CN111803705A - 一种具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN111803705A
CN111803705A CN202010720346.4A CN202010720346A CN111803705A CN 111803705 A CN111803705 A CN 111803705A CN 202010720346 A CN202010720346 A CN 202010720346A CN 111803705 A CN111803705 A CN 111803705A
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hydroxyapatite
composite material
carboxymethyl chitosan
antibacterial function
quaternized
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CN111803705B (zh
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朱香利
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Shanghai Jihuo Medical Technology Co ltd
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Shanghai Jihuo Medical Technology Co ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料及其制备方法和应用,该具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料,以羟基磷灰石为核,核的外表面均匀包裹季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层;季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层上络合分子碘。该具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料,不仅增强了羟基磷灰石的生物相容性,利于细胞的吸附,同时赋予羟基磷灰石持久抗菌功能,克服抗生素耐药性和重金属的毒性作用,具有广谱、高效和生物安全性好的优点;还进一步预防微生物的滋生提高修复治疗效果。有望在生物医用材料领域及抗菌日用品等领域具有广阔的应用前景。

Description

一种具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料及其制备方法和 应用
技术领域
本发明涉及生物材料的技术领域,尤其涉及一种具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
羟基磷灰石(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2,HA)与骨骼和牙齿的矿物组分的相似性,由于其独特的晶体化学结构和多种特殊的、优异的性能,具有良好的生物活性、生物相容性及可降解性等特点,常用作骨组织工程修复再生材料、止血敷料、药物/基因递送载体、催化剂、离子吸附/交换剂、光电试剂等,羟基磷灰石在生物医学领域中具有越来越重要的地位。然而,羟基磷灰石却存在容易团聚、回收困难、材料脆性大、易于微生物滋生等缺点。
此外,羟基磷灰石在骨组织修复、止血修复、药物/基因递送载体等应用中常常伴随着炎症的发生,研究发现,对于抗感染来说关键是一定要在细菌形成生物膜之前对细菌进行有效的杀伤,一旦生物膜形成,便会启动防御机制,对后续的治疗有很大的影响。除此之外,感染具有迟发性和反复性,影响骨细胞的增殖和诱导,以及伤口的愈合。
现有技术中,通过用抗生素或金属纳米颗粒,如银、铜、金、镁、锶、锌、钛、钴、镓、硒等改性羟基磷灰石,以赋予其抗菌性能及其它特别的生物性能。但以抗生素进行改性会有抗生素耐药性的问题出现,而以金属纳米颗粒进行改性存在重金属中毒的风险。
碘是人体和动物必需的微量元素之一,应用于消毒杀菌具有安全可靠、广谱高效的特点,但是关于碘改性羟基磷灰石的研究未见报道。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明公开了一种具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料,不仅增强了羟基磷灰石的生物相容性,利于细胞的吸附,同时赋予羟基磷灰石持久抗菌功能,克服抗生素耐药性和重金属的毒性作用,具有广谱、高效和生物安全性好的优点;还进一步预防微生物的滋生提高修复治疗效果。
具体技术方案如下:
一种具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料,以羟基磷灰石为核,所述核的外表面均匀包裹季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层;
所述季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层上络合分子碘。
