CN111811588B - Arid desert region valley flood monitoring and collecting device and flood monitoring method - Google Patents
Arid desert region valley flood monitoring and collecting device and flood monitoring method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111811588B CN111811588B CN202010642533.5A CN202010642533A CN111811588B CN 111811588 B CN111811588 B CN 111811588B CN 202010642533 A CN202010642533 A CN 202010642533A CN 111811588 B CN111811588 B CN 111811588B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/002—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow wherein the flow is in an open channel
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C7/00—Tracing profiles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D21/00—Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for
- G01D21/02—Measuring two or more variables by means not covered by a single other subclass
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of hydrogeological survey and environmental monitoring, and particularly relates to a valley flood monitoring and collecting device and a monitoring method in arid desert regions, which comprise the following steps: extracting a main valley distribution diagram of the monitoring drainage basin; selecting a relatively smooth and regular place with a flat riverbed as a monitoring section at different sections of the main catchment valley; burying the automatic water level and temperature viewer in the middle of the valley to a certain depth; manually measuring the geometric parameters of each section; and after the rainy season is finished, measuring the geometric parameters of each section again, collecting the buried probes, and processing the monitoring data by adopting a channel uniform flow calculation formula or a graphical method. The method is simple to implement, low in monitoring cost and reliable in measuring result, and is particularly suitable for performing valley flood monitoring work in an unmanned area of arid desert.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of hydrogeological survey and environmental monitoring, and particularly relates to a valley flood monitoring and collecting device and a monitoring method in arid desert regions.
Background
The underground water in the arid desert area is the most important component of water resources, and has very important significance in maintaining the ecological system balance of the arid desert area, guaranteeing species survival conditions and preventing and controlling desertification. Accurate evaluation of groundwater recharge in arid desert regions is the basis for the formulation of water resource planning and sustainable groundwater mining schemes. The flood infiltration supply of the valley in rainy season is the most main source for supplying the underground water in the arid desert area. The development of valley flood monitoring is an important ring for researching a groundwater replenishment mechanism, the runoff process of atmospheric precipitation can be determined, and the hydraulic connection between surface water and groundwater and between precipitation and aerated water can be known, so that a basis is provided for revealing the formation, evolution and cycle alternation rule of groundwater. Meanwhile, the method can provide credible basis for underground water supply condition characterization of underground water flow numerical simulation.
The flow observation of runoff plot at home and abroad is generally carried out by a catch basin method and a porous flow distribution method under the limitation of the specificity and complexity of field environment. Generally, the water collecting tank and the porous flow dividing method only can carry out total amount observation and cannot obtain runoff data in the rainfall process, and the method of a Parshall measuring water tank, a wide top weir and the like adopted by small rivers in mountainous areas is complex in field installation and high in monitoring cost. According to statistics, the flood in the arid desert area mostly occurs in 6-9 months, the time spent by the flood once is about hours, and the conventional weir flow measuring method is extremely easy to damage by the flood. In addition, the arid desert area is inconvenient in traffic, the manual flow measurement method is very difficult to capture the whole process of the flood runoff, and the runoff process cannot be deeply analyzed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a device and a method for monitoring and collecting valley flood in arid desert regions under such circumstances.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to design a device and a method for monitoring and collecting valley flood in arid desert regions, which meet the requirements of simple implementation, high safety factor, low monitoring cost, automatic monitoring and the like and solve the technical problems that the process of the flood runoff cannot be accurately captured and the like.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a arid desert area valley flood monitoring collection device includes: an automatic water level and temperature observer 8 and a seepage cylinder 20; the automatic water level and temperature observer 8 is arranged inside the seepage cylinder 20; the seepage cartridge 20 further comprises: the seepage cylinder comprises a seepage cylinder side wall 11, seepage holes 12 and a seepage cylinder bottom 13; seepage holes 12 are formed in the surfaces of the seepage cylinder bottom 13 and the seepage cylinder side wall 11; the seepage holes 12 are uniformly distributed on the surfaces of the seepage cylinder bottom 13 and the seepage cylinder side wall 11 in a matrix manner.
