CN111814907A - Quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on condition constraint - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on condition constraint, which comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing a real sample, introducing appropriate condition constraints according to the target of a generated task and the characteristics of data, and forming a training data set of a network together; secondly, designing a proper quantum circuit to carry out quantum state coding on the classical training sample according to the numerical characteristics of the training data set; then, designing a construction condition to generate a parameterized quantum circuit of a quantum generator G and a quantum discriminator D of the countermeasure network; and finally, cascading the quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D, formulating a training strategy to perform countermeasure training, and performing measurement sampling on the trained quantum generator G to generate a data result which can be fitted with a real sample and accords with conditional constraints. The invention can effectively guide the network to generate the data meeting the specific requirements according to the setting of the condition constraint, thereby increasing the controllability of the training process and improving the quality of the generated data.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to a quantum machine learning algorithm, and particularly relates to a quantum generation confrontation network algorithm based on condition constraint.
Background
Goodfellow firstly proposes generation of a confrontation Network (GAN) in 2014, and combines a discriminant model and a Generative model which are the most important algorithm models in the field of artificial intelligence to obtain a new deep neural Network algorithm framework. The main idea is that the generator learns the characteristics of training sample data and generates false samples, the discriminator judges the authenticity of input samples, and through the alternate training of the generator and the discriminator, a better generator is obtained for generating data which can be matched with real samples. Subsequently, the countermeasure training idea is widely applied to solving various generation and classification problems, and particularly, GAN shows great potential in the task of learning to generate real pictures and audio data samples.
On the basis of GAN idea, Mehdi Mirza in the same year proposes a conditional generation countermeasure network (CGAN), which adds conditional constraints to both the generator and the discriminator, i.e. some extra information related to the conditional constraint characterization data. In the training process, the added condition constraint can guide the generator to generate data which accords with the additional information characteristics, and the mode of simulation in the training is prevented from being too free. The CGAN can be used not only to generate data for specific conditions, but also to image transformation and style migration.
Lloyd in 2018 proposes a concept related to Quantum generation countermeasure networks (QGAN), and skillfully combines the classical generation countermeasure network with Quantum computing. The QGAN algorithm-based pure quantum scheme is verified by physical experiments of a superconducting circuit, and the mixed classical-quantum scheme is verified by relevant numerical simulation, so that the QGAN is expected to become one of machine learning algorithms which are most suitable to be realized by using recent quantum equipment. However, similar to the GAN classical scheme, the quantum scheme also has the problem that the training process is too free because data distribution does not need to be assumed in advance, and it is difficult to control the generation of data with large information amount.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the invention aims to provide a quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraint, which effectively guides a network to generate data meeting specific requirements by setting the conditional constraint, increases the controllability of a training process and improves the quality of the generated data.
The technical scheme is as follows: the quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on the condition constraint comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a real sample, introducing appropriate condition constraints according to a target of a generated task and numerical characteristics of sample data, wherein the sample data and condition variables jointly form a training data set for generating the countermeasure network;
(2) preparing data pairs in the training dataset into quantum states; redesigning the parameterized quantum circuit of the quantum generator G and setting the corresponding hyperparameters
(3) Designing parameterized quantum circuit of quantum discriminator D and setting corresponding hyper-parameters
(4) Setting relevant parameters of the confrontation training;
(5) fixing a parameter θ of a quantum generator GGCalculating the gradient of the loss function of the quantum discriminator D for the parameter thetaDOptimizing;
(6) fixing the parameter θ of the Quantum discriminator DDCalculating the gradient of the loss function of the quantum generator G for the parameter thetaGOptimizing;
(7) step (5) and step (6) complete the parameter alternation optimization of a training period, calculate the loss function of the quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D under the current parameter, judge whether the generated countermeasure network reaches Nash balance;
(8) and after the training is finished, obtaining a quantum generator G with the capability of generating data in a classified manner, selecting a corresponding conditional constraint value according to the target, inputting the conditional constraint value into the trained quantum generator G, and measuring the final state of the quantum generator G to obtain new data meeting the conditional constraint characteristics.
In the step (4), the setting of the parameters related to the countermeasure training is specifically that all sample data are trained by generating the countermeasure networkThe times are recorded as epochs, and the times of evolution of a packet content discriminator D in each epoch are recorded as DstepThe number of times of G evolution of the content molecule generator in each epoch is GstepSelecting the minimum batch of real samples as m when updating the parameters of the quantum discriminator D each timeb。
In the step (5), the parameter θ of the quantum generator G is fixedGThen, m is randomly extracted from the training data setbPreparing real sample data pair into quantum state | r>Will | r>Measuring an output of the quantum discriminator D as an input of the quantum discriminator D; then cascade the quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D to convert | z>|y>As an input to the quantum generator G, the output of the quantum discriminator D is measured.