本发明公开了一种具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石新型复合材料,以呈棒状、片状、针状、球状或线状的微纳尺寸的羟基磷灰石为核,该羟基磷灰石的外表面包覆有季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖与羟基磷灰石之间通过化学键连接,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖均匀包裹在羟基磷灰石表面,且羟基磷灰石分散均匀,克服了羟基磷灰石易团聚问题,有利于提高羟基磷灰石的生物相容性和对细胞的吸附性;且季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子上络合分子碘,进一步赋予羟基磷灰石持久抗菌缓释功能,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖与碘之间以络合形式存在,不仅提高了碘的稳定性还增强碘的水溶性和生物相容性,减小刺激和过敏反应,对微生物具有亲和力易与微生物结合;同时季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖本身具有抗菌作用,与碘络合具有协同增效抗菌能力,随着复合材料的降解碘逐渐解离具有持久缓释抗菌作用;对于炎症导致的组织修复以及修复过程中易感染等有更好的再生修复效果,兼具抗菌和组织修复的生物医用复合材料,不但可以发挥羟基磷灰石的生物医学性能,而且可以阻止微生物的黏附和感染的发生。
优选的,所述羟基磷灰石呈棒状、球状或片状,其尺寸为10nm~500μm。经试验发现,以该尺寸与形貌下的羟基磷灰石为核,最终制备的复合材料,更有利于应用于骨组织修复再生、药物/基因递送、止血伤口敷料等应用。
本发明中,所述的“尺寸”是指沿羟基磷灰石的横向和径向的最大尺寸。
优选的,所述季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层的厚度为1~500nm。经试验发现,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层厚度在该范围时能均匀的包裹羟基磷灰石并络合分子碘,材料的分散性好,抗菌效果更好。
优选的,所述具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料中,羟基磷灰石的质量含量为15.00~83.00%,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量含量为15.00~83.00%,分子碘的质量含量为2.00~40.00%。经试验发现,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的含量低于15.00%不能均匀包裹羟基磷灰石,使得羟基磷灰石表面碘不均匀且络合的碘含量低导致抗菌效果差;季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的含量高于83.00%会引起复合材料严重的聚集,且羟基磷灰石表面碘分散不均匀,影响抗菌效果。1
进一步优选,所述具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料中,羟基磷灰石的质量含量为15.30~72.00%,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量含量为19.50~58.50%,分子碘的质量含量为8.50~26.20%。
再优选,羟基磷灰石的质量含量为31.70~72.00%,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量含量为19.50~47.60%,分子碘的质量含量为8.50~20.70%。
经试验发现,优选含量下的羟基磷灰石复合材料,其分散均匀性更佳,表面络合的分子碘的分布更加均匀。
本发明还公开了所述具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)以羟基磷灰石与胺源为原料,经反应制备得到氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石;
(2)将6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖与水混合得到混合溶液,再加入季铵盐,经反应制备得到季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖;
(3)以步骤(1)制备的氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石与步骤(2)制备的季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖为原料,经反应制备得到羟基磷灰石表面接枝季铵化壳聚糖,记为HA-g-GCMC;
(4)将步骤(3)制备的HA-g-GCMC与分子碘分散液混合,室温搅拌,再经后处理得到所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料。
步骤(1),具体为:
将羟基磷灰石分散到溶剂中,加入碱性物质调节pH为10~11,再加入胺源,在60~80℃下搅拌回流6~24h,离心、洗涤、真空干燥后得到氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石。
优选的,所述溶剂选自乙醇和/或异丙醇;所述溶剂中羟基磷灰石的浓度为0.005~0.5g/mL。
所述碱性物质的种类没有特殊要求,可以是有机碱性物质,也可以是无机碱性物质,如氨水、三乙胺等等。
所述羟基磷灰石可通过市售,或化学沉淀法制备得到。优选的,所述羟基磷灰石的尺寸为10nm~500μm,呈棒状、片状、针状、球状或线状。
优选的,所述胺源选自3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-氨丙基甲基二乙氧基硅烷、N-2(氨乙基)三甲氧基硅烷,N-2(氨乙基)二甲氧基硅烷、六亚甲基二铵中的至少一种。
优选的,所述羟基磷灰石与所述胺源的质量比为0.2~2:1;进一步优选,质量比为1.5~2:1。
步骤(2),具体为:
将6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖(O-CMC,结构式如下式(Ⅰ)所示)溶解在水中,50~60℃下搅拌30~60min形成混合溶液,加入季铵盐,继续搅拌反应12~24h,反应后的溶液离心去除不溶物,上层液用异丙醇和/或丙酮纯化,重复纯化若干次,产物经真空或冷冻干燥,得到季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖(GCMC)。