The flood monitoring method of the valley flood monitoring and collecting device in the arid desert region comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: extracting a distribution diagram of main gully 1 of the monitoring drainage basin;
step two: selecting a relatively smooth and regular place with a relatively flat riverbed as a monitoring section in different sections of the valley 1 where the main catchment of the monitoring basin is carried out, wherein the monitoring section is vertical to the direction 7 of the flood runoff;
step three: manually excavating a soil pit 9 with the size of 30 multiplied by 50cm at the middle position of the monitored section; placing an automatic water level and water temperature observation instrument 8 inside a seepage cylinder 20, burying the seepage cylinder 20 at the bottom of a soil pit 9, backfilling large gravels 10, and backfilling excavated valley sediments 2 at a position close to the ground surface;
step four: adopting an artificial measurement method to measure the geometric parameters of each section in detail, wherein the geometric parameters comprise: section top width 16, section height 17, section bottom width 18 and probe depth 19;
step five: and after the rainy season is finished, measuring the geometric parameters of each monitoring section again, collecting the embedded automatic water level and water temperature observation instrument 8, performing indoor analysis processing on the monitoring data, and calculating the flood flow.
In the third step, the automatic water level and temperature observer 8 is arranged at the bottom 13 of the seepage cylinder 20, the seepage cylinder 20 is filled with a plurality of large gravels 10, after the soil pit 9 is dug, the seepage cylinder 20 is directly arranged in the soil pit 9, and the upper part of the seepage cylinder 20 is filled with ditch and valley sediments 2;
the monitoring frequency of the automatic water level and water temperature observer 8 is less than 1min, and the depth of the probe is 19 cm and is 20-30 cm.
The third step further comprises: when conditions allow that a monitoring section can be arranged near 100m upstream or downstream of each monitoring section so as to obtain the flood flow velocity of each monitoring section, the conditions allow that: has a relatively smooth and regular cross section of an area with a flat riverbed.
The method for calculating the flood flow in the fifth step comprises the following steps: the first method and the second method; the first method comprises the following steps: the cross section of the water flow is approximate to a trapezoidal weir, valley flood flow is approximately considered to be uniform flow in each monitoring frequency period, in order to simplify the calculation process, only surface runoff is considered in calculation, surface runoff and subsurface runoff are not considered, and the flood flow is calculated by adopting an open channel uniform flow measuring calculation formula, wherein the following formulas 1 to 6 are shown:
wherein Q is flow, A is water passing area, C is rounding coefficient, R is hydraulic radius, and i is slope base ratio drop;
A＝bh0+mh0 2……2
wherein, b is the base width, unit: rice; x is the wet week, unit: rice, h0 is measured head, unit: rice; h1 is the probe burial depth, h2 is the water head pressure calibrated by atmospheric pressure, and m is the slope coefficient;
h0＝h2-h1…………4
C＝R1/6/n……5
wherein n is roughness;
R＝A/x……6
the second method of the method for calculating the flood flow rate in the fifth step includes:
if the condition in the third step allows that a monitoring section is arranged near the upstream or downstream 100m of each monitoring section, calculating the flood flow by using a graphical method: the method comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, reading the water depth initial rising point t of the upstream monitoring section from the monitoring result graph1Upstream monitoring section water depth peak t2And an obvious water depth middle change point t of the upstream monitoring section3Upstream monitoring section water depth end point t4And reading the water depth initial expansion point t of the downstream monitoring section5Downstream monitoring section water depth peak t6And a middle obvious change point t of water depth of the downstream monitoring section7Downstream monitoring section water depth end point t8；
Secondly, defining the distance between the upstream and downstream monitoring sections in the monitoring result graph along the trend of the valley as s; obtaining 4 instantaneous flow velocities V1、V2、V3、V4In which V is1＝s/(t5-t1)，V2＝s/(t6-t2)，V3＝s/(t7-t3)，V4＝s/(t8-t4) (ii) a The flow velocity is the average value of the flow velocities of the upstream and downstream sections;
flow rate is determined for downstream cross section at t5～t6Within a time period, take (V)1+V2) The flood flow rate in the period is taken as/2; at t6～t7Within a time period, take (V)2+V3) The flood flow rate in the period is taken as/2; at t7～t8Within a time period, take (V)3+V4) The flood flow rate in the period is taken as/2;
calculating the time variation of the water cross section A according to the water depth variation in the monitoring frequency, and multiplying the time variation by the flow velocity to obtain the flood flow in each time period; and finally, summing the flow in all time periods to obtain the current precipitation flood flow.
When the graphical method is used for calculating the flood flow, if a water depth change curve has a plurality of obvious change points in the middle and is reflected on two sections, the change points are considered.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the method for monitoring the valley flood in the arid desert area can realize automatic monitoring of the valley flood in rainy seasons, effectively obtain the valley flood flow at different positions of a drainage basin and further calculate the infiltration and replenishment amount of atmospheric rainfall.
(2) The method for monitoring the valley flood flow in the arid desert area can accurately capture the process of the flood runoff.
