CN111755138A - Lorentz force driven high-speed plasma injection device - Google Patents
Lorentz force driven high-speed plasma injection device Download PDFInfo
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- CN111755138A CN111755138A CN202010662262.XA CN202010662262A CN111755138A CN 111755138 A CN111755138 A CN 111755138A CN 202010662262 A CN202010662262 A CN 202010662262A CN 111755138 A CN111755138 A CN 111755138A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/11—Details
- G21B1/15—Particle injectors for producing thermonuclear fusion reactions, e.g. pellet injectors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/05—Thermonuclear fusion reactors with magnetic or electric plasma confinement
- G21B1/057—Tokamaks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/54—Plasma accelerators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
Abstract
The invention discloses a Lorentz force driven high-speed plasma injection device, which is formed by coaxially nesting a cylindrical outer electrode, a cylindrical middle electrode and a cylindrical inner electrode and comprises a solenoid, a quick inflation valve, a plasma breakdown area, a forming area, an accelerating area, a compression area and a drift tube. The invention adopts two-stage capacitance discharge, and can convert more electric energy into kinetic energy of plasma or compress the plasma to obtain higher density. The annular plasma generated by the invention has both an annular magnetic field and a polar magnetic field, is called compact annular plasma, and belongs to one of spheromaks. The toroidal plasma can relax to a higher density (-10) in the pre-compression region22m‑3) And the structure is more compact, thereby achieving very high speed (100 km/s) under the acceleration action of very strong electromagnetic force。
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ionized gas injection devices, in particular to a Lorentz force driven high-speed plasma fuel injection device.
Background
The operation of a toroidal magnetic confinement plasma experimental device (such as tokamak) requires external supplementary fuel, and the traditional fuel injection technology comprises shot injection, ultrasonic molecular beam injection, supplementary air supply and the like, and the injection speed of the fuel particles is usually less than 10 km/s. Because the temperature of the tokamak is very high and reaches more than ten million degrees (1 kilo electron volt), the fuel particles injected by the technology have low orientation speed, and can be quickly ablated in the injection and penetration process, and only can be deposited in a reaction boundary area. Particularly for large tokamaks, such as international thermonuclear fusion experimental reactor under construction (ITER) and Chinese fusion engineering experimental reactor (CFETR), the temperature of the large tokamak is higher to reach one hundred million degrees (10 kilo electron volts), the longitudinal confinement magnetic field intensity is higher, but the requirement on the fuel injection depth is higher, so that the injection technologies cannot reach the core part of the experimental device at the current injection speed, and the feeding requirement cannot be realized.
The traditional plasma gun technology utilizes electromagnetic Lorentz force to accelerate plasma, but the plasma forming and accelerating process is only accelerated by once discharge, so the plasma cluster emergence speed is low. In addition, the working gas is broken down to form annular plasma, and then is accelerated and sprayed out by electromagnetic force, so that the structure of the plasma is elongated, the density is low, and even the plasma is broken into several sections.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: the high-speed plasma injection device driven by the Lorentz force is provided, and mainly solves the problem that the material is added to a central area under the condition of a strong magnetic field in the fuel injection process of a magnetic confinement fusion plasma reactor.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a Lorentz force driven high-speed plasma injection device comprises an inner electrode supporting tube, an accelerating field cathode flange, an accelerating field anode flange, a second insulator, a cable pressing block, a forming field cathode flange, a forming field anode flange, a first insulator, an insulating sleeve, a vacuum pump interface, a stainless steel shell, a quick inflation valve, an intermediate electrode cylinder, a solenoid support, a forming area shell, an intermediate electrode end cylinder, a third insulator, a pre-compression area shell, a pre-compression area cone, a fixing rod, a magnetic probe window, a glass window, an accelerating area shell, an accelerating area inner cylinder, a compression area shell, a compression area cone, a cover cap, a drift tube, a support and a support frame. Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the stainless steel shell, the forming area shell, the pre-compression area shell, the acceleration area shell, the compression area shell and the drift tube are fixed and compressed through flange rings, and are jointly used as outer electrodes of the device and grounded; the middle electrode end cylinder is welded at the right end of the middle electrode cylinder and is used as a middle electrode of the device; the pre-compression area cone, the acceleration area inner cylinder, the compression area cone and the cap are mutually nested and jointly used as an inner electrode of the device. The left end of the stainless steel shell is welded with an annular forming field anode flange, the left side of the middle electrode cylinder is welded with an annular forming field cathode flange, and the two flanges are tightly pressed on the annular first insulator and fixed by 16 oppositely-penetrating long bolts, so that the middle electrode and the outer electrode are coaxial. 