The calculation formula of the input | r > of the quantum discriminator D is as follows:
in the formula, xi∈X;ci∈y;i=1,2,…,mb(ii) a X represents a sample data set; y represents the conditional constraints introduced according to the goal of the generating task and the numerical characteristics of the sample data.
The calculation formula of the input | z > | y > of the quantum generator G is as follows:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,1/αjrepresents the conditional probability p (x | y)j) And satisfies the normalization conditionNxExpressed as preparing true sample data xiThe maximum number of quantum bits required.
Calculating the loss function of the quantum discriminator D from the two measured outputs of the quantum discriminator DLDA gradient of (a); loss function L of quantum discriminator DDComprises the following steps:
in step (6), the loss function L of the quantum generator GGThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
LG(θG)=Ezlog(D(G(|z>||y>)))。
in the step (7), if the generated countermeasure network reaches the Nash equilibrium state, the training is ended in advance; otherwise, the iterative optimization of the next training period is carried out until the generated countermeasure network reaches Nash balance or the iterative training of the whole training period is completed.
In step (1), the condition variable is derived from a category label, partial data for image inpainting, or other data from different modalities.
And designing the parameterized quantum circuits of the quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D according to the quantum resources N and the corresponding quantum circuit templates.
Has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: by adding condition constraints on a training data set on a network input layer, the network is effectively guided to generate data meeting specific requirements, controllability of a training process is improved, and fitting degree of the generated data to real data is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a quantum wire for preparing an entangled state of N particles W in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of qubit connectivity for a quantum generator G in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a template diagram of a quantum wire of a quantum generator G according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a template diagram of a quantum wire of a quantum discriminator D according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of a quantum wire for preparing a W state of 3 particles in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of a quantum generator G according to the present invention;
fig. 8 is a circuit diagram of a quantum discriminator D according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to specific embodiments and the attached drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints of the present invention includes the following steps:
(1) preparing a real sample, and recording a sample data set as X ═ X1,x2,…,xnBelongs to R, and the data set conforms to an unknown probability distribution rhodata. Introducing appropriate conditional constraints according to the target of the generated task and the numerical characteristics of the sample data, and recording as y ═ y1,y2,…,ym}; the sample data and the condition variables together form a training data set for generating the countermeasure network, and the training data set is marked as { (x)1,c1),…,(xi,ci),…,(xn,cn)}(xi∈X,ci∈y);
(2) Preparing a quantum generation model: the data pairs in the training dataset are prepared into quantum states. Preparing a condition information quantum state input to a quantum generator G, and encoding a condition variable y into a quantum superposition state according to the probability distribution of a real sample:the input of the quantum generator G isThe quantum state is prepared by N quantum bitsx+NyIn which N isxFor preparing true sample data xiMaximum number of quantum bits required, NyFor preparing the condition variable yjThe maximum number of quantum bits required. Then, the parameterized quantum circuit of the quantum generator G is designed according to the quantum resource N required by the quantum circuit and the circuit template, and the corresponding hyper-parameter is set
(3) Preparation of a quantum countermeasure model: designing the circuit of the quantum discriminator D also requires quantum resource N, designing the parameterized quantum circuit of the quantum discriminator D according to the corresponding quantum circuit template, and setting the corresponding hyper-parameter
(4) Setting relevant parameters of the confrontation training: the training times of all sample data after the generation of the countermeasure network are epochs, and the evolution times of a discriminator contained in each epoch are dstepThe number of generator evolutions contained in each epoch is gstepSelecting the minimum batch of real samples as m when updating the parameters of the discriminator each timeb。
(5) Training a discriminator: fixing a parameter θ of a quantum generator GGRandomly extracting m from the training data setbA true pair of sample data (x)i,ci)(i=1,2,…,mb;ciE.y) into a quantum state | r>Will | r>Measuring an output of the quantum discriminator D as an input of the quantum discriminator D; then cascade the quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D to convert | z>|y>As an input to the quantum generator G, the output of the quantum discriminator D is measured. Calculating the gradient of the loss function of the quantum discriminator D, for the parameter theta of the quantum discriminator DDAnd (6) optimizing. The iteration optimization times of the quantum discriminator D is DstepNext, the process is carried out.
