CN111781030B - Atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment, sampling and analyzing method and calculating method based on unmanned aerial vehicle - Google Patents
Atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment, sampling and analyzing method and calculating method based on unmanned aerial vehicle Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an atmospheric VOCs sampling device based on an unmanned aerial vehicle, which comprises a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body, an unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring device, an unmanned aerial vehicle control device, an unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device and an unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device, wherein the sampling device comprises the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body and a main carrier for the whole set of acquisition equipment; the unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring device is used for searching the smoke plume position of the pollution source, acquiring the position of a monitoring point, the wind speed, the wind direction and other meteorological parameters; the unmanned aerial vehicle control device is used for controlling the flight operation of the unmanned aerial vehicle; the unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device is used for transmitting monitoring results of the monitoring device, flight states of the unmanned aerial vehicle and the like; unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device for VOCs in the atmosphere is gathered regularly. According to the scheme, the emission of the VOCs in the chimney can be calculated relatively accurately under the condition of not entering a factory, the problem of inaccurate monitoring caused by emission reduction in enterprise monitoring can be solved, and the environmental protection monitoring efficiency is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of air quality sampling equipment, in particular to a source intensity inversion technology based on emission pollution source characteristics of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in smoke plume sampling of an unmanned aerial vehicle.
Background
With the development of unmanned aerial vehicle technology, the application range of unmanned aerial vehicle is increasingly wide. The air quality sampling and monitoring by adopting the unmanned aerial vehicle is an important component part of a three-dimensional sampling and monitoring system for the atmospheric in the urban area, and can be air qualityThe quantity prediction model provides monitoring data with high grid resolution, high vertical precision and high time resolution so as to quickly formulate effective pollution prevention and control measures. Ozone (O) in partial areas of China 3 ) And fine Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 ) Is increasingly problematic, volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are O 3 And key precursors of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA), so that the research and improvement of the atmospheric VOCs sampling monitoring technology has important significance and wide application prospect. At present, the atmospheric VOCs are mainly sampled in the horizontal direction at fixed points, the sampling conditions in the vertical direction limit the time and effort consumption greatly, the unmanned aerial vehicle air quality sampling monitoring technology in China is still in a starting stage, only few scientific research teams utilize unmanned aerial vehicle carrying sampling equipment to carry out research, at present, systematic research results do not exist yet, conventional pollutants are mainly focused, and unmanned aerial vehicle sampling monitoring research on key precursors such as VOCs is less.
At present, the on-line monitoring of VOCs in industrial enterprises is not popular, and the monitoring of the discharge amount of a fixed source in a factory is mostly performed by adopting a manual monitoring method, so that the method is time-consuming, labor-consuming and low in efficiency, needs enterprise cooperation, and is low in data precision, and therefore, a new scheme is urgently needed to solve the technical problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical scheme relies on the atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment based on the unmanned aerial vehicle to sample and analyze pollution source plumes to acquire concentration and component information of sampling points, a source intensity inversion method based on VOCs characteristic species is utilized to reversely push the source intensity, and the emission of chimney VOCs can be calculated relatively accurately under the condition of no factory entry by the method of reversely pushing the source intensity of pollution source plumes concentration data. The system can avoid the behaviors of reducing emission and the like of enterprises during factory entering monitoring, improves the environmental protection supervision efficiency, and can reduce the influence of traffic sources on sampling samples during horizontal ground sampling by adopting unmanned aerial vehicle smoke plume sampling and more representative samples.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is that the atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment based on the unmanned aerial vehicle is characterized in that the sampling equipment comprises a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body, an unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring device, an unmanned aerial vehicle control device, an unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device and an unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device, wherein the unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring device is fixedly arranged on the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body through a base or a high-strength light bracket; the unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device is fixed at the bottom of the main body of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle and extends to the position of the main body of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle, which is 1 m high, through a connecting conduit hose, damping rubber, a thread screw and a full carbon fiber high-strength light-weight bracket, and the unmanned aerial vehicle control device remotely controls the main body of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle through a ground control station and a remote control rod and comprises all devices arranged on the main body; the unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device mainly comprises a control link and an image data transmission link, which are integrated in the main body of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle and communicate with a ground control station through wireless signals;
the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body is used for a main carrier of the whole set of acquisition equipment;
the unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring device is used for searching the smoke plume position of the pollution source, acquiring the position of a monitoring point, the wind speed, the wind direction and other meteorological parameters;
the unmanned aerial vehicle control device is used for controlling the flight operation of the unmanned aerial vehicle;
the unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device is used for transmitting the monitoring result of the monitoring device and the flight state of the unmanned aerial vehicle;
unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device for VOCs in the atmosphere is gathered regularly. The scheme solves the defect that the traditional VOCs sample is limited in the horizontal direction, increases the flexibility and convenience of sampling, and achieves the purposes of not being limited by time and being capable of multi-tank sampling within the range of 200m of vertical height. The unmanned aerial vehicle sampling equipment can also realize smoke plume sampling VOCs emission source intensity inversion technology, and is used for estimating the fixed source emission of industrial enterprises. The multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body is made of high-strength carbon fiber materials.