(3) The valley flood monitoring method for the arid desert area is simple to implement, low in monitoring cost and reliable in measurement result, and is particularly suitable for performing valley flood monitoring in an unmanned area of the arid desert area.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the valley flood monitoring profile position arrangement of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the probe burial of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a valley flood monitoring profile of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a seepage cartridge of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the monitoring results according to the embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: 1-valley, 2-valley sediment, 3-bedrock, 4-upstream monitoring section, 5-midstream monitoring section, 6-downstream monitoring section, 7-flood flow direction, 8-automatic water level and temperature observer, 9-soil pit, 10-gravel, 11-seepage cylinder side wall, 12-seepage hole, 13-seepage cylinder bottom, 14-valley right bank, 15-valley left bank, 16-section top width, 17-section height, 18-section bottom width, 19-probe deep burying degree and 20-seepage cylinder.
Detailed Description
The following will further explain the flood monitoring and collecting device and the flood monitoring method for the valley in the arid desert area, which are provided by the invention, by combining the attached drawings and the embodiment.
A arid desert area valley flood monitoring collection device includes: an automatic water level and temperature observer 8 and a seepage cylinder 20; the automatic water level and temperature observer 8 is arranged inside the seepage cylinder 20; the seepage cartridge 20 further comprises: the seepage cylinder comprises a seepage cylinder side wall 11, seepage holes 12 and a seepage cylinder bottom 13; seepage holes 12 are formed in the surfaces of the seepage cylinder bottom 13 and the seepage cylinder side wall 11; the seepage holes 12 are uniformly distributed on the surfaces of the seepage cylinder bottom 13 and the seepage cylinder side wall 11 in a matrix manner.
The flood monitoring method of the valley flood monitoring and collecting device in the arid desert region comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: extracting a distribution diagram of main gully 1 of the monitoring drainage basin; as shown in fig. 1, a remote sensing satellite image and a hydrogeological map of a research area are integrated and analyzed, and a distribution diagram of a main valley 1 of a monitoring basin is extracted;
step two: as shown in fig. 1, a field hydrogeological survey is carried out, GPS is used to select a relatively smooth and regular place with a flat river bed as a monitoring section in different sections (an upstream monitoring section 4, a midstream monitoring section 5 and a downstream monitoring section 6) of a main catchment valley 1 of a monitoring basin, and the monitoring section is perpendicular to a direction 7 of a flood runoff;
step three: manually excavating a soil pit 9 with the size of 30 multiplied by 50cm at the middle position of the monitored section; placing an automatic water level and water temperature observation instrument 8 inside a seepage cylinder 20, burying the seepage cylinder 20 at the bottom of a soil pit 9, backfilling large gravels 10, and backfilling excavated valley sediments 2 at a position close to the ground surface; restoring the features of the trench before excavation as much as possible;
in the third step, the automatic water level and temperature observer 8 is arranged at the bottom 13 of the seepage cylinder 20, the seepage cylinder 20 is filled with a plurality of large gravels 10, after the soil pit 9 is dug, the seepage cylinder 20 is directly arranged in the soil pit 9, and the upper part of the seepage cylinder 20 is filled with ditch and valley sediments 2;
the monitoring frequency of the automatic water level and water temperature observer 8 is less than 1min, and the depth of the probe is 19 cm and is 20-30 cm.
As above the seepage flow section of thick bamboo adopts the PVC material preparation, and seepage flow section of thick bamboo lateral wall 11 and seepage flow bobbin base portion 13 all contain seepage flow hole 12, and seepage flow hole 12 is matrix evenly distributed, can effectively reduce the influence that the torrent infiltration produced.
The third step further comprises: when conditions allow that a monitoring section can be arranged near 100m upstream or downstream of each monitoring section so as to obtain the flood flow velocity of each monitoring section, the conditions allow that: has a relatively smooth and regular cross section of an area with a flat riverbed.
As mentioned above, the portable weather station is adopted to synchronously monitor the atmospheric precipitation and the atmospheric pressure change during the test, and the water equalization method can be adopted to analyze the infiltration supply amount of the atmospheric precipitation.
Step four: as shown in fig. 2, the geometric parameters of each section are measured in detail by a manual measurement method, and the geometric parameters include: the top width 16, height 17, bottom width 18 and depth 19 of the probe; the marks are made on the shore to facilitate searching the probe 8 after the test is finished.
Step five: and after the rainy season is finished, measuring the geometric parameters of each monitoring section again, collecting the embedded automatic water level and water temperature observation instrument 8, performing indoor analysis processing on the monitoring data, and calculating the flood flow.