16 long bolts are sleeved in the insulating sleeve, one end of each bolt is electrically contacted with the forming field cathode flange through a nut, and the other end of each bolt is insulated from the forming field anode flange due to being positioned inside the sleeve. The pre-compressed cone on the left side of the inner electrode is nested on the step column at the right end of the inner electrode support tube. The left end of the fixed rod is screwed at the right end of the inner electrode supporting tube through threads, and a cylinder at the right end of the fixed rod is tightly pressed on the compression area cone, so that the pre-compression area cone, the acceleration area inner cylinder and the compression area cone which are nested with each other are tightly pressed, and the pre-compression area cone is tightly pressed on the step column at the right side of the inner electrode supporting tube. The block is screwed on the external thread of the cylinder at the right end of the fixed rod. The inner electrode support tube is mostly hollow to reduce weight. An annular accelerating field cathode flange is welded on the left side of the inner electrode supporting tube, an annular accelerating field anode flange is further welded at the leftmost end of the middle electrode cylinder, and the two flanges are tightly pressed on an annular second insulator and fixed through bolts. The right side of the inner electrode supporting tube is fixed in the middle electrode end barrel through a third insulator, so that the inner electrode is coaxial with the middle electrode, and the outer electrode, the middle electrode and the inner electrode are coaxial.
The right side of the area between the stainless steel shell and the middle electrode cylinder is an area for forming plasma through breakdown; the area between the forming area shell and the middle electrode end cylinder and the cylindrical surface on the left side of the cone of the pre-compression area is called a forming area; the area between the outer shell of the pre-compression zone and the conical surface of the cone of the pre-compression zone is called the pre-compression zone; the region between the acceleration zone outer shell and the acceleration zone inner barrel is called the acceleration zone. The area between the compression zone housing and the compression zone cone, cap is called the compression zone. In order to inhibit the magnetic field diffusion behavior in the plasma forming, compressing and accelerating processes, the forming area shell, the pre-compression area shell, the accelerating area shell, the compression area shell of the outer electrode, and the pre-compression area cone, the accelerating area inner cylinder and the compression area cone of the inner electrode are all made of oxygen-free copper with small resistivity. The material of the middle electrode end cylinder welded at the right end of the stainless steel middle electrode cylinder is still stainless steel, but the wall thickness of the middle electrode end cylinder is thicker (14mm) so as to inhibit the diffusion of the compact ring plasma magnetic field.
The forming field anode flange and the forming field cathode flange are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the forming field power supply, and the accelerating field anode flange and the accelerating field cathode flange are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the accelerating field power supply. All there are 16 wiring grooves along the hoop evenly distributed on 4 flanges, compress tightly coaxial cable's copper weaving layer and copper core respectively through the cable conductor briquetting, come to be connected with the power. The forming field cathode flange and the accelerating field anode flange are welded on the middle electrode cylinder, so that the positive electrode of the accelerating field power supply and the negative electrode of the forming field power supply are equipotential. At the initial moment of discharge, the inner electrode is at a negative voltage with respect to the middle electrode and the middle electrode is at a negative voltage with respect to the outer electrode.
8 quick air inlet valves are uniformly distributed on the right side of the stainless steel shell along the annular direction, and the air inlet valves simultaneously admit air, so that working gas is uniformly diffused near the inlet of the quick air inlet valve before discharge breakdown. The lower part of the middle section of the stainless steel shell is connected with an air pumping system through a vacuum pump interface. The whole outer electrode is fixed on the support frame through a group of high-strength plastic supports and is kept horizontal. The panel of the support frame is also made of insulating plastic, and the metal frames of the support frame are also separated by the plastic plate, so that the loop current is prevented from being induced between the metal frames by the discharged large current.