Further, unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring devices, including GPS positioner, meteorological parameter sensor and VOCs gas detection appearance, GPS positioner for acquire monitoring point position information, meteorological parameter sensor is used for acquireing meteorological parameter such as monitoring point position wind speed, wind direction, VOCs gas detection appearance for look for the smoke plume position, acquire the emission scope of emission source pollutant.
The unmanned aerial vehicle control device is used for measuring the position of pollutants according to the need, the information such as a flight track, a flight height, a flight speed and the like can be set through the unmanned aerial vehicle ground control station, the unmanned aerial vehicle can automatically fly to a designated area for operation, and after the preset work is completed, the unmanned aerial vehicle automatically returns to a flight point according to the set route and automatically drops;
the unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device can transmit data such as temperature, air pressure, wind speed and the like on the unmanned aerial vehicle back to the ground station in real time, and simultaneously monitor information such as power voltage, control system voltage, load system voltage, unmanned aerial vehicle operation gesture, flight height, flight speed, flight time, flight distance, control signal intensity, working state of air sampling equipment and the like of the unmanned aerial vehicle back to the ground through a private network or a 5G network;
the sampling device comprises a SUMMA tank, a flow controller, an electromagnetic valve and a water vapor and particulate matter filter, wherein the SUMMA tank is 2L in specification, three SUMMA tanks are fixed at the lower part of the unmanned aerial vehicle, multi-tank sampling can be realized, the SUMMA tanks are transversely fixed at the bottom of the unmanned aerial vehicle side by adopting a bottom extraction and insertion type movable mechanism through a full-carbon fiber high-strength lightweight bracket, and the device is provided with a rubber damping and anti-falling mechanism, and a transverse blocking buckle and the like for ensuring that the tank body is stable and reliable in the collecting process, preventing falling and shifting and the like, adjusting the flow controller and controlling the sampling time; one end of the two-way electromagnetic valve is connected with the flow controller, and the other end of the two-way electromagnetic valve is connected with the air inlet pipeline, and the on-off of the air inlet pipeline is controlled according to signals sent by the ground control station; the filler comprises quartz cotton and anhydrous sodium sulfate and is used for filtering water vapor and particulate matters in the atmosphere; the gas sampling mouth extends to the position above the plane of the rotor wing of the unmanned aerial vehicle by more than 1 meter through a 1-meter long glass tube, and is connected with a metal knob base through a rubber hose, and is connected with a machine body hanging frame through 3 groups of rubber ball damping mechanisms. The SUMMA jar is connected with a flow controller through a corresponding valve, a quick connector and a U-shaped Teflon tube with the diameter of 6.5mm, the flow controller is connected with an electromagnetic valve through a straight Teflon tube, the electromagnetic valve is connected with a water vapor and particulate filter through the Teflon tube, and finally the electromagnetic valve is connected with a vertical upward sampling catheter which is formed by connecting a stainless steel tube, a rubber hose, a glass tube and corresponding screw threads.
The unmanned aerial vehicle atmospheric VOCs sampling device has the advantages that the pollution sources are sampled in the vertical direction, and the influence of ground pollution sources such as traffic sources on sampling samples during horizontal ground sampling is reduced; the sampling port is located at the position 1 meter above the unmanned aerial vehicle, so that the design is more reasonable, the turbulence disturbance problem caused by the unmanned aerial vehicle rotor wing can be reduced, and the collected sample is more representative.
A sampling and analysis method based on unmanned aerial vehicle atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment, the method comprising the steps of:
step 1: collecting a plurality of samples in a pollution source smoke plume range, and recording the positions of monitoring points and meteorological parameters;
step 2: carrying the collected sample into a laboratory for analysis to obtain the multicomponent concentration information of the VOCs;
the step 1 specifically comprises the following steps:
adjusting the flow controller to determine sampling time; starting the unmanned plane; starting a VOCs gas detector, scanning a pollution source smoke plume range, and operating the unmanned aerial vehicle to a specified sampling point; checking meteorological parameter conditions, and ensuring that parameter conditions such as humidity and the like meet sampling requirements; VOCs sampling is carried out, the electromagnetic valve receives a sampling signal, the electromagnetic valve is opened, atmospheric sampling is started, and when the preset sampling time is reached, the electromagnetic valve is closed, and the atmospheric sampling is stopped;
the step 2 specifically comprises the following steps:
and (3) sending the SUMMA tank to a laboratory for VOCs component analysis under the conditions of light shielding and shade, diluting the SUMMA tank by a dynamic diluter, connecting an automatic SUMMA tank sampler, acquiring target compounds by gas in the tank through a water removal and thermal desorption device, and finally carrying out qualitative and quantitative analysis on each component of the VOCs by GC/MS to acquire monitoring point position concentration and component information.