Figure BDA0002599732750000051
经试验发现,6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖的分子量对于包裹羟基磷灰石的均匀性和络合碘的分散性有重要的影响。经对比发现,当采用的6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖的分子量较低,使得接枝季铵盐后不易提纯,分子量较高导致制备的HA-g-GCMC容易团聚,分散性不佳,进而影响最终制备的复合材料表面分子碘分散不均匀。优选的,所述6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖的平均重均分子量为1000~300000g/mol。
优选的,所述混合溶液中,6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖的质量浓度为0.5~5%;浓度过高,6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖溶解不好影响接枝效率;过低反应后提纯所用溶剂多,产量低。进一步优选,6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖的质量浓度为2.5~3.0%。
优选的,所述季铵盐选自2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵、3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵中的至少一种。
优选的,所述6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖骨架上氨基与季铵盐的摩尔比为1:1~5。加入过量的季铵盐,对季铵盐的取代度影响较小,但在该摩尔比范围内制备的季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖具有更好的抗菌和络合碘效果;进一步优选为1:1.2~2。
步骤(3),具体为:
将氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石超声分散在水中,加入一定量的季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖搅拌溶解,混合均匀,将1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)混合溶液逐滴加入到上述溶液中,室温下充分交联,将交联后的溶液离心、洗涤、冷冻干燥,得到羟基磷灰石表面接枝季铵化壳聚糖(HA-g-GCMC)。
步骤(3)中:
优选的,原料液(季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖/氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石/水溶液)中,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量浓度为0.5~3%;所述季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖与所述氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石的质量比为(0.18~5.5):1。
进一步优选,所述季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖与所述氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石的质量比为(0.25~3.8):1;再优选,质量比为(0.25~1.5):1。经试验发现,不断优选的质量比下制备的最终产物,其表面的季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层的包覆厚度适中,分散性能更佳。
所述反应采用的交联剂为1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺的混合溶液。
优选的,所述交联剂在体系中的最终摩尔浓度为0.2/0.1~10.0/5.0mM。
优选的,所述EDC与NHS的摩尔比为2:1;进一步优选,所述交联剂在体系中的最终摩尔浓度为1.0/0.5~10.0/5.0mM。
所述最终浓度是指,交联剂加入原料液中经稀释后的浓度。
经试验发现,当交联剂的最终浓度大于10/5mM(即EDC的摩尔浓度为10mM,NHS的摩尔浓度为5mM)时,会出现团聚,反应物团聚在一起,离心洗涤、冷冻干燥,得到大块的HA-g-GCMC复合材料,导致最终制备的复合材料表面络合的分子碘分布不均匀。步骤(4)中:
所述分子碘分散液,以分子碘为溶质,以乙醇或乙醇-水为溶剂,所述分子碘分散液的浓度为0.001~0.1g/mL。
所述分子碘,是指碘单质,分子式为I2
所述分子碘分散液的用量只需将所述HA-g-GCMC浸没即可。
优选的,所述溶剂选自乙醇-水,经试验发现,采用该复合溶剂可以加快分子碘在HA-g-GCMC复合材料表面的络合速度。进一步优选,所述乙醇与水的体积比为1:1~3。
优选的,室温静置时间为5~24h,所述后处理包括离心、洗涤、冷冻干燥。
本发明还公开了所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料在生物医用材料领域中的应用。具体包括:
在制备骨组织修复材料中的应用,所述骨组织包括牙槽骨、颌骨、脊椎、腰椎、关节骨、软骨、骨肿瘤中的至少一种;
在制备口腔清洁修复材料中的应用,包括对龋齿、种植体、牙冠修复材料、牙填充材料的清洁修复;
在制备伤口愈合修复材料中的应用,所述伤口包括皮肤、上皮或粘膜组织上的伤口,所述伤口包括创伤性伤口、烧伤、溃疡、痤疮或感染引起的伤口;