The equation for the input | r > of quantum discriminator D is:
in the formula, xi∈X;ci∈y;i=1,2,…,mb(ii) a X represents a sample data set; y represents the conditional constraints introduced according to the goal of the generating task and the numerical characteristics of the sample data.
The formula for the input | z > | y > of the quantum generator G is:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,1/αjrepresents the conditional probability p (x | y)j) And satisfies the normalization conditionNxExpressed as preparing true sample data xiThe maximum number of quantum bits required.
After two measurements, the two measured outputs of the quantum discriminator D are added to obtain the loss function L of the quantum discriminator DDA gradient of (a); loss function L of quantum discriminator DDComprises the following steps:
(6) training and training generator: fixing the parameter θ of the Quantum discriminator DDThe quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D are cascaded,and a condition variable y>The combined input to the generator G measures the final state of the quantum discriminator D and converts the final state into a scalar, which is used for representing the judgment of the quantum discriminator D on the truth of the input data and whether the data is matched with the condition information. Calculating the gradient of the loss function of the quantum generator G for the parameter theta of the quantum generator GGAnd (6) optimizing. The number of times of iterative optimization of the quantum generator G is GstepNext, the process is carried out. Wherein the loss function L of the quantum generator GGThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
LG(θG)=Ezlog(D(G(|z>||y>)))。
(7) judging whether training is continued: after the step (5) and the step (6) finish the alternate optimization in an epoch, calculating the loss functions of the quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D under the current parameters, and judging whether the generated countermeasure network reaches Nash balance or not. If the generation of the countermeasure network reaches the Nash equilibrium state, the training is ended in advance; otherwise, entering next epoch iterative optimization until the generated countermeasure network reaches Nash balance or completes all epoch iterative training times.
(8) The expected results were obtained: after training, a quantum generator G which accords with a learning task (namely has the capability of classifying and generating data) is obtained, and a corresponding conditional constraint value | y is selected according to a targetc>Will beInputting the measured data into a trained quantum generator G, and measuring the final state of the quantum generator G to obtain the condition-constrained yc>New data of the features, i.e. as the final result of the generation of the task based on the conditional constraints.
In step (1), the condition variable y may be based on a variety of information, such as a category label, partial data for image inpainting, or other data from different modalities.
In step (2), condition variables based on class labels are most common, in which case the constructed conditional generation countermeasure network can be used to accomplish the task of generating classification data. The category labels are generally uniformly encoded using a one-hot method. Assuming that three different types of data subject to uniform distribution are to be generated, the sample can be labeled with three conditional constraints. Represented by classical binary data bits: 001,010,100, exactly corresponding to the three-particle W state | W in quantum computing>3=1/3(|001>+|010>+|100>) And correspondingly. Thus, the step of "encoding the condition variables y into quantum superposition states according to the true sample probability distribution" generally involves how to prepare the multi-particle W state, with a quantum wire template as shown in fig. 2. According to the cascade operation rule of the quantum circuit and the probability amplitude of the final state expected to be obtained, parameter values in the quantum circuit can be solved through an equation set mode.
Quantum generator G requires quantum resources using N qubits, where NxAn input of a channel isNyThe channels are used for receiving label information. In order to ensure the expressive ability of the quantum generator G, N is required to be ensured when a parameterized quantum circuit of the quantum generator G is designedxThe qubits being completely connected, NxConnectivity among quantum bits is shown in fig. 3, and line templates and arrangement rules of the rotating layer and the entangled layer of the corresponding parameterized quantum circuit are shown in fig. 4. In fig. 4, "XX" indicates an operation involving two qubits, one bit being a control bit and the other bit being a target bit, and when the control bit is "0" or "1", a corresponding operation is performed on the target bit.
In step (3), quantum arbiter D requires quantum resources to be used for N qubits, where N isxOne channel receives data information, NyEach lane receives tag information. There is no strict constraint on the design of the parameterized quantum circuit of the quantum discriminator D, but the use of the parameterized quantum gates should be reduced on the premise of ensuring entanglement, so as to avoid the training speed of the network from being reduced accordingly. The present invention provides a generic template of a discriminator D quantum wire, as shown in fig. 5, where the operation denoted by "XX" is consistent with the implications of fig. 4.
The invention combines the conditional generation countermeasure network algorithm and the quantum computing idea, and constructs the quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on the conditional constraint. By adding condition constraints on a training data set on a network input layer, the network is effectively guided to generate data meeting specific requirements, controllability of a training process is improved, and fitting degree of the generated data to real data is improved.