The method for calculating the flood flow in the fifth step comprises the following steps: the first method and the second method; the first method comprises the following steps: the cross section of the water flow is approximate to a trapezoidal weir, valley flood flow is approximately considered to be uniform flow in each monitoring frequency period, in order to simplify the calculation process, only surface runoff is considered in calculation, surface runoff and subsurface runoff are not considered, and the flood flow is calculated by adopting an open channel uniform flow measuring calculation formula, wherein the following formulas 1 to 6 are shown:
wherein Q is flow, A is water passing area, C is rounding coefficient, R is hydraulic radius, and i is slope base gradient;
A＝bh0+mh0 2……2
wherein, b is the base width, unit: rice; x is the wet week, unit: rice, h0 is measured head, unit: rice; h1 is the probe burial depth, h2 is the water head pressure calibrated by atmospheric pressure, and m is the slope coefficient;
h0＝h2-h1…………4
C＝R1/6/n……5
wherein n is roughness;
R＝A/x……6。
the second method of the method for calculating the flood flow rate in the fifth step includes:
if the condition in the third step allows that a monitoring section is arranged near 100m upstream or downstream of each monitoring section, the method can be used for calculating the flood flow by a graphical method, in the embodiment, the method is described in more detail by taking a certain monitoring result of a certain typical valley monitoring section in northern mountain area of Gansu China as an example, and the monitoring result is shown in FIG. 5.
The method for calculating the flood flow rate by the graphical method comprises the following specific steps of:
firstly, reading the water depth initial rising point t of the upstream monitoring section from the monitoring result graph1Upstream monitoring section water depth peak t2And an obvious water depth middle change point t of the upstream monitoring section3Upstream monitoring section water depth end point t4And reading the water depth initial expansion point t of the downstream monitoring section5Downstream monitoring section water depthHigh point t6And a middle obvious change point t of water depth of the downstream monitoring section7Downstream monitoring section water depth end point t8；
Secondly, defining the distance between the upstream and downstream monitoring sections in the monitoring result graph along the trend of the valley as s; obtaining 4 instantaneous flow velocities V1、V2、V3、V4In which V is1＝s/(t5-t1)，V2＝s/(t6-t2)，V3＝s/(t7-t3)，V4＝s/(t8-t4) (ii) a The flow velocity is the average value of the flow velocities of the upstream and downstream sections;
flow rate is determined for downstream cross section at t5～t6Within a time period, take (V)1+V2) The flood flow rate in the period is taken as/2; at t6～t7Within a time period, take (V)2+V3) The flood flow rate in the period is taken as/2; at t7～t8Within a time period, take (V)3+V4) The flow rate of the flood in the time period is/2;
calculating the time variation of the water cross section A according to the water depth variation in the monitoring frequency, and multiplying the time variation by the flow velocity to obtain the flood flow in each time period; and finally, summing the flow in all time periods to obtain the current precipitation flood flow.
When the graphical method is used for calculating the flood flow, if a water depth change curve has a plurality of obvious change points in the middle and is reflected on two sections, the change points are considered.
In the fifth step, the parameters obtained by re-measurement after the test is finished are compared with the parameters measured before the test is started, so that the error of the test can be obtained.
Claims (6)
1. A flood monitoring method of a device for monitoring and collecting valley flood in arid desert areas is characterized in that the method is applied to the device for monitoring and collecting valley flood in arid desert areas, and the device comprises the following steps: an automatic water level and temperature observer (8) and a seepage cylinder (20); the automatic water level and temperature observer (8) is arranged inside the seepage cylinder (20); the seepage cartridge (20) further comprises: a seepage cylinder side wall (11), seepage holes (12) and a seepage cylinder bottom (13); seepage holes (12) are formed in the surfaces of the bottom (13) and the side wall (11) of the seepage cylinder; the seepage holes (12) are uniformly distributed on the surfaces of the bottom (13) and the side wall (11) of the seepage cylinder in a matrix manner; the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: extracting a distribution diagram of main gullies (1) of the monitoring drainage basin;
step two: selecting a relatively smooth and regular place with a relatively flat riverbed as a monitoring section in different sections of a valley (1) for mainly collecting water in a monitoring basin, wherein the monitoring section is vertical to the direction (7) of the flood runoff;
step three: manually excavating a soil pit (9) with the size of 30 multiplied by 50cm at the middle position of the monitored section; placing an automatic water level and water temperature observation instrument (8) inside a seepage cylinder (20), burying the seepage cylinder (20) at the bottom of a soil pit (9), backfilling large gravels (10), and backfilling excavated valley sediments (2) at a position close to the ground surface;
step four: adopting an artificial measurement method to measure the geometric parameters of each section in detail, wherein the geometric parameters comprise: the top width (16) of the section, the height (17) of the section, the bottom width (18) of the section and the depth (19) of the probe;
step five: and after the rainy season is finished, measuring the geometric parameters of each monitoring section again, collecting the embedded automatic water level and temperature observation instrument (8), performing indoor analysis processing on the monitoring data, and calculating the flood flow.