在制备药物/基因递送载体中的应用;
在制备抗牙周炎的药品、食品或日用品中的应用。
还包括在制备抗菌日用品中的应用,具体包括:牙膏、口腔漱口液、消毒液、洗手液、面膜、洗面奶、沐浴露、护手霜、洗发乳中的至少一种。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
本发明公开了一种具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石新型复合材料,具有核壳结构,羟基磷灰石的外表面接枝季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子并络合分子碘,克服了羟基磷灰石易团聚、脆性大、不易成型的缺点问题,还赋予羟基磷灰石持久抗菌缓释功能,有利于提高羟基磷灰石的生物相容性和对细胞的吸附性,同时季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖本身具有抗菌作用,与碘络合具有协同增效抗菌能力,随着复合材料的降解碘逐渐解离具有持久缓释抗菌作用;对于炎症导致的组织修复以及修复过程中易感染等有更好的再生修复效果,兼具抗菌和组织修复的生物医用复合材料,不但可以发挥羟基磷灰石的生物医学性能,而且可以阻止微生物的黏附和感染的发生提升了羟基磷灰石应用领域和治疗效果,尤其适用于制备治疗或预防由微生物引起的组织修复与治疗的材料。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的纳米羟基磷灰石材料的(a)SEM和(b)TEM图;
图2为实施例1制备的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料的(a)SEM和(b)TEM图;
图3为实施例1制备的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料的能谱图;
图4为实施例1制备的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料的元素分布图;
图5为实施例2制备的具有抗菌功能羟基磷灰石复合材料的(a)SEM和(b)TEM图;
图6为实施例3制备的具有抗菌功能羟基磷灰石复合材料的(a)SEM和(b)TEM图;
图7为实施例4制备的具有抗菌功能羟基磷灰石复合材料的(a)SEM和(b)TEM图;
图8为实施例6制备的复合材料的SEM图;
图9为对比例4制备的复合材料的(a)SEM和(b)TEM图;
图10为实施例1制备的抗菌功能羟基磷灰石复合材料对大肠杆菌和金色葡萄球菌抑菌试验图;
图11为实施例4制备的抗菌功能羟基磷灰石复合材料在40℃下稳定性热重分析图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明进行详细的阐述,但不是限制本发明。
实施例1
(1)羟基磷灰石通过采购获得或用化学沉淀法制备,制备方法为:称取13.875g无水氯化钙溶于750mL水中,用氨水调节pH为9.5,搅拌30min,逐滴加入250mL 0.3M(NH4)2HPO4水溶液,滴加过程中控制溶液的pH为9~10,然后在75℃下搅拌反应12~24h,经离心、用水和乙醇交替洗涤多次,干燥得到如图1所示的羟基磷灰石。
(2)将5g羟基磷灰石超声分散在100mL乙醇中,加入氨水调节pH为10,加入3g 3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷,300rpm转速下搅拌75℃下回流24h,离心,用乙醇洗涤2次,真空干燥得到氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石。
(3)将10g 6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖(平均重均分子量为150000g/mol,脱乙酰度≥85%,取代度≥80%)溶解在360mL水中,在55℃下搅拌30min形成均匀溶液,加入10mL 2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTMAC),GTMAC与6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖骨架上氨基摩尔比为1.5:1,在55℃下搅拌反应18h,反应后的溶液离心去除不溶物(4500rpm,20min),上层液用异丙醇纯化,重复纯化3次,产物真空干燥,得到季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖。
(4)将1g氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石超声分散在50mL水中,加入0.25g季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖搅拌完全溶解,混合均匀,将1mL 50/25mM EDC/NHS混合溶液逐滴滴入上述溶液中,最终浓度为1.0/0.5mM(即原料液中,EDC的最终摩尔浓度为1mM,NHS的最终摩尔浓度为0.5mM),室温下交联24h,将交联的溶液,离心洗涤,冻干干燥得到羟基磷灰石表面接枝季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖材料(HA-g-GCMC)。
(5)将得到的HA-g-GCMC浸入浓度为20mL 0.01g/mL分子碘/乙醇/水(乙醇与水体积比例为1:2)溶液中,室温搅拌5h,洗涤、冷冻干燥得到抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料(HA-g-GCMC-I2)。
本实施例制备得到的最终产物呈均匀的棕红色粉末。
图1为本实施例制备得到的纳米羟基磷灰石的扫描和透射电镜图,可知纳米羟基磷灰石的呈棒状结构,平均长度为120nm,宽度为20nm。
