CN111802159A - Cooling and air-guiding type plant community in damp and hot area and construction method thereof - Google Patents
Cooling and air-guiding type plant community in damp and hot area and construction method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/60—Flowers; Ornamental plants
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06F18/20—Analysing
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- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
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- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
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- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a cooling air-guiding type plant community in a damp and hot area and a construction method thereof. According to the invention, plant species suitable for being planted in a damp and hot area are screened out through related growth and physiological indexes such as plant height, crown type, crown width, under-branch height, leaf reflectivity, light transmittance and the like; the cooling and air-guiding type plant community in the damp and hot area is reasonably and scientifically constructed by classifying the vertical structure and the horizontal structure of the community. The plant community has the functions of shading, cooling, ventilating and dehumidifying, provides a proper garden microenvironment for human living activities, and achieves the unification of microclimate comfort and ornamental value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of landscape design, in particular to a cooling and air-guiding type plant community in a damp and hot area and a construction method thereof.
Background
With the advance of urbanization process and economic development, the urban heat island phenomenon is more and more concerned by people, and according to relevant meteorological data, the earth surface temperature of a hot and humid area in China is increased by about 2 ℃ compared with the same average temperature rise of 1980 in 2016 and 7-9 months. Against the background of such urban climate problems, outdoor landscape spaces should no longer be designed with consideration given only to the visual aesthetic needs of people, but also need to be widely concerned about and understand the impact of their microclimate environmental conditions on the basic physiological needs of people.
At present, landscape plant communities are constructed, mostly, higher three-dimensional green quantity, higher vertical density and richer community levels are pursued, so that the purposes of purifying air, sterilizing and inhibiting bacteria, cooling and humidifying, releasing oxygen and fixing carbon and improving community ornamental value are realized, but the climate is relatively special in damp and hot areas in south China. Under such climatic conditions, in the prior art, the excessively high density plant community and the insufficiently scientific layout mode are not beneficial to the circulation of air in a small area, and the problems of overlarge humidity, sultry environment, easy breeding of mosquitoes and the like are easily caused.
In summary, the existing urban plant community construction methods in the damp and hot area have three main disadvantages:
1. under the climate characteristics of high temperature and high humidity in summer, the establishment of the plant community meets the ecological and artistic effects and is not deep enough for the consideration of human comfort.
2. The specific influence of plant communities on various indexes of the microclimate is difficult to measure in plant design, and reference bases in plant selection and community construction are unclear.
3. After a plant community grows for a long time, because the management and maintenance are not in place or the mode is incorrect, the plant death or the disordered and dense growth is caused, and the initial construction form is difficult to maintain.
Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, it is urgently needed to optimize a method for constructing a plant community in a hot and humid area, and a method for constructing a cooling and air-guiding type plant community is provided from three aspects of plant selection, structure construction and management maintenance, so as to meet the esthetic trend of modern people in a beautiful garden and meet the requirement of high comfort level of people in the garden.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cooling air guide type plant community in a damp and hot area;
the invention also aims to provide a method for constructing the plant community;
the invention also aims to provide application of the plant colony in landscape design in the damp and hot areas.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
in a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided:
a cooling and air-guiding type plant community in a damp and hot area comprises three layers of plant distribution, namely arbor, grass irrigation and ground cover; the plant distribution is vertical distribution, and the height is from high to low: arbor, grass and ground cover.
Furthermore, the crown width of the arbor is less than or equal to 10m, the under-branch height is greater than or equal to 6m, and the leaf area index is 1.5-2.5;
the height of the grass shrub canopy is less than or equal to 0.8m, the canopy width is less than or equal to 1m, and the leaf area index is 1.0-3.5, wherein the height under the branches is less than or equal to 0.8 m;
the height of the ground cover is less than or equal to 0.4m, and the leaf area index is 1.0-5.0.
Further, the arbor comprises mahogany and Terminalia petiolata.