The solenoid for generating the deflecting magnetic field is wound around a solenoid support fixed to a region between the intermediate electrode cylinder and the inner electrode support. The diameter of the copper wire of the solenoid is 2mm, the winding length is 73cm, and the winding is 344 circles in total. The second insulator and the third insulator at both ends of the solenoid region seal the solenoid region. The outer surface of the solenoid has a certain gap with the inner side of the middle electrode cylinder, the outer surface of the solenoid is wound with an insulating tape, and SF is filled in the solenoid area6Gas, to avoid the discharge of the middle electrode cylinder to the solenoid. Two lead wires of the solenoid are led out from two thin pipelines welded on the left side of the middle electrode cylinder, and other thin pipelines are respectively used for monitoring air pressure and charging and discharging SF6A gas.
Firstly, air is pumped from a vacuum pump interface, and a high-vacuum channel (10) is formed between the outer electrode and the middle electrode and between the outer electrode and the inner electrode-5Pa) is added. Before the discharge forms a plasma, the solenoid is energized, and the magnetic field generated at the right side of the solenoid diffuses through the middle electrode cylinder to the surface of the stainless steel shell, forming a bias magnetic field between the two coaxial electrodes. Because the material of the middle electrode cylinder is stainless steel and the wall thickness is only 4mm, the diffusion time of the magnetic field is less than 1 ms. By selecting appropriate power supply parameters, the decay time of the solenoid magnetic field reaches several milliseconds, thus in the time range of plasma generation and acceleration: (<100 mus) the solenoid magnetic field can be considered constant. After the solenoid is electrified for 1.4ms, a small amount of working gas is instantly sprayed in by a group of quick inflation valves arranged on the stainless steel shell, when the gas is diffused between the stainless steel shell and the middle electrode cylinder for a period of time (about 400 mus), a forming field anode flange at the left end of the stainless steel shell and a forming field cathode flange at the left side of the middle electrode cylinder are conducted with a forming field power supply, a forming field capacitor discharges, discharge current mainly breaks through the gas along the area of a deflection magnetic field generated by the solenoid to form annular plasma, the forming field anode flange is grounded, and the forming field cathode flange has negative high voltage (0 to-10 kV).
After the annular plasma is formed by discharging between the stainless steel outer shell and the middle electrode cylinder, the current flowing through the middle electrode cylinder can induce a toroidal magnetic field between the outer electrode and the middle electrode, the toroidal magnetic field is approximately vertical to the radial breakdown current, Lorentz force along the axial direction (namely the horizontal direction) is generated to push the plasma to the right, and a deflection magnetic field generated by the dragging solenoid is dragged to advance along with the plasma and enter a narrow magnetic flux limiting area between the outer shell of the forming area and the middle electrode end cylinder. When the plasma escapes from the right side of the region and enters the region between the shell of the forming region and the cylindrical surface at the left side of the cone of the pre-pressing region, the magnetic field dragged by the plasma is disconnected with the magnetic field of the solenoid due to the sudden reduction of the inner radius of the plasma channel, and the poloidal magnetic field of the plasma is formed after the magnetic reconnection, so that the compact ring plasma with the toroidal magnetic field and the poloidal magnetic field is formed. After the plasma of the compact ring relaxes to a relatively stable state, the accelerating field cathode flange at the left end of the inner electrode supporting tube and the accelerating field anode flange at the left end of the middle electrode tube are conducted with an accelerating field power supply, the accelerating field capacitor discharges, and current is generated between the inner electrode and the outer electrode. The current is coupled with the annular magnetic field to generate Lorentz force, the compact ring plasma is continuously pushed to pass through the pre-compression region, the acceleration region and the compression region in sequence rightwards, and finally the compact ring plasma is injected into the target device through the drift tube under the action of inertia. The precompression region is used to properly compress the compact toroid plasma to relax it to a more dense, more compact and stable state. The acceleration zone serves to further accelerate the compact toroid plasma to higher velocities. The terminal compression region serves to further compress the compact toroid plasma so that it can pass through the window of the target assembly.