A pollution source intensity calculation method based on unmanned aerial vehicle atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment comprises the following steps:
(1) Screening the characteristic species of the pollution source VOCs according to the VOCs emission information of the enterprise and the species concentration of the VOCs at the monitoring point, and obtaining the proportion relation of the characteristic species of the pollution source;
(2) Assuming strong source, and obtaining the concentration of the analog VOCs species of each monitoring point under the assumed strong source by utilizing a Gaussian model calculation formula according to the proportion relation of the characteristic species of the pollution source, the positions of the monitoring points and the meteorological parameters;
(3) And obtaining the pollution source intensity by a source intensity inversion method based on the VOCs characteristic species according to the simulated VOCs characteristic species concentration and the monitored VOCs characteristic species concentration at each monitoring point.
Further, step (1) screens the characteristic species of the pollution source VOCs according to the emission information of the VOCs of the enterprises and the species concentration of the VOCs at the monitoring points, and obtains the proportion relation of the characteristic species of the pollution source, which comprises the following steps:
screening out characteristic species of a pollution source according to enterprise information in consideration of the fact that the species of each monitoring point, which individually occupy a larger range, may not be the characteristic species of the emission source; considering that smoke plume pollutants are mainly from pollution sources, the component proportion of the VOCs at each monitoring point is considered to be consistent with the component proportion of the VOCs at the pollution sources.
Actual measurement of characteristic species proportion p of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) at each monitoring point of pollution i,j The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein i represents a monitoring point location; j represents a species; n represents the number of bits of the monitoring point; m represents the number of species; c i,j Representing the measured concentration of the characteristic species j of the monitoring point i; c i Representing the sum of the measured concentrations of the characteristic species of the monitoring point position i; p is p i,j Indicating the ratio of the measured concentration of the characteristic species j at the monitoring point i to the total concentration of the characteristic species.
Simulation VOCs characteristic species proportion P of pollution arbitrary monitoring point j The calculation formula of (1) is as followsThe following steps:
wherein C is i,j Representing the simulated concentration of the characteristic species j of the monitoring point position i; c (C) i Representing the sum of simulation concentrations of characteristic species of the monitoring point position i; p (P) j Representing the ratio of the simulated concentration of the characteristic species j at any monitoring point to the total concentration of the characteristic species.
Further, the step (2) specifically includes:
based on Gaussian diffusion mode, the pollution source plume pollutant concentration and the pollution source intensity are considered to form a linear relation, and the receptor point concentration can be calculated according to the pollution source emission intensity, the receptor point position and the meteorological diffusion condition, and the calculation method is as follows.
The emission source (chimney) is regarded as a point source, the emission source is taken as a coordinate origin, the x-axis points to the wind direction, the y-axis represents the direction perpendicular to the wind direction in the horizontal plane, and the z-axis points to the direction perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
Diffusion mode of overhead continuous point source under bounded conditions:
wherein C (x, y, z, H) represents the concentration (mg/m) of a source of source strength Q (mg/s) and effective stack height H (m) at any spatial point (x, y, z) downwind 3 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Representing the average wind speed (m/s) at the stack geometry height; sigma (sigma) y 、σ z The diffusion parameter (m) is shown for both the lateral and vertical directions, which increases with increasing leeward distance x.
Under the condition of fixed monitoring time and monitoring points, according to the diffusion mode of an overhead continuous point source under the bounded condition, the characteristic species source intensity of the pollution source and the characteristic species concentration of the receptor point are in a linear relation, and the calculation formula is as follows:
C i ＝K i Q
wherein Q represents the source intensity of the characteristic species; k (K) i And (5) representing the proportionality coefficient of the sum of the concentration of the characteristic species of the monitoring point position i and the source intensity of the characteristic species.
The effective chimney height and diffusion parameters in the diffusion mode of the overhead continuous point source under the bounded condition are selected by adopting a formula and parameters recommended in a technical method for making local atmospheric pollutant emission standards (GB 13201-91).
The total concentration of VOCs can be measured according to the atmospheric pollutant emission standard limit, enterprise information and each monitoring point, such as the atmospheric pollutant comprehensive emission standard (GB 16297-1996), and the like, and the source is supposed to be strong. Based on a diffusion mode calculation formula of an overhead continuous point source under a bounded condition, according to the effective chimney height of any space point of a wind direction under a pollution source, the average wind speed and diffusion parameters at the geometric height of the chimney, the proportion coefficient of the sum of the characteristic species concentration of each monitoring point position and the characteristic species source intensity can be calculated, the simulated VOCs characteristic species concentration of each monitoring point position is further obtained, and the simulated VOCs characteristic species concentration of each monitoring point position under different source intensities is obtained.
Further, the step (3) specifically includes:
establishing a loss function L based on the simulated VOCs characteristic species concentration of a plurality of monitoring points obtained through simulation and the actual VOCs characteristic species concentration of the monitoring points:
setting P j The initial value of (1) is
At->
Under the constraint condition of (2), the loss function L reaches the minimum value, and the characteristic species source intensity corresponding to the obtained minimum value L is the pollution source characteristic species source intensity.