Further, the tree may further include at least one of phoenix tree, erythrina indica, chickenaf, african chinaberry, small-leaf Terminalia seed, foxtail, trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim, cajeput, Elaeagnus acutus, ficus pumila, bauhinia, Chinese wakame, Maackia amurensis, mango, Queensland, frangipani, Cajanus bean, pseudo-areca nut, Canadena, silver date, queen coconut, Bagwang palm, daylily barberry, kapok, araucaria, dragon juniper, Japanese pine, Holland yulan, white orchid, Yinxiang, Banabang, Reye, cajeput, sterculia nobilis, Megassum indicum, Ficus concinna, Ficus benjamas, rubber banyan, Semiaquilegia, and Livistony.
The invention discovers that phoenix wood, erythrina indica, mahogany, gummi, African chinaberry, small-leaf Terminalia seed and foxtail coconut have strong cooling and wind-guiding performance.
The invention discovers that the trichosanthes kirilowii, cajeput, Elaeagnus acutus, ficus pumila, bauhinia variegata, dactylophora crassipes, Maackia amurensis, mango, Queensland, frangipani, Phaseolus vulgaris, areca catechu, Canadensis Naja, silver date, Queen coconut, Bawangweisen palm, tabasheer and kapok have moderate cooling and wind guiding performances.
The invention discovers that nanyan fir, dragon juniper, Japanese cypress, magnolia sieboldii, white orchid, cinnamomum burmannii, crape myrtle, cajeput, sterculia nobilis, sabia japonica, ficus serrulata, ficus microcarpa, setaria japonica and livistona has weak cooling and air guiding performance.
Further, the grass irrigation includes crape myrtle.
Furthermore, the herb bag further comprises at least one of cycas revoluta, lygodium japonicum, longboat flower, setaria lutescens, cuphea leptophylla, hibiscus syriacus, aleurites, murraya paniculata, azalea, jasmine hilsa, Fujian tea, lantana camara, yellow chan, bamboo palm, loropetalum chinensis, erythrina indica, kadsura pedunculata, jasmine, osmanthus fragrans, gardenia, forsythia suspensa, sycamore, grim and setaria lutescens.
The crape myrtle, cycas revoluta, lygodium serrulatum, longboat flower and solanum lyratum have strong cooling and air-guiding performances.
The invention discovers that the crataegus pinnatifida, the hibiscus syriacus, the variegated wood, the murraya jasminorage, the rhododendron, the jasmine, the chihua tree, the lantana camara, the yellow Chan, the bamboo palm and the red flower loropetalum have moderate cooling and air guiding performances.
The invention discovers that pittosporum tobira, fraxinus rhynchophylla, jasmine, sweet osmanthus, gardenia, hypericum album, mallotus japonicus, grielia and abelmoschus manihot have weak cooling and air guiding properties.
Further, the above quilt includes Vinca rosea, Ophiopogon japonicus, and zoysia capillaris.
Further, the above-mentioned ground cover also comprises at least one of herba seu radix Tetrastigmatis Hypoglauci, herba Violae Hortensis, herba Delphinii Grandiflori, flos Celosiae Cristatae, caulis Impatientis, Flaveria bidentis, radix Ophiopogonis Japonici, petunia, Heguo, cold water flower, radix Euphorbiae Fischerianae, canna, Caesalpinia japonica, Alpinia zerumbet, rhizoma Marantae Arundinaceae, CHUNYU, and Carcinia Maultflora.
The invention discovers that the herba hyperici japonici, the pansy, the catharanthus roseus, the green Philippine, the ophiopogon japonicus, the zoysia capillipes, the tall oil grass, the green bristlegrass and the cockscomb have strong cooling and air guiding performances.
The invention discovers that the impatiens balsamina, the yellow emperor chrysanthemum, the silvery side dwarf lilyturf tuber, the petunia, the synanthus, the cold water flower and the pennisetum alopecuroides have moderate cooling and wind-guiding performance.