Both ends of the shell of the acceleration region are provided with a magnetic probe window and a glass window. The magnetic probe window is used for installing a magnetic probe and measuring the magnetic field on the surface of the compact ring plasma, and the through glass window is used for measuring the average density of the electron string. The distance between the glass windows at the two ends of the accelerating area is 20cm, and the average speed of the compact ring plasma passing through the accelerating area can be obtained by combining the time difference of the density peak value measured at the glass windows at the two ends.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
the conventional plasma gun has only one discharge process, in which the discharge current needs to break down the gas to form the ring plasma and accelerate the plasma, so that it is difficult to achieve high speed. The invention adopts two-stage capacitor discharge, namely, the forming field power supply discharge in the breakdown and forming processes and the accelerating field power supply discharge in the compression and acceleration processes. Under the same circuit parameters, the two-stage capacitor can convert more electric energy into the kinetic energy of plasma or compress the plasma to obtain higher density.
In the conventional plasma gun, the plasma is accelerated and pushed out by the lorentz force immediately after the plasma is formed, so that the plasma is elongated, has low average density and even is broken into a plurality of parts. The invention generates a background bias magnetic field in the plasma forming area in advance through the solenoid, when the discharge current of the forming field exceeds a threshold value, the plasma can move forward to enter a pre-compression area by overcoming the resistance of the bias magnetic field, and the bias magnetic field is dragged to be magnetically coupled into a polar magnetic field of the plasma. Plasma with both toroidal and poloidal magnetic fields can relax to higher densities (10) in the precompression region22m-3) And the structure is more compact and stable, so that the structure is not easy to break in the further acceleration process, the relatively complete structure is kept, and the higher density of the core area is maintained.
In summary, the plasma generated by the present invention has a higher density (10) than conventional plasma guns and other plasma implantation techniques21-1022m-3) And faster speeds (-100 km/s), i.e., greater directed kinetic energy density, to overcome the strong magnetic field repulsion of target devices (e.g., large tokamak).
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a Lorentz force driven high speed plasma implantation apparatus of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a graph of a typical discharge waveform when the working gas is helium.
Fig. 3 is a graph of a typical discharge waveform when the working gas is hydrogen.
The reference numbers in the figures mean: 1-inner electrode support tube. 2-accelerating field cathode flange. And 3, an accelerating field anode flange. 4-second insulator. And 5-cable line briquetting. 6-forming a field cathode flange. 7-forming a field anode flange. 8-first insulator. 9-insulating sleeve. 10-vacuum pump interface. 11-stainless steel housing. 12-quick inflation valve. 13-intermediate electrode cartridge. 14-solenoid. 15-solenoid support. 16-forming zone enclosure. 17-intermediate electrode tip cartridge. 18-third insulator. 19-pre-compression zone housing. 20-precompression zone cone. 21-fixing the rod. 22-magnetic probe window. 23-glass window. 24-acceleration zone enclosure. 25-inner cylinder of acceleration zone. 26-compression zone housing. 27-compression zone cone. 28-cover cap. 29-drift tube. 30-support. 31-a support frame.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and detailed description.
As shown in fig. 1, the present invention provides a lorentz force driven high speed plasma injection apparatus, comprising: the device comprises an inner electrode supporting tube 1, an acceleration field cathode flange 2, an acceleration field anode flange 3, a second insulator 4, a cable wire pressing block 5, a forming field cathode flange 6, a forming field anode flange 7, a first insulator 8, an insulating sleeve 9, a vacuum pump interface 10, a stainless steel shell 11, a quick inflation valve 12, an intermediate electrode barrel 13, a solenoid 14, a solenoid support 15, a forming area shell 16, an intermediate electrode end barrel 17, a third insulator 18, a pre-compression area shell 19, a pre-compression area cone 20, a fixing rod 21, a magnetic probe window 22, a glass window 23, an acceleration area shell 24, an acceleration area inner barrel 25, a compression area shell 26, a compression area cone 27, a cover cap 28, a drift tube 29, a support 30 and a support frame 31. Wherein:
the stainless steel shell 11, the forming area shell 16, the pre-compression area shell 19, the acceleration area shell 24, the compression area shell 26 and the drift tube 29 are fixed and compressed through flange rings, and are used as outer electrodes of the device and grounded together; the middle electrode end cylinder 17 is welded at the right end of the middle electrode cylinder 13 and is used as a middle electrode of the device; the precompression zone cone 20, the acceleration zone inner barrel 25, the compression zone cone 27 and the cap 28 nest with one another to collectively serve as the inner electrode of the device. An annular forming field anode flange 7 is welded at the left end of the stainless steel shell 11, an annular forming field cathode flange 6 is welded at the left side of the middle electrode cylinder 13, and the two flanges are tightly pressed on the annular first insulator 8 and fixed by 16 long bolts which penetrate through the first insulator, so that the middle electrode and the outer electrode are coaxial. 16 long bolts are sleeved in the insulating sleeve 9, one end of each bolt is electrically contacted with the forming field cathode flange 6 through a nut, and the other end of each bolt is insulated from the forming field anode flange 7 because the bolt is positioned inside the insulating sleeve 9. The pre-compressed cone 20 on the left side of the inner electrode nests on a stepped post at the right end of the inner electrode support tube 1. The left end of the fixed rod 21 is screwed on the right end of the inner electrode support tube 1 through threads, and the cylinder at the right end of the fixed rod 21 is tightly pressed on the compression region cone 27, so that the pre-compression region cone 20, the acceleration region inner tube 25 and the compression region cone 27 which are nested with each other are tightly pressed, and the pre-compression region cone 20 is tightly pressed on the step column at the right side of the inner electrode support tube 1. The cap 28 is screwed on the external thread of the right end cylinder of the fixing rod 21. The inner electrode support tube 1 is mostly hollow to reduce weight. An annular accelerating field cathode flange 2 is welded on the left side of the inner electrode supporting tube 1, an annular accelerating field anode flange 3 is further welded on the leftmost end of the middle electrode tube, and the two flanges are tightly pressed on an annular second insulator 4 and fixed through bolts. The right side of the inner electrode support tube 1 is fixed in the middle electrode end cylinder 17 through a third insulator 18 so that the inner electrode is coaxial with the middle electrode, and thus the outer, middle and inner electrodes remain coaxial.
The right side of the area between the stainless steel shell 11 and the middle electrode barrel 13 is an area for forming plasma through breakdown; the area between the forming zone housing 16 and the intermediate electrode tip barrel 17 and the cylindrical surface to the left of the pre-compression zone cone 20 is referred to as the forming zone; the area between the pre-compression zone outer shell 19 and the conical surface of the pre-compression zone cone 20 is called the pre-compression zone; the region between the acceleration zone outer shell 24 and the acceleration zone inner tube 25 is called an acceleration zone; the area between the compression zone housing 26 and the compression zone cone 27, cap 28 is referred to as the compression zone. In order to inhibit the magnetic field diffusion behavior during the plasma forming, compressing and accelerating processes, the outer electrode forming zone shell 16, the pre-compression zone shell 19, the acceleration zone shell 24, the compression zone shell 26, and the inner electrode pre-compression zone cone 20, the acceleration zone inner cylinder 25, and the compression zone cone 27 are all made of oxygen-free copper with small resistivity. The material of the middle electrode end cylinder 17 welded at the right end of the stainless steel middle electrode cylinder 13 is still stainless steel, but the wall thickness of the middle electrode end cylinder 17 is thicker (14mm) so as to inhibit the diffusion of the compact ring plasma magnetic field.
The forming field anode flange 7 and the forming field cathode flange 6 are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of a forming field power supply. The accelerating field anode flange 3 and the accelerating field cathode flange 2 are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of an accelerating field power supply. All there are 16 wiring grooves along the hoop evenly distributed on 4 flanges, compress tightly coaxial cable's copper weaving layer and copper core respectively through cable conductor briquetting 5, come to be connected with the power. The forming field cathode flange 6 and the accelerating field anode flange 3 are welded on the middle electrode cylinder 13, so that the anode of the accelerating field power supply is equipotential with the cathode of the forming field power supply. At the initial moment of discharge, the inner electrode is at a negative voltage with respect to the middle electrode and the middle electrode is at a negative voltage with respect to the outer electrode.
8 quick air inlet valves 12 are uniformly distributed on the right side of the stainless steel shell 11 along the circumferential direction, and the air inlet valves simultaneously admit air, so that before discharge breakdown, working gas is uniformly diffused near the inlets of the quick air inlet valves 12. The lower part of the middle section of the stainless steel shell 11 is connected with an air pumping system through a vacuum pump interface 10. The entire outer electrode is held horizontally on a support frame 31 by a set of high strength plastic supports 30. The panel of the supporting frame 31 is also made of insulating plastic, and the metal frames of the supporting frame 31 are also separated by the plastic plate, so that the loop current induced between the metal frames by the high current of the discharge is prevented.