图2为本实施例制备的最终产物的扫描和透射电镜图,通过扫描电镜观察(如图2a所示)该抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料中仍能清楚的看到棒状结构的羟基磷灰石其表面均匀包裹季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖层并络合碘,相比羟基磷灰石复合颗粒的尺寸有所变大,平均长度为150nm,宽度为30nm;如图2b透射电镜所示,该复合材料具有核壳结构,羟基磷灰石的外表面包裹季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖层,厚度约为20nm,该复合材料具有较好的分散性,没有发现严重的聚集现象。
从图3和图4该复合材料的能谱和元素分布图可知,碘均匀分布在材料中,其中羟基磷灰石的质量含量为72.00%,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量含量为19.50%,碘的质量含量为8.50%。
实施例2
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)(2)(3)制备氨基功能化羟基磷灰石和季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖,区别仅在于选择平均重均分子量为100000g/mol的6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖(脱乙酰度≥85%,取代度≥80%)。
(4)将1g氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石超声分散在130mL水中,加入0.65g季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖完全溶解,混合均匀,将6.85mL 100/50mM EDC/NHS混合液逐滴加入上述溶液中,最终浓度为5.0/2.5mM,室温下交联24h,将交联的溶液,离心洗涤,冷冻干燥得到羟基磷灰石表面接枝季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖材料(HA-g-GCMC)。
(5)将得到的HA-g-GCMC浸入50mL 0.01g/mL碘/乙醇/水(乙醇与水体积比例为1:3)溶液中,室温搅拌5h,洗涤、冷冻干燥得到抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料(HA-g-GCMC-I2)。
如图5所示,通过扫描电镜和透射电镜观察,羟基磷灰石呈纳米棒状结构,且其表面包裹季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层的厚度增大,其外壳层厚度约30nm,该复合材料具有较好的均匀性,该复合材料中纳米羟基磷灰石的质量含量为51.60%,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量含量为33.50%,碘的质量含量为14.90%。
实施例3
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)(2)(3)制备氨基功能化羟基磷灰石和季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖,区别仅在于选择平均重均分子量为1000g/mol的6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖(脱乙酰度≥85%,取代度≥80%)。
(4)将1g氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石超声分散在300mL水中,加入1.5g季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖完全溶解,混合均匀,将15.80mL 200/100mM EDC/NHS混合液逐滴加入上述溶液中,最终浓度为10.0/5.0mM,室温下交联24h,将交联的溶液,离心洗涤,冻干干燥得到羟基磷灰石表面接枝季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖材料(HA-g-GCMC)。
(5)将得到的HA-g-GCMC浸入80mL 0.01g/mL碘/乙醇/水(乙醇与水体积比例为1:1)溶液中,室温搅拌5h,洗涤、冷冻干燥得到抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料(HA-g-GCMC-I2)。
如图6所示,通过扫描电镜与透射电镜观察,羟基磷灰石表面包裹较厚的季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖络合碘层,该复合材料的均匀性较好,该复合材料中纳米羟基磷灰石的质量含量为31.70%,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量含量为47.60%,碘的质量含量为20.70%。
实施例4
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)(2)(3)制备氨基功能化羟基磷灰石和季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖,区别仅在于选择平均重均分子量为300000g/mol的6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖(脱乙酰度≥85%,取代度≥80%)。
(4)将1g氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石超声分散在800mL水中,加入4.0g季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖完全溶解,混合均匀,将16.33mL 200/100mM EDC/NHS混合液逐滴加入上述溶液中,最终浓度为4.0/2.0mM,室温下交联24h,将交联的溶液,离心洗涤,冻干干燥得到羟基磷灰石表面接枝季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖材料(HA-g-GCMC)。