The invention discovers that canna, flower-leaf alpinia japonica, arrowroot, spring feathers and monstera deliciosa have weak cooling and air guiding performance.
The invention measures the cooling and wind-guiding performance of plants in south China, and the performance is divided into three types of strong, medium and weak, and the like, so that the plants have regional adaptability and can achieve the effects of shading, cooling, ventilating and dehumidifying.
The invention mainly aims at the functions of cooling, humidifying, dust-proof, noise reduction and water storage of plant communities, is developed by combining with ornamental artistry, has good ecological property, but needs to consider the ecological property of the plant communities and the comfortableness of human activities in reality, and has less deep research on plant types, community construction, planting and maintenance modes in south China from the aspect of microclimate construction.
In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided:
the construction method of the plant community comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting plants according to the above requirements;
(2) constructing a vertical structure according to the facade openness and crown edge of the plant community, and constructing a horizontal structure according to the windward width and crown distance of the plant community;
(3) modeling analysis, namely screening and optimizing a vertical structure and a horizontal structure according to the heat exchange condition and the influence of a wind field, and combining to obtain a cooling and air-guiding type plant community in the damp and hot area;
the requirements of the screened plants comprise plant height, crown width, under-branch height, plant leaf area index, leaf short-wave reflectivity, leaf short-wave light transmittance and cooling and air guiding capacity of a plant community.
Wherein, the modeling is to build a model in a 3D non-hydrostatic simulation mode.
Further, the construction method also comprises the step of performing effective water and fertilizer management on the constructed plant community after the step (3) to keep the healthy growth state of the plant community; regularly trimming and cleaning dead branches and branches, wherein the arbor should pay attention to keep a good crown shape, and the shrub should be trimmed to control the plant height.
The plant trimming mode can enable the temperature reduction and wind guide functions of the community to have good continuity, and achieves the unification of microclimate comfort and ornamental value through modes of dredging, height limiting and the like.
Further, the plants include arbor, grass, ground cover; wherein, the leaf shortwave reflectivity of above-mentioned arbor is more than or equal to 8%, and leaf shortwave luminousness is less than or equal to 5%.
Furthermore, the vertical structure is characterized in that the vertical face sparse transmittance is more than or equal to 50%, and the crown edge type is a windward slope.
Furthermore, the horizontal structure is characterized in that the windward width is less than or equal to 80m, and the distance between crowns is 1.5-4.0 m.
The plant community vertical and horizontal structure can combine regional climate characteristics, community structure design is carried out according to wind direction and sunlight angles, a community reasonable vertical face combing degree range, a crown edge line shape, planting intervals and planting interval range are constructed, a good community air channel, shading area and area are formed, and a proper garden microenvironment is provided for human activities.
In a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided:
the plant community is applied to landscape design in damp and hot areas.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the invention, plant species suitable for being planted in a damp and hot area are screened out through related growth and physiological indexes such as plant height, crown type, crown width, under-branch height, leaf reflectivity, light transmittance and the like; classifying through the vertical structure and the horizontal structure of the community, and screening out a proper community structure in a 3D non-hydrostatic simulation mode; recommending a proper layout mode by analyzing the relationship between the plant community and the local area; the continuity of the community structure state is realized through purposefully pruning the breeding. Thereby finally realizing the functions of shading, cooling, ventilating and dehumidifying, providing a proper garden microenvironment for human activities, and achieving the unification of microclimate comfort and ornamental value.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an elevation of a plant community of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the wind guide of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a colony model of colonies 1 to 3 (A: colony 1; B: colony 2; C: colony 3);
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the instantaneous temperature at 1.5M at 2:00PM on the summer solstice (A: colony 1; B: colony 2; C: colony 3);
FIG. 5 is a graph of instantaneous wind speed at 1.5M at 2:00PM on the summer solstice (A: community 1; B: community 2; C: community 3).