The solenoid 14 for generating a deflecting magnetic field is wound around a solenoid support 15, and the solenoid support 15 is fixed to a region between the intermediate electrode cylinder 13 and the inner electrode support 1. The copper wire of the solenoid 14 has a diameter of 2mm and a winding length of 73cm, and is wound in 344 turns. The second insulator 4 and the third insulator 18 at both ends of the region where the solenoid 14 is located seal the solenoid 14 region. The outer surface of the solenoid 14 has a certain gap with the inner side of the middle electrode cylinder 13, the outer surface of the solenoid 14 is wound with an insulating tape, and SF is filled in the solenoid 14 area6Gas, to prevent the intermediate electrode barrel 13 from discharging to the solenoid 14.Two lead wires of the solenoid 14 are led out from two thin pipelines welded on the left side of the middle electrode cylinder 13, and other thin pipelines are respectively used for monitoring air pressure and charging and discharging SF6A gas.
The operation principle of the device is as follows:
firstly, air is pumped from a vacuum pump interface 10, and a high-vacuum channel (10) is formed between the outer electrode and the middle electrode and between the outer electrode and the inner electrode-5Pa) is added. Before the discharge forms plasma, the solenoid 14 is electrified, and the magnetic field generated at the right side of the solenoid 14 diffuses through the middle electrode cylinder 13 to reach the surface of the stainless steel shell 11, so that a deflection magnetic field is formed between the two coaxial electrodes. Since the material of the middle electrode barrel 13 is stainless steel and the wall thickness is only 4mm, the magnetic field diffusion time is less than 1 ms. By selecting appropriate power supply parameters, the decay time of the solenoid 14 magnetic field is made to be several milliseconds, thus in the time range of plasma generation and acceleration (<100 mus) the solenoid 14 magnetic field can be considered constant. After 1.4ms of the energization of the solenoid 14, a small amount of working gas is instantaneously sprayed by a group of quick inflation valves 12 arranged on the stainless steel shell 11, after the gas is diffused between the stainless steel shell 11 and the middle electrode barrel 13 for a period of time (about 400 mu s), the forming field anode flange 7 at the left end of the stainless steel shell 11 and the forming field cathode flange 6 at the left side of the middle electrode barrel 13 are conducted with a forming field power supply, the forming field capacitor is discharged, and the discharge current mainly breaks down the gas along the area where the deflection magnetic field generated by the solenoid 14 is located to form annular plasma. The forming field anode flange 7 is grounded and the forming field cathode flange 6 is at a negative high voltage (0 to-10 kV).
After the annular plasma is formed by the discharge between the stainless steel outer shell 11 and the middle electrode barrel 13, the current flowing through the middle electrode barrel 13 induces a toroidal magnetic field between the outer electrode and the middle electrode, the toroidal magnetic field is approximately perpendicular to the radial breakdown current, Lorentz force along the axial direction (i.e. horizontal direction) is generated to push the plasma out to the right, and the bias magnetic field generated by the dragging solenoid 14 advances along with the plasma into the narrow magnetic flux restriction area between the forming area outer shell 16 and the middle electrode end barrel 17. When the plasma escapes from the right side of the region and enters the region between the forming region shell 16 and the left cylindrical surface of the pre-pressing region cone 20, the magnetic field dragged by the plasma is disconnected with the magnetic field of the solenoid 14 due to the sudden reduction of the inner radius of the plasma channel, and the poloidal magnetic field of the plasma is formed after magnetic reconnection, so that the compact ring plasma with the toroidal magnetic field and the poloidal magnetic field is formed. After the plasma of the compact ring relaxes to a relatively stable state, the accelerating field cathode flange 2 at the left end of the inner electrode supporting tube 1 and the accelerating field anode flange 3 at the left end of the middle electrode tube 13 are conducted with an accelerating field power supply, accelerating field capacitance discharge is carried out, and current is generated between the inner electrode and the outer electrode. The current is coupled with the annular magnetic field to generate Lorentz force, the compact ring plasma is continuously pushed to pass through the pre-compression region, the acceleration region and the compression region in sequence rightwards, and finally the compact ring plasma is injected into the target device through the drift tube under the action of inertia. The precompression region is used to properly compress the compact toroid plasma to relax it to a more dense, more compact and stable state. The acceleration zone serves to further accelerate the compact toroid plasma to higher velocities. The terminal compression region serves to further compress the compact toroid plasma so that it can pass through the window of the target assembly.