(5)将得到的HA-g-GCMC浸入200mL 0.01g/mL碘/乙醇/水(乙醇与水体积比例为1:2)溶液中,室温搅拌5h,洗涤、冷冻干燥得到抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料(HA-g-GCMC-I2)。
如图7所示,通过扫描与透射电镜观察,羟基磷灰石表面包裹较厚的季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖络合碘层,该复合材料的分散性也较为均匀,但稍差于实施例1~3制备的复合材料。本实施例制备的复合材料中纳米羟基磷灰石的质量含量为15.30%,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量含量为58.50%,碘的质量含量为26.20%。
实施例5
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)~(5),区别仅在于步骤(4)中加入高剂量的EDC/NHS,向原料液中滴入1mL 750/375mM EDC/NHS溶液,EDC/NHS在反应液中的最终浓度为15.0/7.5mM。试验发现,反应物团聚在一起,离心洗涤、冷冻干燥,得到大块的HA-g-GCMC复合材料,浸入分子碘分散液中,发现复合材料络合的分子碘分布不均匀,分子碘主要集中大块材料的外表面。
说明,当交联剂的最终浓度过大,超过10.0/5.0mM时,复合材料容易团聚,分散性不好,从而影响材料结构的均匀性和碘的分布。
实施例6
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)~(5),区别仅在于选择平均重均分子量为400000g/mol的6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖(脱乙酰度≥85%,取代度≥80%)。
如图8所示,通过扫描电镜观察发现,本实施例制备的复合材料容易团聚,分散性不好,从而影响材料结构的均匀性和碘的分布。
说明,当6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖的平均重均分子量过大,超过300000g/mol时,复合材料容易团聚,分散性不好,从而影响材料结构的均匀性和碘的分布。
对比例1
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)~(4)。
与实施例1不同之处在于,本对比例制备的最终产物为羟基磷灰石表面接枝季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖材料(HA-g-GCMC),未络合碘。
根据GBT 20944.1-2007评估复合材料的抑菌性试验显示,该对比例制备的复合材料没有形成明显的抑菌带,抑菌效果有限。
对比例2
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)~(3)分别制备氨基功能化羟基磷灰石和季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖。
(4)将0.25g季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖搅拌完全溶解在50mL水中,加入2mL 0.1g/mL碘/乙醇溶液,搅拌均匀,再将1g氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石超声分散在上述溶液中,搅拌均匀后,将1mL 50.0/25.0mM EDC/NHS混合溶液逐滴滴入上述溶液中,最终浓度为1.0/0.5mM,室温下交联24h,经离心、洗涤、冷冻干燥得到复合产物。
本对比例制备的复合材料中纳米羟基磷灰石的质量含量为69.90%,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量含量为23.40%,碘的质量含量为6.70%。
经热稳定性测试,该复合材料在40℃,氮气吹扫下,开始10min内质量损失为2.51%,经过5小时后总质量损失为5.90%。说明,采用先在季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖表面负碘再与氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石反应的顺序下,制备得到的复合材料,络合的碘不稳定。
对比例3
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)~(5),区别仅在于未加入EDC/NHS交联剂交联,得到的产物为淡黄色粉末。
经能谱分析,本对比例制备的复合材料中,络合碘的含量仅为1.31%。分析原因可能是因为:仅有少量季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子与羟基磷灰石通过静电作用吸附,导致羟基磷灰石表面碘的含量有限。
对比例4
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)~(3);
(4)将1g氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石超声分散在12.5mL水中,加入0.25g季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖溶解混合均匀,直接冷冻干燥,再浸入浓度为20mL 0.01g/mL碘/乙醇溶液中,室温静置5h。