According to the scheme, smoke plumes can be accurately positioned by means of an unmanned aerial vehicle, sampling is carried out at the smoke plumes of pollution sources, the anti-interference performance is high, the influence of ground sources such as traffic sources on sampling concentration results can be reduced, original characteristics of emission sources are kept, the representativeness of samples is enhanced, and the uncertainty of a Gaussian model is reduced; compared with the common emission source intensity inversion technology based on single total VOCs, the emission source intensity inversion technology based on VOCs features considers the constraint of the proportional relation among the species, so that relatively accurate source intensity can be calculated through fewer sampling points, and the emission intensity of a certain source can be calculated independently under the condition that a plurality of emission sources exist; the method can directly calculate according to a simple Gaussian diffusion formula, can rapidly acquire the source intensity information of the pollution source, and does not need to calculate by using a complex model.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages: 1) The unmanned aerial vehicle atmospheric VOCs sampling device has the advantages that the pollution sources are sampled in the vertical direction, and the influence of ground pollution sources such as traffic sources on sampling samples during horizontal ground sampling is reduced; the sampling port is positioned at the position 1 meter above the unmanned aerial vehicle, so that the design is more reasonable, the turbulence disturbance problem caused by the rotor wing of the unmanned aerial vehicle can be reduced, and the collected sample is more representative; the unmanned aerial vehicle can accurately position smoke plume, samples at the smoke plume of a pollution source, has strong anti-interference performance, can reduce the influence of ground sources such as traffic sources on the sampling concentration result, keeps the original characteristics of emission sources, and enhances the representativeness of samples. 2) The pollution source intensity calculation method based on the unmanned aerial vehicle atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment has the advantages that smoke plumes can be accurately positioned by means of the unmanned aerial vehicle, sampling is carried out at the pollution source smoke plumes, the anti-interference performance is high, the influence of ground sources such as traffic sources on sampling concentration results can be reduced, the original characteristics of emission sources are kept, the representativeness of samples is enhanced, and the uncertainty of a Gaussian model is reduced; compared with the common emission source intensity inversion technology based on single total VOCs, the emission source intensity inversion technology based on VOCs features considers the constraint of the proportional relation among the species, so that relatively accurate source intensity can be calculated through fewer sampling points, and the emission intensity of a certain source can be calculated independently under the condition that a plurality of emission sources exist; the method can directly calculate according to a simple Gaussian diffusion formula, quickly acquire the source intensity information of the pollution source, and does not need to calculate by using a complex model; 3) The VOCs characteristic species emission source intensity inversion technology based on unmanned aerial vehicle smoke plume sampling has the advantages that the emission amount of the chimney VOCs can be calculated relatively accurately under the condition of not entering a factory, the problem of inaccurate monitoring caused by emission reduction in enterprise monitoring can be solved, and the environmental protection monitoring efficiency is improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a sampling system in an atmospheric VOCs sampling device based on an unmanned aerial vehicle.
In the figure: 1 SUMMA tank; 2, a valve; 3, a quick plug; 4, a flow controller; 5, an electromagnetic valve; 6 a water vapor and particulate matter filter; 7 sampling catheters.
The specific embodiment is as follows:
in order to enhance the understanding of the present invention, the present embodiment will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example 1: referring to fig. 1, the invention provides a VOCs characteristic species emission source intensity inversion technology based on unmanned aerial vehicle smoke plume sampling, which relies on an atmospheric VOCs sampling device based on unmanned aerial vehicle to sample and analyze pollution source smoke plumes, acquire concentration and component information of sampling points, and uses a source intensity inversion method based on VOCs characteristic species to reversely push source intensity. The emission of the chimney VOCs can be calculated relatively accurately under the condition of not entering a factory, the problem of inaccurate monitoring caused by emission reduction in enterprise monitoring can be solved, and the environmental protection monitoring efficiency is improved.
An atmospheric VOCs sampling device based on unmanned aerial vehicle, the sampling device includes rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main part, unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring devices, unmanned aerial vehicle controlling means, unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device and unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device, and unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring devices passes through base or high strength lightweight support fixed mounting on many rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main part; the unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device is fixed at the bottom of the main body of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle and extends to the position of the main body of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle, which is 1 m high, through a connecting conduit hose, damping rubber, a thread screw and a full carbon fiber high-strength light-weight bracket, and the unmanned aerial vehicle control device remotely controls the main body of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle through a ground control station and a remote control rod and comprises all devices arranged on the main body; the unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device mainly comprises a control link and an image data transmission link, which are integrated in the main body of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle and communicate with a ground control station through wireless signals;
the unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring device comprises a GPS positioning device, a meteorological parameter sensor and a VOCs gas detector, wherein the GPS positioning device is used for acquiring position information of a monitoring point. The meteorological parameter sensor is used for acquiring meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction and the like of a monitoring point. The infrared detector is used for finding the smoke plume position and acquiring the emission range of emission source pollutants;