The following embodiment assumes that the learning task of generating the countermeasure network is to generate BAS maps of 2 × 2 pixels (the BAS maps constituting the horizontal stripe pattern or the vertical stripe pattern are considered to be valid), and the six valid BAS maps are divided into three types according to the characteristics of the data set and encoded by a one-hot method. A training data set containing six valid BAS maps evenly distributed was constructed:
the first 4 data bits are binary codes of pixel values, the value of 1 represents coloring the pixel point, and the value of 0 represents keeping the pixel point blank; the last 3 data bits represent the one-hot encoding of the condition variable.
The data pairs in the training dataset are prepared as quantum states, respectively |1100001>,|0011001>And 0101010, |1010010 >, |0000100 >, |1111100 >. The quantum wires of both the quantum discriminator D and the quantum generator G require 7 qubits of N to process the information, where N isx4 qubits for processing BAS image pixel correlation data, Ny3 qubits are used to process data relevant to conditional constraints.
Since the three BAS graphs in the training set are uniformly distributed, 3-particle W states are required to be prepared for the quantum generator G to provide information on the condition variables, i.e., y > W3=1/3(|001>+|010>+|100>). As shown in fig. 2, a template of a quantum wire in N-particle W state is prepared, and is designed to prepare a quantum wire in 3-particle W state, as shown in fig. 6. Wherein:
the 3 particle W state contains only three states entangled with each other, so the qubit | BC is rotated by adjusting the angle of the single qubit rotating gate in the first step>Is prepared in a special state comprising only three terms, i.e.According to the rule of quantum line cascade operation:
a system of equations for the quantum wire parameters is obtained:
solving the equation system to obtain parameter values: theta1=θ3=0.55357436,θ2=-0.36486383。
The second step in preparing the W state is to entangle the three qubits into a 3-particle W state using quantum gate design lines without parameters. According to | BC>And | W>3The difference in (1) can be that the quantum bits B and C are first subjected to a not-gate (Pauli X gate) operation, then the toffil gate is applied to set the quantum bit a to 1 when the quantum bits B and C are both 1, and finally the quantum bits B and C are subjected to the not-gate operation again to restore the entangled state at the end of the first step. So far, the initial state |000 can be obtained>Is prepared into | W>3。
As shown in fig. 3 to 5, a quantum circuit suitable for this task is designed using a parameterized quantum circuit template of the given quantum generator G and quantum discriminator D. As shown in fig. 7, the quantum generator G has 14 parameters to be trained, and CRZ gates are selected to realize entanglement between quantum bits. The circuit is only provided with a rotating layer and a full-connection layer, and because 4 quantum bits for processing data information are fully connected, experiments prove that even shallow quantum circuits can achieve better performance. As shown in fig. 8, the quantum discriminator D has 21 parameters to be trained, and selects to use the CRZ gate to realize entanglement between quantum bits.
Randomly generating the parameter theta of the array pair quantum line which accords with normal distribution and has the average value of 4/piGAnd thetaDInitialization is performed. Making a training strategy, and setting parameters: epoch is 50 gstep=dstep=200、mbAt 30, it is ensured that every epoch can traverse all the data of the training set. The Adam optimization algorithm is adopted for updating circuit parameters, and the learning rate uses a default value alphalr=0.001。
Firstly fixing the parameter theta during the confrontation trainingGRandomly selecting 30 pixel values and condition variable data pairs from the training set to prepare quantum stateInputting the measured data into a quantum discriminator D, measuring the output of the quantum discriminator D and calculatingThen cascade the quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D to convert | z>|y>=|0000>|y>As input to the quantum generator G, the output of the quantum discriminator D is measured and E is calculatedzlog(1-D(G(|z>||y>))). The sum of the two calculation results is the loss function of the discriminator D, and the gradient of the loss function is calculated to update the parameter thetaD。
Completion parameter θDAfter updating, the parameter theta is fixed againDInvariably, will | z>|y>=|0000>|y>Acting as initial state on the quantum wire of the quantum generator G, measuring the output of the quantum generator G and calculating Ezlog(D(G(|z>||y>))). Calculating a loss function LGIs used to update the parameter thetaG。
Alternate training arbiter and generator gstep=dstep200 times, an epoch alternative optimization task is completed. At this time, |0000>|y>As input to the quantum generator G, the output of the quantum generator G was measured and examined: firstly, generating pixel data as the accuracy of the BAS image; generating the matching degree of the pixel data and the condition information; and thirdly, whether the generated pixel data accord with uniform distribution or not. Since the training process for generating the countermeasure network has relative instability, the quality of the generator is considered at the end of each epoch training, and the training can be selected to be terminated early if the accuracy reaches a preset threshold. If the threshold value can not be reached all the time, repeating the alternating training process for epoch times, and then carrying out systematic investigation on the convergence condition of the loss function of the whole training process.