Both ends of the acceleration zone housing 24 are opened with a magnetic probe window 22 and a glass window 23. The magnetic probe window 22 is used for installing a magnetic probe and measuring the magnetic field on the surface of the compact ring plasma, and the through glass window 23 is used for measuring the average density of the electron string. The distance between the glass windows at the two ends of the accelerating area is 20cm, and the average speed of the compact ring plasma passing through the accelerating area can be obtained by combining the time difference of the density peak value measured at the glass windows at the two ends.
Fig. 2 is a discharge experiment performed using helium as a working gas. The forming field discharge voltage was set to 5kV, the accelerating field discharge voltage to 4kV, the capacitance of the forming field power supply to 64 μ F, and the capacitance of the accelerating field power supply to 100 μ F. First, the solenoid was energized to produce a 2mWb bias field, and after waiting 1600 μ s, the solenoid field was near the peak, at which time 8 valves were simultaneously admitted. After the gas diffusion for 400 mus, the field power source was shaped to discharge. Fig. 2(a) shows the evolution of the forming field discharge current with time, and the peak current can reach 80 kA. FIG. 2(b) is a view showing an acceleration fieldthe evolution of the electric current with time, the peak current is 30 kA., because the total inductance of the accelerating field circuit is higher than that of the shaping field circuit, it can be known from fig. 2(a) and 2(b) that the oscillation period (about 80 μ s) of the current in the accelerating area is higher than that of the current in the shaping area (about 30 μ s). fig. 2(c) shows the average density of the electron string measured in the first window of the accelerating area, and the electron density at the center is close to 4 × 1021m-3FIG. 2(d) and FIG. 2(e) are the measured toroidal magnetic field strength at 2 windows of the accelerating region, respectively, from the distance between two windows (0.2m) and the time difference between two magnetic field waveforms (about 4 μ s), the directional velocity of the plasma can reach 50km/s, the length of the plasma along the axial direction is about 25cm, and by integrating the density waveforms, the total particle number of a single injection can be about 9 × 1018。
FIG. 3 is a graph of forming field discharge current over time, peak current up to 100 kA., FIG. 3 b is the evolution of accelerating field discharge current over time, peak current 80 kA., FIG. 3c is the average density of electron strings measured at the first glass window of the accelerating region, peak value 1.8 × 1021m-3FIG. 3(d) shows the density measured at the second glass window in the acceleration region, with a peak value of 1.1X 1021m-3from the distance between the two windows (0.2m) and the time difference between the two magnetic field waveforms (about 2 μ s), the average speed of the plasma can be up to 100 km/s. the integral of the two density waveforms in the full width at half maximum time can be calculated, and the number of particles measured at the two windows can be 1.0 × 1019sum of 0.94 × 1019The corresponding hydrogen plasma masses are respectively 16.7 mug and 15.7 mug, and the attenuation amplitude in the transmission process is small.
