity (GB5085.3-2007) are all calculated by the total amount of the heavy metals. "ND" means no detection.
As can be seen from the table 1, the cadmium concentration of the modified restoration plant biochar containing heavy metals in the leachate under three conditions is far lower than the standard identification value of leaching toxicity (GB5085.3-2007), which shows that the modified restoration plant biochar has environmental acceptability and can be safely applied to the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soil.
Example 7:
in the embodiment, the rape biochar and the modified rape biochar prepared in the embodiment 1 are respectively used for treating the soil polluted by heavy metal cadmium, and the basic physicochemical properties of the soil to be tested are as follows: pH8.03, organic matter 20.6 g.kg-1Cation exchange capacity 10.36cmol kg-1Total amount of cadmium 1.97 mg/kg-1And the cadmium content is higher than a risk screening value of soil pollution risk management and control standard (trial) of soil environmental quality agricultural land (GB 15618-2018). The repairing process comprises the following steps: the two biochar materials are added into the soil according to 0.4 percent of the mass of the soil, the control group is the soil without the biochar, and three times of treatment are set. And (3) uniformly mixing the soil, putting the mixture into a culture pot, aging the mixture for one week at a constant temperature, adding caraway seeds, supplementing water to the soil by using deionized water, and keeping the water content of the soil to be about 60% of the field water capacity. Soil and plant samples from each treatment group were collected and analyzed 30 days after crop growth.
And (3) effect detection: the soil effective cadmium, the soil pH value, and the cadmium content in the aerial and underground parts of caraway were measured, and the results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 Effect of different treatments on soil and plants
As can be seen from Table 2, after the rape or modified rape biochar is applied to the cadmium-contaminated soil, compared with the control, the pH value of the soil is improved to a certain extent, the effective cadmium in the soil is respectively reduced by 22.8 percent and 35.9 percent, the cadmium content of the overground part of the caraway is respectively reduced by 72.4 percent and 77.8 percent, and the cadmium content of the underground part of the caraway is respectively reduced by 32.0 percent and 40.8 percent. Therefore, the repair plant biochar obtained by the method, particularly the modified repair plant biochar can effectively reduce the content of effective cadmium in soil and can greatly reduce the cadmium content in different tissues of planted caraway after being applied to the soil.
Example 8:
in the embodiment, the ryegrass biochar and the modified ryegrass biochar prepared in the embodiment 3 are respectively used for treating the soil polluted by heavy metal cadmium, and the basic physicochemical properties of the soil to be tested are as follows: pH8.03, organic matter 20.6 g.kg-1Cation exchange capacity 10.36cmol kg-1Total amount of cadmium 1.97 mg/kg-1And the cadmium content is higher than a risk screening value of soil pollution risk management and control standard (trial) of soil environmental quality agricultural land (GB 15618-2018). The repairing process comprises the following steps: the two biochar materials are added into the soil according to 0.6 percent of the mass of the soil, the control group is the soil without the biochar, and three times of treatment are set. And (3) uniformly mixing the soil, putting the mixture into a culture pot, aging the mixture for one week at a constant temperature, adding caraway seeds, supplementing water to the soil by using deionized water, and keeping the water content of the soil to be about 60% of the field water capacity. Soil and plant samples from each treatment group were collected and analyzed 30 days after crop growth.
And (3) effect detection: : the soil active cadmium, the soil pH, and the cadmium content in the aerial and underground parts of Coriandrum sativum were measured, and the results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Effect of different treatments on soil and plants
The results in table 3 show that the bio-carbon of ryegrass or modified ryegrass can also significantly reduce the content of available cadmium in the soil, which reaches 38.5% and 51.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the cadmium content of different parts of the caraway is obviously reduced, which shows that the biochar prepared by the method can effectively inhibit the effectiveness and the mobility of cadmium in soil.
The above detailed description is specific to one possible embodiment of the present invention, and the embodiment is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all equivalent implementations or modifications without departing from the scope of the present invention should be included in the technical scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A preparation method of modified restoration plant biochar for restoring cadmium contaminated soil is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) harvesting the restoration plants containing heavy metals with certain concentration, washing, drying, grinding and sieving to obtain a biomass raw material;
(2) placing the biomass raw material in a tubular furnace under nitrogen atmosphere for high-temperature carbonization, keeping the pyrolysis temperature at 400-700 ℃, keeping the pyrolysis time for 1-2h, cooling to room temperature, and grinding to obtain the repair plant biochar;
(3) spreading a certain mass of the repair plant biochar in a glass ware, and placing the glass ware under an ultraviolet lamp for irradiating for 8-24 hours;
(4) and (4) taking out the culture dish after the irradiation is finished, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the modified restoration plant biochar.
2. The preparation method of the modified restoration plant biochar for cadmium contaminated soil restoration according to claim 1, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: the plant containing heavy metal with a certain concentration in the step (1) is a cadmium pollution remediation plant, and the biomass raw material is ground and then screened by a 50-mesh standard sieve.
3. The preparation method of the modified restoration plant biochar for cadmium contaminated soil restoration according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: the biomass raw material for soil cadmium pollution remediation is rape or ryegrass.
4. The method of claim 3 for cadmium contaminationThe preparation method of the modified restoration plant biochar for soil restoration is characterized by comprising the following steps: the heating rate in the step (2) is 20 ℃ min-1The nitrogen flow rate is 0.5 L.min-1And the biochar is ground and then is sieved by a 100-mesh sieve.
5. The preparation method of the modified restoration plant biochar for cadmium contaminated soil restoration according to claim 3, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: and (3) flatly spreading the repair plant biochar with a certain mass in the step (3) in a culture dish according to the thickness of 2mm, and placing the culture dish on an electric hot plate to keep the temperature of the biochar at 80 ℃.
6. The preparation method of the modified restoration plant biochar for cadmium contaminated soil restoration according to claim 3, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: in the step (3), the radiation distance between the culture dish and the ultraviolet lamp is kept at 40 cm.
7. A modified restoration plant biochar for restoring cadmium-contaminated soil, which is characterized in that the modified restoration plant biochar is prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 6.
8. The application of the modified phytoremediation biochar of claim 7 to heavy metal contaminated soil remediation, comprising the steps of:
(1) adding modified restoration plant biochar into heavy metal contaminated soil according to 0.2-0.6% of the soil mass, and fully mixing the biochar with the soil surface layer;
(2) and (3) watering the soil regularly to keep the soil moisture at 60% of the maximum field moisture capacity.
9. The modified phytoremediation biochar of claim 8, wherein the heavy metal contaminated soil is cadmium contaminated soil.
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