the unmanned aerial vehicle control device is used for measuring the position of pollutants according to the need, the information such as a flight track, a flight height, a flight speed and the like can be set through the unmanned aerial vehicle ground control station, the unmanned aerial vehicle can automatically fly to a designated area for operation, and after the preset work is completed, the unmanned aerial vehicle automatically returns to a flight point according to the set route and automatically drops;
the unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device can transmit data such as temperature, air pressure, wind speed and the like on the unmanned aerial vehicle back to the ground station in real time, and simultaneously monitor information such as power voltage, control system voltage, load system voltage, unmanned aerial vehicle operation gesture, flight height, flight speed, flight time, flight distance, control signal intensity, working state of air sampling equipment and the like of the unmanned aerial vehicle back to the ground through a private network or a 5G network;
the sampling device comprises a SUMMA tank 1, a flow controller 4, an electromagnetic valve 5 and a water vapor and particulate matter filter 6, wherein the SUMMA tank is 2L in specification, three SUMMA tanks are fixed on the lower portion of the unmanned aerial vehicle, and multi-tank sampling can be achieved. The SUMMA tank is fixed at the bottom of the unmanned aerial vehicle side by side transversely through a full carbon fiber high-strength lightweight bracket by adopting a bottom extraction-insertion type movable mechanism, and is provided with a rubber damping and anti-falling mechanism, and a transverse blocking buckle and the like ensure that the tank body is stable and reliable in the collecting process and prevents falling and shifting and other conditions from occurring. And adjusting a flow controller to control the sampling time. One end of the two-way electromagnetic valve is connected with the flow controller, and the other end is connected with the air inlet pipeline, and the on-off of the air inlet pipeline is controlled according to signals sent by the ground control station. The filler comprises quartz cotton and anhydrous sodium sulfate and is used for filtering water vapor and particulate matters in the atmosphere. Considering unmanned aerial vehicle rotor disturbance problem, sampling air inlet sets up in unmanned aerial vehicle top 1 meter department, and SUMMA jar specification is 2L, and weight is 0.9kg, and three SUMMA jars and other sampling and controlling means need unmanned aerial vehicle load capacity more than 7 kg.
In the scheme, the sampling port is designed to be positioned at a position 1 m above the unmanned aerial vehicle and vertically upwards, and is far away from the turbulent flow field of the unmanned aerial vehicle, so that the turbulence disturbance problem caused by a rotor wing of the unmanned aerial vehicle is reduced, and the collected sample is more representative; the equipment has long power supply time, and the sampling is not limited by time; the multi-tank sampling can be designed, so that the sampling time is saved and the efficiency is improved; compared with the common emission source intensity inversion technology based on single total VOCs, the emission source intensity inversion technology based on VOCs features considers the constraint of the proportional relationship among the species, so that relatively accurate source intensity can be calculated through fewer sampling points; and compared with horizontal ground sampling, the smoke plume sampling is less interfered, so that the influence of ground sources such as traffic sources on the sampling concentration result is reduced, and the essential characteristics of emission sources can be maintained.
Example 2: a sampling and analysis method based on unmanned aerial vehicle atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment, the method comprising the steps of: the process of sampling the pollution source VOCs is as follows:
(1) Atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment of adjustment unmanned aerial vehicle: fixing the cleaned SUMMA tank below the unmanned plane, adjusting and calibrating the flow controller, and determining sampling time;
(2) Determining sampling points: the unmanned aerial vehicle flies through a ground station preset route or flies through manual operation, the infrared detector is started, the pollution source smoke plume range is scanned, the scanning result is transmitted to the monitoring terminal, the sampling point position is determined, and the unmanned aerial vehicle is operated to hover at the appointed sampling point position.
(3) VOCs sampling: and confirming that the unmanned aerial vehicle has good flight state and power equipment state, and sampling VOCs after the air collection equipment works normally. And (3) opening a control switch of the air acquisition valve, opening a timer, acquiring gas according to requirements, closing the acquisition valve switch after acquisition is completed, and carrying out self-determined return or manual operation to fly the unmanned aerial vehicle to the ground. The gas collection electromagnetic valve is controlled by a set of low-voltage direct current control system, the control system is connected with the signal receiving system of the airborne unmanned aerial vehicle, signals are sent to the control receiving system of the airborne unmanned aerial vehicle through the ground control station when gas collection is needed, and the receiving system sends control signals to the low-voltage control system of the electromagnetic valve after operation and decoding, so that the low-voltage direct current control system is used for controlling the opening and closing of the electromagnetic valve.
(4) And (3) data transmission: through unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device, with meteorological data such as monitoring point position and temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed pass through private network or 5G network real-time transmission ground station.
(5) And (3) ending the sampling of the monitoring point position VOCs, and controlling the unmanned aerial vehicle to go to the sampling of another monitoring point position.
And sending the collected SUMMA tank sample to a laboratory for VOCs component analysis under the condition of light shielding and shade. Diluting the SUMMA tank by a dynamic diluter, connecting the SUMMA tank with an automatic sampler, obtaining a target compound by gas in the tank through a water removal and thermal desorption device, separating the target compound by gas chromatography, detecting by a mass spectrum detector, quantifying by an internal standard method by comparing with a mass spectrogram and retention time of a standard substance, and obtaining the concentration and component information of a monitoring point. According TO the specific condition of a pollution source, the TO-be-detected substances are selected TO analyze the concentration of the VOCs components, in the embodiment, the VOCs detection project required by the environment air volatile organic compound monitoring scheme (ring office [ 2017 ] 2024) in the key region of 2018 is taken as an example, 57 volatile organic compounds, part of TO15 substances and 13 aldehyde ketone substances of the original PAMS are selected as internal standard substances, and the concentration of 117 substances can be obtained.