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and technical effects of the present invention more clear, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The experimental materials and reagents used are, unless otherwise specified, all consumables and reagents which are conventionally available from commercial sources.
The plant selection and community construction index requirements of the present invention are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 plant selection and Community construction indices
Example 1A Cooling and air-guiding type plant community in a humid and hot area
A cooling and air-guiding type plant community in a damp and hot area comprises arbors, grass shrubs and ground covers;
wherein, the crown width of the arbor is 10m, the height under the branch is 6m, and the leaf area index is 1.5;
the height of the canopy of the grass bush is 0.8m, the canopy width is 1m, the height under the branches is 0.8m, and the leaf area index is 1.0;
the height of the ground cover canopy is 0.4m, and the leaf area index is 1.0.
The arbor is peach blossom heartwood, small leaf Terminalia seed, Plumeria Acutifolia, and ceiba.
The herba Medicaginis is Lagerstroemia indica and flos Carthami Loropetalum.
The radix rehmanniae is herba Catharanthi rosei, herba Lysimachiae Clethroids, radix Ophiopogonis (fine leaf), radix Hamamelis Virginiae, herba Setariae viridis, and flos Celosiae Cristatae.
The temperature-reducing air-guiding type plant community in the damp and hot area is shown in figure 1.
The construction method of the cooling air-guide type plant community in the damp and hot area comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: and performing primary screening on commonly used garden trees and shrubs in the damp and hot areas through field research and literature reference.
Step two: by measuring the plant height, the crown width and the branch height of the plant; and (4) measuring the area index of the plant leaves, the short-wave reflectivity of the leaves and the short-wave transmittance of the leaves. Evaluating and sequencing the cooling and air guiding capacity of the plants, and screening out garden plant species with good cooling and air guiding performance.
Step three: and carrying out composite mixed crossing on the plants to construct a plant community, and forming different vertical structures and horizontal structures. The vertical structure comprises a crown line and a vertical surface porosity; the horizontal structure comprises dispersion and frontal area ratio.
Step four: and (3) modeling the mixed plant community on 3D non-hydrostatic model software, and analyzing the thermal exchange condition and the wind field influence of the mixed plant community to screen out the plant community with good cooling and wind guiding effects.
Step five: based on the influence of different plant communities on peripheral fields, various structures are combined to form community layout suitable for a damp and hot area and capable of reducing temperature and guiding wind. If the wind direction on the field is higher than the downwind direction, the openings of the planted colonies are suitable for forming an air duct facing the upwind direction, and the like.
Step six: effective water and fertilizer management is carried out on the constructed plant community, and the healthy growth state of the plant community is kept; regularly trimming and cleaning dead branches and branches, wherein the arbor should pay attention to keep a good crown shape, and the shrub should be trimmed to control the plant height.
Example 2A Cooling and air-guiding plant Community in Hot and humid areas
A cooling and air-guiding type plant community in a damp and hot area comprises arbors, grass shrubs and ground covers;
wherein, the crown width of the arbor is 5m, the height under the branch is 12m, and the leaf area index is 2.5;
the height of the canopy of the grass bush is 0.4m, the width of the canopy is 0.5m, the height under the branches is 0.4m, and the leaf area index is 3.5;
the height of the ground cover canopy is 0.2m, and the leaf area index is 5.0.
The arbor is selected from Phoenix, erythrina indica, chickenaf, African chinaberry, Fox buster, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Melaleuca leucadendra, Eleutherococcus acutus, Ficus bengalensis, Chimonanthus praecox, wakame tree, Maackia amurensis, Mangifera indica, Quercus sylvestris, Phaseolus vulgaris, Areca catechu, Calnax spicata, Zizyphus mauritiana, Quercus majavanica, Paeonia palmata, tabebuia cuneata, Naja, Juniperus chinensis, Podocarpus chinensis, Holly odorata, Lagerstroemia speciosa, caja, Ficus serrulata, Ficus benne, and Livistona chinensis.