与实施例1不同之处在于,羧甲基壳聚糖的浓度增大为2%,未加入交联剂交联,不经过离心洗涤,直接冷冻干燥。得到的产物通过扫描和透射电镜表征如图9所示,发现季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖不能与羟基磷灰石形成核壳结构,且羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒在季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖膜上发生了聚集现象。
对比例5
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)~(5),区别仅在于将步骤(3)中的原料6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖替换为普通壳聚糖(平均重均分子量为15万g/mol,脱乙酰度≥85%,取代度≥80%)。
经热稳定性分析,该复合材料在40℃,氮气吹扫下,开始10min内质量损失为2.62%,经过3小时后总质量损失为6.30%。说明,本对比例制备得到的复合材料,碘的稳定性差。
对比例6
重复实施例1中的步骤(1)~(5),区别仅在于将步骤(3)中的原料6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖替换为N-羧甲基壳聚糖(平均重均分子量为15万g/mol,脱乙酰度≥85%,取代度≥80%)。
经测试,本对比例制备得到的复合材料呈淡黄色,经能谱分析,本对比例制备的复合材料中,络合碘的含量仅为3.67%。分析原因可能是因为:N-羧甲基壳聚糖中氨基含量少,致使季铵盐接枝量少,从而对碘的络合有限。
对比实施例1与对比例5和6发现,仅当采用6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖为原料,才能保证对分子碘的高含量络合,并保证络合的稳定性。
性能测试
一、抑菌性测试,根据GBT 20944.1-2007评估复合材料的抑菌性,具体步骤如下:
(1)分别于灭菌的LB培养基中,220rpm,37℃条件下培养大肠杆菌DH5α和金黄色葡萄球菌至OD600为0.6,约108个CFU/mL的浓度,以1:1000的体积比将菌液和融化的固体培养基混合(琼脂培养基冷却至40-45℃),每个培养皿(直径为90mm)中倒入15mL混合培养基,凝固后备用;
(2)样本灭菌:将样本置于15W紫外灯下,灭菌30min;
(3)打孔:利用打孔器分别在琼脂培养基平皿上均一的打1个8x8mm的孔,以备上样用;
(4)将样本,加入对应样品孔中(每个样本3个平行,每个平皿中一个样本),37℃培养24h、观测抑菌圈变化,并拍照。
图10为实施例1制备的复合材料的抑菌性结果,结果表明该复合材料对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均具有很好的抑菌效果。样品对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌带分别为81mm和68mm,且测试样品下和抑菌带上没有细菌繁殖。
采用相同测试条件,对对比例1所制备的复合材料进行抑菌性测试,结果显示,没有形成明显抑菌带,说明该对比例材料的抑菌效果有限。
二、热稳定性测试
在40℃,氮气吹扫下,对实施例4制备的复合材料的碘稳定性进行测试,结果如图11所示。在开始10min复合材料的重量损失为2.00%,经过5个小时后总重量损失为3.29%,说明复合材料具有很好的稳定性。
三、光稳定性测定
光稳定实验方法采用日光法:将实施例1~4分别制备的复合材料放置于100毫升透明玻璃瓶中,每天日照6小时,每天观察样品颜色和管壁变化,90天内瓶壁未出现红色物质,即确定为光稳定。
实验结果显示,实施例1~4分别制备的复合材料均具有较好的光稳定性。
四、缓释性测试
将实施例1制备的抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料1.000g,放入内径2cm金属模具腔内,用7MPa压力模压成型并保持2min,得到直径2cm,厚度2mm的薄圆片,将成型的圆片置于锥形瓶中加入30mL模拟液,在恒温37℃摇床中以60次/分钟的速度振荡,每2天更换一次模拟液。
经观察,圆片的颜色从边缘向中心逐渐退色并持续5天,说明实施例1制备的复合材料具有持久的抗菌缓释功能。
五、细胞毒性试验
将实施例1制备的抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料经MTT法检测其细胞毒性,结果显示细胞毒性为0级。
六、皮肤染色试验
将实施例1样品放置于手背上轻微摩擦,未见到皮肤表面染色,也未观察到样品颜色有明显变化。

Claims (10)

1.一种具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料,其特征在于,以羟基磷灰石为核,所述核的外表面均匀包裹季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层;
所述季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层上络合分子碘。
2.根据权利要求1所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料,其特征在于,所述羟基磷灰石呈棒状、片状、针状、球状或线状,其尺寸为10nm~500μm;
所述季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖分子层的厚度为1~500nm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料,其特征在于,所述具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料中,羟基磷灰石的质量含量为15.00~83.00%,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量含量为15.00~83.00%,分子碘的质量含量为2.00~40.00%。