Example 3: a pollution source intensity calculation method based on unmanned aerial vehicle atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment comprises the following steps:
(1) Screening the characteristic species of the pollution source VOCs according to the VOCs emission information of the enterprise and the species concentration of the VOCs at the monitoring point, and obtaining the proportion relation of the characteristic species of the pollution source;
(2) Assuming strong source, and obtaining the concentration of the analog VOCs species of each monitoring point under the assumed strong source by utilizing a Gaussian model calculation formula according to the proportion relation of the characteristic species of the pollution source, the positions of the monitoring points and the meteorological parameters;
(3) And obtaining the pollution source intensity by a source intensity inversion method based on the VOCs characteristic species according to the simulated VOCs characteristic species concentration and the monitored VOCs characteristic species concentration at each monitoring point.
The step (1) specifically comprises:
screening out characteristic species of a pollution source according to enterprise information in consideration of the fact that the species of each monitoring point, which individually occupy a larger range, may not be the characteristic species of the emission source; considering that smoke plume pollutants are mainly from pollution sources, the component proportion of the VOCs at each monitoring point is considered to be consistent with the component proportion of the VOCs at the pollution sources.
Actual measurement of characteristic species proportion p of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) at each monitoring point of pollution i,j The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein i represents a monitoring point location; j represents a species; n represents the number of bits of the monitoring point; m represents the number of species; c i,j Representing the measured concentration of the characteristic species j of the monitoring point i; c i Representing the sum of the measured concentrations of the characteristic species of the monitoring point position i; p is p i,j Indicating the ratio of the measured concentration of the characteristic species j at the monitoring point i to the total concentration of the characteristic species.
Simulation VOCs characteristic species proportion P of pollution arbitrary monitoring point j The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein C is i,j Representing the simulated concentration of the characteristic species j of the monitoring point position i; c (C) i Representing the sum of simulation concentrations of characteristic species of the monitoring point position i; p (P) j Representing the ratio of the simulated concentration of the characteristic species j at any monitoring point to the total concentration of the characteristic species.
The step (2) specifically comprises:
based on Gaussian diffusion mode, the pollution source plume pollutant concentration and the pollution source intensity are considered to form a linear relation, and the receptor point concentration can be calculated according to the pollution source emission intensity, the receptor point position and the meteorological diffusion condition, and the calculation method is as follows.
The emission source (chimney) is regarded as a point source, the emission source is taken as a coordinate origin, the x-axis points to the wind direction, the y-axis represents the direction perpendicular to the wind direction in the horizontal plane, and the z-axis points to the direction perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
Diffusion mode of overhead continuous point source under bounded conditions:
wherein C (x, y, z, H) represents the concentration (mg/m) of a source of source strength Q (mg/s) and effective stack height H (m) at any spatial point (x, y, z) downwind 3 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Representing the average wind speed (m/s) at the stack geometry height; sigma (sigma) y 、σ z The diffusion parameter (m) is shown for both the lateral and vertical directions, which increases with increasing leeward distance x.
Under the condition of fixed monitoring time and monitoring points, according to the diffusion mode of an overhead continuous point source under the bounded condition, the characteristic species source intensity of the pollution source and the characteristic species concentration of the receptor point are in a linear relation, and the calculation formula is as follows:
C i ＝K i Q
wherein Q represents the source intensity of the characteristic species; k (K) i And (5) representing the proportionality coefficient of the sum of the concentration of the characteristic species of the monitoring point position i and the source intensity of the characteristic species.
The effective source height H is the sum of the geometric height Hs of the chimney and the smoke flow lifting height delta H, and can be obtained according to the smoke heat release rate.
The stability can be judged by a P-T method, namely, the solar altitude is determined according to the solar inclination angle, and then the solar radiation level is detected according to the cloud cover. And the atmospheric stability level is found out according to the ground wind speed and the solar radiation level.
The diffusion parameter sigma can be obtained by approximating the P-G diffusion curve by a power function y Sum sigma z Is a value of (2).
Will sigma y Sum sigma z A function representing the downwind distance x:
wherein alpha is 1 And alpha 2 Representing the regression index of the lateral and vertical diffusion parameters; gamma ray 1 And gamma 2 Representing regression coefficients of lateral and vertical diffusion parameters; x represents the horizontal distance (m) downwind from the exhaust stack.
If there is no actual measurement value, the fixed values of the indexes and coefficients can be queried according to the technical method for making local atmospheric pollutant emission standard (GB 13201-91) annex D after the stability level is determined.
The total concentration of VOCs can be measured according to the atmospheric pollutant emission standard limit, enterprise information and each monitoring point, such as the atmospheric pollutant comprehensive emission standard (GB 16297-1996), and the like, and the source is supposed to be strong. Based on a diffusion mode calculation formula of an overhead continuous point source under a bounded condition, according to the effective chimney height of any space point of a wind direction under a pollution source, the average wind speed and diffusion parameters at the geometric height of the chimney, the proportion coefficient of the sum of the characteristic species concentration of each monitoring point position and the characteristic species source intensity can be calculated, the simulated VOCs characteristic species concentration of each monitoring point position is further obtained, and the simulated VOCs characteristic species concentration of each monitoring point position under different source intensities is obtained.