2. The flood monitoring method of the valley flood monitoring and collecting device in the arid desert area as claimed in claim 1, wherein the flood monitoring method comprises the following steps: in the third step, the automatic water level and temperature observer (8) is arranged at the bottom (13) of the seepage cylinder (20), the seepage cylinder (20) is filled with a plurality of large gravels (10), after the soil pit (9) is dug, the seepage cylinder (20) is directly arranged in the soil pit (9), and the upper part of the seepage cylinder (20) is backfilled with valley sediments (2);
the monitoring frequency of the automatic water level and water temperature observer (8) is less than 1min, and the probe depth (19) range is 20-30 cm.
3. The flood monitoring method of the valley flood monitoring and collecting device in the arid desert area as claimed in claim 1, wherein the flood monitoring method comprises the following steps: the third step further comprises: when conditions allow that a monitoring section can be arranged near 100m upstream or downstream of each monitoring section so as to obtain the flood flow velocity of each monitoring section, the conditions allow that: has a relatively smooth and regular cross section of an area with a flat riverbed.
4. The flood monitoring method of the valley flood monitoring and collecting device in the arid desert area as claimed in claim 1, wherein the flood monitoring method comprises the following steps: the method for calculating the flood flow in the fifth step comprises the following steps: the first method and the second method; the first method comprises the following steps: the cross section of the water flow is approximate to a trapezoidal weir, valley flood flow is approximately considered to be uniform flow in each monitoring frequency period, in order to simplify the calculation process, only surface runoff is considered in calculation, surface runoff and subsurface runoff are not considered, and the flood flow is calculated by adopting an open channel uniform flow measuring calculation formula, wherein the following formulas (1) to (6) are shown:
wherein Q is flow, A is water passing area, C is rounding coefficient, R is hydraulic radius, and i is slope base ratio drop;
A＝bh0+mh0 2……(2)
wherein, b is the base width, unit: rice; x is the wet week, unit: rice, h0 is measured head, unit: rice; h1 is the probe burial depth, h2 is the water head pressure calibrated by atmospheric pressure, and m is the slope coefficient;
h0＝h2-h1…………(4)
C＝R1/6/n……(5)
wherein n is roughness;
R＝A/x……(6) 。
5. the flood monitoring method of the valley flood monitoring and collecting device in the arid desert area as claimed in claim 4, wherein the flood monitoring method comprises the following steps: the second method of the method for calculating the flood flow rate in the fifth step includes:
if a monitoring section is arranged near 100m upstream or downstream of each monitoring section, a graphical method is adopted to calculate the flood flow: the method comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, reading the water depth initial rising point t of the upstream monitoring section from the monitoring result graph1Upstream monitoring section water depth peak t2And an obvious water depth middle change point t of the upstream monitoring section3Upstream monitoring section water depth end point t4And reading the water depth initial expansion point t of the downstream monitoring section5Downstream monitoring section water depth peak t6And a middle obvious change point t of water depth of the downstream monitoring section7Downstream monitoring section water depth end point t8；
Secondly, defining the distance between the upstream and downstream monitoring sections in the monitoring result graph along the trend of the valley as s; obtaining 4 instantaneous flow velocities V1、V2、V3、V4In which V is1＝s/(t5-t1)，V2＝s/(t6- t2)，V3＝s/(t7-t3)，V4＝s/(t8-t4) (ii) a The flow velocity is the average value of the flow velocities of the upstream and downstream sections;
flow rate is determined for downstream cross section at t5～t6Within a time period, take (V)1+V2) The flood flow rate in the period is taken as/2; at t6～t7Within a time period, take (V)2+V3) The flood flow rate in the period is taken as/2; at t7～t8Within a time period, take (V)3+V4) The flood flow rate in the period is taken as/2;
calculating the time variation of the water cross section A according to the water depth variation in the monitoring frequency, and multiplying the time variation by the flow velocity to obtain the flood flow in each time period; and finally, summing the flow in all time periods to obtain the current precipitation flood flow.
6. The flood monitoring method of the valley flood monitoring and collecting device in the arid desert area as claimed in claim 5, wherein: when the graphical method is used for calculating the flood flow, if a water depth change curve has a plurality of obvious change points in the middle and is reflected on two sections, the change points are considered.
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