4.根据权利要求1~3任一权利要求所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料,其特征在于,所述具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料中,羟基磷灰石的质量含量为15.30~72.00%,季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖的质量含量为19.50~58.50%,分子碘的质量含量为8.50~26.20%。
5.一种根据权利要求1~4任一权利要求所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)以羟基磷灰石与胺源为原料,经反应制备得到氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石;
(2)将6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖与水混合得到混合溶液,再加入季铵盐,经反应制备得到季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖;
(3)以步骤(1)制备的氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石与步骤(2)制备的季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖为原料,经反应制备得到羟基磷灰石表面接枝季铵化壳聚糖,记为HA-g-GCMC;
(4)将步骤(3)制备的HA-g-GCMC与分子碘分散液混合,室温搅拌,再经后处理得到所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料。
6.根据权利要求5所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,
步骤(1)中:
所述胺源选自3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-氨丙基甲基二乙氧基硅烷、N-2(氨乙基)三甲氧基硅烷,N-2(氨乙基)二甲氧基硅烷、六亚甲基二铵中的至少一种;
所述羟基磷灰石与所述胺源的质量比为0.2~2:1;
步骤(2)中:
所述6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖的平均重均分子量为1000~300000g/mol;
所述混合溶液中,6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖的质量浓度为0.5~5%;
所述季铵盐选自2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵、3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵中的至少一种;
所述6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖骨架上氨基与季铵盐的摩尔比为1:(1~5);
步骤(3)中:
所述季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖与所述氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石的质量比为(0.18~5.5):1;
所述反应采用的交联剂为1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺,所述交联剂在体系中的最终摩尔浓度为0.2/0.1~10.0/5.0mM;
步骤(4)中:
所述分子碘分散液,以分子碘为溶质,以乙醇或乙醇-水为溶剂,所述分子碘分散液的浓度为0.001~0.1g/mL。
7.根据权利要求6所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,
步骤(1)中,所述羟基磷灰石与所述胺源的质量比为1.5~2:1;步骤(2)中,所述混合溶液中,6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖的质量浓度为2.5~3.0%,所述6-O-羧甲基壳聚糖骨架上氨基与季铵盐的摩尔比为1:1.2~2;
步骤(3)中,所述季铵化羧甲基壳聚糖与所述氨基功能化的羟基磷灰石的质量比为(0.25~3.8):1,所述1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐与N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺的摩尔比为2:1;
步骤(4)中,所述分子碘分散液的浓度为0.005~0.02g/mL。
8.一种根据权利要求1~4任一权利要求所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料在生物医用材料领域中的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,包括:
在制备骨组织修复材料中的应用,所述骨组织包括牙槽骨、颌骨、脊椎、腰椎、关节骨、软骨、骨肿瘤中的至少一种;
在制备口腔清洁修复材料中的应用,包括对龋齿、种植体、牙冠修复材料、牙填充材料的清洁修复;在制备伤口愈合修复材料中的应用,所述伤口包括皮肤或粘膜组织上的伤口,所述伤口包括创伤性伤口、烧伤、溃疡、痤疮或感染引起的伤口;
在制备药物/基因递送载体中的应用;
在制备抗牙周炎的药品、食品或日用品中的应用。
10.一种根据权利要求1~4任一权利要求所述的具有抗菌功能的羟基磷灰石复合材料在制备抗菌日用品中的应用,其特征在于:
所述抗菌日用品包括牙膏、口腔漱口液、消毒液、洗手液、面膜、洗面奶、沐浴露、护手霜、洗发乳中的至少一种。
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