The herb bag is prepared from cycas revoluta, lygodium japonicum, longboat flower, loose tail sunflower, cuphea tenuifolia, hibiscus, rosewood, common jasminorange, azalea, jasmine, bush, lantana camara, yellow Chan, bamboo palm, pittosporum, jasmine, sweet osmanthus, gardenia, false forsythia, sycamore, grim and loose tail sunflower.
The ground cover is composed of herba Solidaginis, herba Violae Hortensis, herba Lagotis, flos Impatientis, Flaveria Bidentis, radix Ophiopogonis, petunia, Heguocao, flos COLD LACTI, radix Euphorbiae Fischerianae, canna, Caesalpinia japonica, rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum, rhizoma Marantae Arundinaceae, CHUNYU, and herba Moslae Caulophyllae.
The construction method of the temperature-reducing air-guiding plant community in the damp-heat area is shown as example 1.
Example 3 wind deflection test
The temperature-reducing air-guiding plant community in the hot and humid areas as shown in example 1 is adopted. The wind direction was detected in the field, and the wind direction was found to be as shown in fig. 2.
The result shows that the cooling air-guide type plant community in the damp and hot area can reasonably guide the wind direction, so that the effects of shading, cooling, ventilating and dehumidifying can be realized.
Example 4 comparison of Cooling and air-guiding Properties of different plant communities
The plant air permeability was tested by methods conventional in the art (ENVI-met 4.4.3 simulation) and the results are shown in the following table.
TABLE 2 comprehensive cooling and air-guiding performance of plants
Colonies 1, 2, and 3 shown in the following table were constructed from the plants in table 2 by the plant colony construction method shown in example 1, and the specific information is shown in the following table.
TABLE 3 comparison of specific information and wind guiding efficiency of communities 1, 2 and 3
The results show that the community 2 established by the invention has the lowest wind speed reduction rate of the three, keeps higher temperature reduction rate and has good cooling and wind guiding benefits.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A cooling and air-guiding type plant community in a damp and hot area is characterized by comprising three layers of plant distribution, namely arbor, grass irrigation and ground cover; the plant distribution is vertical distribution, and the height from high to low is in proper order: arbor, grass and ground cover.
2. The population of plants of claim 1, wherein the arbor has a crown width of 10m or less, a sub-branch height of 6m or more, and a leaf area index of 1.5 to 2.5;
the height of the grass shrub canopy is less than or equal to 0.8m, the width of the canopy is less than or equal to 1m, the height under the branches is less than or equal to 0.8m, and the leaf area index is 1.0-3.5;
the height of the ground cover is less than or equal to 0.4m, and the leaf area index is 1.0-5.0.
3. A population of plants according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein said trees comprise heartwood of Prunus persica and Terminalia petiolata.
4. A plant community according to any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that said grass irrigation comprises banaba.
5. A population of plants according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein said ground cover comprises Catharanthus roseus, Ophiopogon japonicus, zoysia capillaris.
6. A method of establishing a plant community as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising the steps of:
(1) selecting a plant according to claim 2;
(2) constructing a vertical structure according to the facade openness and crown edge of the plant community, and constructing a horizontal structure according to the windward width and crown distance of the plant community;
(3) and modeling analysis, namely screening and optimizing a vertical structure and a horizontal structure according to the heat exchange condition and the influence of a wind field, and combining to obtain the cooling and air guiding type plant community in the damp and hot area.
7. The construction method according to claim 6, wherein the plant comprises a tree, a grass shrub, a ground cover; wherein, the blade shortwave reflectivity of arbor is more than or equal to 8%, and blade shortwave luminousness is less than or equal to 5%.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the vertical structure is characterized by a facade penetration rate of 50% or more and a crown type windward slope.
9. The construction method according to claim 6, wherein the horizontal structure is characterized by a windward width of 80m or less and a crown distance of 1.5-4.0 m.
10. Use of the plant population of any one of claims 1-5 in landscaping design in hot and humid areas.
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