The step (3) specifically comprises:
establishing a loss function L based on the simulated VOCs characteristic species concentration of a plurality of monitoring points obtained through simulation and the actual VOCs characteristic species concentration of the monitoring points:
setting P j The initial value of (1) is
At->
Under the constraint condition of (2), the loss function L reaches the minimum value, and the characteristic species source intensity corresponding to the obtained minimum value L is the pollution source characteristic species source intensity.
The above calculation process is realized by programming.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and equivalent changes or substitutions made on the basis of the above-mentioned technical solutions fall within the scope of the present invention as defined in the claims.
Claims (2)
1. Atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment based on unmanned aerial vehicle, its characterized in that, sampling equipment includes:
many rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main part, unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring devices, unmanned aerial vehicle controlling means, unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device and unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device, unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring devices pass through base or high strength lightweight support fixed mounting on many rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main part; the unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device is fixed at the bottom of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body and extends to the position of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body, which is 1 m high, through a connecting conduit hose, damping rubber, a screw thread and a full carbon fiber high-strength light-weight bracket, and the unmanned aerial vehicle control device is a device for remotely controlling the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body and all devices arranged on the main body through a ground control station and a remote control rod; the unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device mainly comprises a control link and an image data transmission link, which are integrated in the main body of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle and communicate with a ground control station through wireless signals;
the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body is used for a main carrier of the whole set of acquisition equipment;
the unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring device is used for searching the smoke plume position of the pollution source, acquiring the position of the monitoring point and the wind speed and wind direction meteorological parameters;
the unmanned aerial vehicle control device is used for controlling the flight operation of the unmanned aerial vehicle;
the unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device is used for transmitting the monitoring result of the monitoring device and the flight state of the unmanned aerial vehicle;
the unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device is used for regularly collecting VOCs in the atmosphere;
the unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring device comprises a GPS positioning device, a meteorological parameter sensor and a VOCs gas detector, which are respectively arranged on the lower side of the wing of the unmanned aerial vehicle main body, wherein the GPS positioning device is used for acquiring the position information of a monitoring point position; the meteorological parameter sensor is used for acquiring meteorological parameters of wind speed and wind direction of a monitoring point; the VOCs gas detector is used for finding the smoke plume position and acquiring the emission range of emission source pollutants;
the unmanned aerial vehicle control device is used for measuring the position of pollutants according to the need, the flight track, the flight height and the flight speed information can be set through the unmanned aerial vehicle ground control station, the unmanned aerial vehicle can automatically fly to a designated area for operation, and after the preset work is completed, the unmanned aerial vehicle automatically returns to a flying point and automatically drops according to the set route;
the unmanned aerial vehicle data transmission device transmits temperature, air pressure and wind speed data on the unmanned aerial vehicle back to the ground station in real time, and simultaneously monitors power voltage, control system voltage, load system voltage, unmanned aerial vehicle running gesture, flight height, flight speed, flight time, flight distance, control signal intensity and air sampling equipment working state information of the unmanned aerial vehicle back to the ground through a private network or a 5G network;
the unmanned aerial vehicle sampling device comprises a SUMMA tank (1), a flow controller (4), an electromagnetic valve (5), a water vapor and particulate matter filter (6) and a sampling guide pipe (7), wherein three SUMMA tanks are fixed at the lower part of the unmanned aerial vehicle, multi-tank sampling can be realized, the SUMMA tank is fixed at the bottom of the unmanned aerial vehicle side by side transversely through a full-carbon fiber high-strength lightweight bracket by adopting a bottom extraction-insertion type movable mechanism, and the device is provided with a rubber damping and anti-falling mechanism, a transverse blocking buckle ensures that the tank body is stably and reliably prevented from falling and shifting in the collecting process, and the flow controller is regulated to control the sampling time; one end of the two-way electromagnetic valve is connected with the flow controller, and the other end is connected with the sampling conduit (7), and the on-off of the sampling pipeline is controlled according to signals sent by the ground control station; the filler comprises quartz cotton and anhydrous sodium sulfate and is used for filtering water vapor and particulate matters in the atmosphere; the gas sampling port extends to a position above the rotor plane of the unmanned aerial vehicle by more than 1 meter through a glass tube with the length of 1 meter, is connected with the metal knob base through a rubber hose, and is connected with the engine body hanging frame through 3 groups of rubber ball damping mechanisms;
the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle main body is made of high-strength carbon fiber materials, and the pollution source intensity calculation method based on the unmanned aerial vehicle atmospheric VOCs sampling equipment comprises the following steps:
(1) Screening the characteristic species of the pollution source VOCs according to the VOCs emission information of the enterprise and the species concentration of the VOCs at the monitoring point, and obtaining the proportion relation of the characteristic species of the pollution source;