And obtaining the quantum generator G with classification data generation capability after training is finished. Set |0000 according to demand>And different condition variables yj>As input to the trained generator G, e.g. input |0000>|001>Measuring the final state of the generator results in that the pixel data constitutes a 2 x 2BAS map comprising only one horizontal stripe, and two different stripe mapsConsistent with uniform distribution.
Claims (10)
1. A quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints, comprising the steps of:
(1) preparing a real sample, introducing appropriate condition constraints according to a target of a generated task and numerical characteristics of sample data, wherein the sample data and condition variables jointly form a training data set for generating the countermeasure network;
(2) preparing data pairs in the training dataset into quantum states; redesigning the parameterized quantum circuit of the quantum generator G and setting the corresponding hyperparameters
(3) Designing parameterized quantum circuit of quantum discriminator D and setting corresponding hyper-parameters
(4) Setting relevant parameters of the confrontation training;
(5) fixing a parameter θ of a quantum generator GGCalculating the gradient of the loss function of the quantum discriminator D for the parameter thetaDOptimizing;
(6) fixing the parameter θ of the Quantum discriminator DDCalculating the gradient of the loss function of the quantum generator G for the parameter thetaGOptimizing;
(7) after the step (5) and the step (6) complete the parameter alternation optimization of a training period, calculating the loss functions of the quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D under the current parameters, and judging whether the generated countermeasure network reaches Nash balance;
(8) and after the training is finished, obtaining a quantum generator G with the capability of generating data in a classified manner, selecting a corresponding conditional constraint value according to the target, inputting the conditional constraint value into the trained quantum generator G, and measuring the final state of the quantum generator G to obtain new data meeting the conditional constraint characteristics.
2. According to the rightThe quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints of claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (4), the parameters related to the countermeasure training are specifically set as the times of training all sample data by generating the countermeasure network are recorded as epochs, and the times of evolution of the content sub-discriminator D in each epoch are recorded as DstepThe number of times of G evolution of the content molecule generator in each epoch is GstepSelecting the minimum batch of real samples as m when updating the parameters of the quantum discriminator D each timeb。
3. The quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints of claim 1, wherein: in the step (5), the parameter θ of the quantum generator G is fixedGThen, m is randomly extracted from the training data setbPreparing real sample data pair into quantum state | r>Will | r>Measuring an output of the quantum discriminator D as an input of the quantum discriminator D; then cascade the quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D to convert | z>|y>As an input to the quantum generator G, the output of the quantum discriminator D is measured.
4. The quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints of claim 3, wherein: the calculation formula of the input | r > of the quantum discriminator D is as follows:
in the formula, xi∈X;ci∈y;i=1,2,…,mb(ii) a X represents a sample data set; y represents the conditional constraints introduced according to the goal of the generating task and the numerical characteristics of the sample data.
5. The quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints of claim 3, wherein: the calculation formula of the input | z > | y > of the quantum generator G is as follows:
6. The quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints of claim 3, wherein: calculating a loss function L of the quantum discriminator D from the twice measured outputs of the quantum discriminator DDA gradient of (a); loss function L of quantum discriminator DDComprises the following steps:
7. the quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints of claim 1, wherein: in step (6), the loss function L of the quantum generator GGThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
LG(θG)=Ezlog(D(G(|z>||y>)))。
8. the quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints of claim 1, wherein: in the step (7), if the generated countermeasure network reaches the Nash equilibrium state, the training is ended in advance; otherwise, the iterative optimization of the next training period is carried out until the generated countermeasure network reaches Nash balance or the iterative training of the whole training period is completed.
9. The quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints of claim 1, wherein: in step (1), the condition variable is derived from a category label, partial data for image inpainting, or other data from different modalities.
10. The quantum generation countermeasure network algorithm based on conditional constraints of claim 1, wherein: and designing the parameterized quantum circuits of the quantum generator G and the quantum discriminator D according to the quantum resources N and the corresponding quantum circuit templates.
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