(2) Assuming strong source, and obtaining the concentration of the analog VOCs species of each monitoring point under the assumed strong source by utilizing a Gaussian model calculation formula according to the proportion relation of the characteristic species of the pollution source, the positions of the monitoring points and the meteorological parameters;
(3) Obtaining pollution source intensity by a source intensity inversion method based on VOCs characteristic species according to the simulated VOCs characteristic species concentration and the monitored VOCs characteristic species concentration at each monitoring point;
step (1) screening the characteristic species of the pollution source VOCs according to the emission information of the VOCs of the enterprises and the species concentration of the VOCs at the monitoring points, and obtaining the proportion relation of the characteristic species of the pollution source, specifically comprising:
screening out characteristic species of pollution sources according to enterprise information in consideration of the fact that the species which are respectively larger in each monitoring point position are possibly not characteristic species of emission sources; considering that smoke plume pollutants mainly come from pollution sources, the component proportion of the VOCs at each monitoring point is considered to be consistent with the component proportion of the VOCs at the pollution sources;
actual measurement of characteristic species proportion p of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) at each monitoring point of pollution i,j The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein i represents a monitoring point location; j represents a species; n represents the number of bits of the monitoring point; m represents the number of species; c i,j Representing the measured concentration of the characteristic species j of the monitoring point i; c i Representing the sum of the measured concentrations of the characteristic species of the monitoring point position i; p is p i,j Representing the proportion of the measured concentration of the characteristic species j of the monitoring point i to the total concentration of the characteristic species;
simulation VOCs characteristic species proportion P of pollution arbitrary monitoring point j The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein C is i,j Representing the simulated concentration of the characteristic species j of the monitoring point position i; c (C) i Representing the sum of simulation concentrations of characteristic species of the monitoring point position i; p (P) j Representing the proportion of the analog concentration of the characteristic species j of any monitoring point to the total concentration of the characteristic species;
the step (2) specifically comprises:
based on Gaussian diffusion mode, the pollution source plume pollutant concentration and the pollution source intensity are considered to form a linear relation, and the receptor point concentration can be calculated according to the pollution source emission intensity, the receptor point position and the meteorological diffusion condition, and the calculation method is as follows:
taking an emission source, namely a chimney, as a point source, taking the emission source as a coordinate origin, directing an x-axis to a wind direction, directing a y-axis to a direction vertical to the wind direction in a horizontal plane, and directing a z-axis to the direction vertical to the horizontal plane;
diffusion mode of overhead continuous point source under bounded conditions:
wherein C (x, y, z, H) represents the concentration (mg/m) of a source of source intensity Q (mg/s) and effective chimney height H (m) at any spatial point (x, y, z) downwind 3 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Representing the average wind speed (m/s) at the stack geometry height; sigma (sigma) y 、σ z A diffusion parameter (m) representing both the transverse and vertical directions, the diffusion parameter increasing with increasing leeward distance x;
under the condition of fixed monitoring time and monitoring point positions, the source intensity of the pollution source characteristic species and the concentration of the receptor point characteristic species are in a linear relation, and the calculation formula is as follows:
C i ＝K i Q
wherein Q represents the source intensity of the characteristic species; k (K) i The ratio coefficient of the sum of the concentration of the characteristic species of the monitoring point i to the source intensity of the characteristic species is represented;
the step (3) specifically comprises:
establishing a loss function L based on the simulated VOCs characteristic species concentration of a plurality of monitoring points obtained through simulation and the actual VOCs characteristic species concentration of the monitoring points:
setting P j The initial value of (1) is
At->
Under the constraint condition of (2), the loss function L reaches the minimum value, and the characteristic species source intensity corresponding to the obtained minimum value L is the pollution source characteristic species source intensity.
2. The unmanned aerial vehicle-based atmospheric VOCs sampling device of claim 1, wherein the unmanned aerial vehicle-based atmospheric VOCs sampling device sampling and analysis method comprises the steps of:
step 1: collecting a plurality of samples in a pollution source smoke plume range, and recording the positions of monitoring points and meteorological parameters;
step 2: carrying the collected sample into a laboratory for analysis to obtain the multicomponent concentration information of the VOCs;
the step 1 specifically comprises the following steps:
adjusting the flow controller to determine sampling time; starting the unmanned plane; starting an infrared detector, scanning a pollution source smoke plume range, and operating the unmanned aerial vehicle to a specified sampling point; checking meteorological parameter conditions, and ensuring that the humidity parameter conditions meet sampling requirements; VOCs sampling is carried out, the electromagnetic valve receives a sampling signal, the electromagnetic valve is opened, atmospheric sampling is started, and when the preset sampling time is reached, the electromagnetic valve is closed, and the atmospheric sampling is stopped;
the step 2 specifically comprises the following steps:
and (3) sending the SUMMA tank to a laboratory for VOCs component analysis under the conditions of light shielding and shade, diluting the SUMMA tank by a dynamic diluter, connecting an automatic SUMMA tank sampler, acquiring target compounds by gas in the tank through a water removal and thermal desorption device, and finally carrying out qualitative and quantitative analysis on each component of the VOCs by GC/MS to acquire monitoring point position concentration and component information.
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