Claims (2)
1. A Lorentz force driven high speed plasma injection apparatus, comprising: comprises an inner electrode supporting tube (1), an accelerating field cathode flange (2), an accelerating field anode flange (3), a second insulator (4), a cable pressing block (5), a forming field cathode flange (6), a forming field anode flange (7), a first insulator (8), an insulating sleeve (9), a vacuum pump interface (10), a stainless steel shell (11), a quick inflation valve (12), a middle electrode tube (13), a solenoid (14), a solenoid support (15), a forming area shell (16), a middle electrode end tube (17), a third insulator (18), a precompression area shell (19), a precompression area cone (20), a fixed rod (21), a magnetic probe window (22), a glass window (23), an accelerating area shell (24), an accelerating area inner tube (25), a compression area shell (26), a compression area cone (27) and a cover cap (28), drift tube (29), support (30) and support frame (31), wherein,
the stainless steel shell (11), the forming area shell (16), the pre-compression area shell (19), the acceleration area shell (24), the compression area shell (26) and the drift tube (29) are fixed and compressed through flange rings, and are used as outer electrodes of the device and grounded together; the middle electrode end cylinder (17) is welded at the right end of the middle electrode cylinder (13) and is used as a middle electrode of the device together; the pre-compression area cone (20), the acceleration area inner cylinder (25), the compression area cone (27) and the cap (28) are mutually nested and are jointly used as an inner electrode of the device; an annular forming field anode flange (7) is welded at the left end of a stainless steel shell (11), an annular forming field cathode flange (6) is welded at the left side of a middle electrode cylinder (13), and the two flanges are tightly pressed on an annular first insulator (8) and fixed by 16 long bolts which are penetrated in opposite directions, so that the middle electrode and the outer electrode are kept coaxial; 16 long bolts are sleeved in the insulating sleeve (9), one end of each bolt is electrically contacted with the forming field cathode flange (6) through a nut, and the other end of each bolt is positioned in the insulating sleeve (9) and is insulated from the forming field anode flange (7); a pre-compression cone (20) on the left side of the inner electrode is nested on a step column at the right end of the inner electrode supporting tube (1); the left end of the fixed rod (21) is screwed at the right end of the inner electrode supporting tube (1) through threads, and a cylinder at the right end of the fixed rod (21) is tightly pressed on a compression area cone (27), so that a pre-compression area cone (20), an acceleration area inner tube (25) and the compression area cone (27) which are nested mutually are tightly pressed, and the pre-compression area cone (20) is tightly pressed on a step column at the right side of the inner electrode supporting tube (1); the cap (28) is screwed on the external thread of the right end cylinder of the fixed rod (21); the inner electrode support tube (1) is mostly hollow to reduce weight; an annular accelerating field cathode flange (2) is welded on the left side of the inner electrode supporting tube (1), an annular accelerating field anode flange (3) is also welded at the leftmost end of the middle electrode tube, and the two flanges are tightly pressed on an annular second insulator (4) and fixed by bolts; the right side of the inner electrode supporting tube (1) is fixed in the middle electrode end tube (17) through a third insulator (18), so that the inner electrode is coaxial with the middle electrode, and the outer electrode, the middle electrode and the inner electrode are coaxial;
the right side of the area between the stainless steel shell (11) and the middle electrode cylinder (13) is an area for forming plasma through breakdown; the area between the forming zone housing (16) and the intermediate electrode end barrel (17) and the cylindrical surface on the left side of the pre-compression zone cone (20) is called the forming zone; the area between the pre-compression zone outer shell (19) and the conical surface of the pre-compression zone cone (20) is called the pre-compression zone; the area between the acceleration zone outer shell (24) and the acceleration zone inner cylinder (25) is called an acceleration zone; the area between the compression zone shell (26) and the compression zone cone (27) and the cap (28) is called a compression zone; in order to inhibit the magnetic field diffusion behavior in the plasma forming, compressing and accelerating processes, the forming area outer shell (16), the pre-compression area outer shell (19), the accelerating area outer shell (24), the compressing area outer shell (26) of the outer electrode, and the pre-compression area cone (20), the accelerating area inner cylinder (25) and the compressing area cone (27) of the inner electrode are all made of oxygen-free copper with small resistivity; the middle electrode end cylinder (17) welded at the right end of the stainless steel middle electrode cylinder (13) is made of stainless steel, but the wall thickness of the middle electrode end cylinder (17) is thicker (14mm) so as to inhibit the diffusion of the compact ring plasma magnetic field;
the forming field anode flange (7) and the forming field cathode flange (6) are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of a forming field power supply; the accelerating field anode flange (3) and the accelerating field cathode flange (2) are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of an accelerating field power supply; 16 wiring grooves which are uniformly distributed along the circumferential direction are formed in the 4 flanges, and a copper braid layer and a copper core of the coaxial cable are respectively pressed through a cable pressing block (5) to be connected with a power supply; both the forming field cathode flange (6) and the accelerating field anode flange (5) are welded on the middle electrode cylinder (13), so that the positive electrode of the accelerating field power supply and the negative electrode of the forming field power supply are at the same potential; at the initial moment of discharge, the inner electrode is negative with respect to the middle electrode and the middle electrode is negative with respect to the outer electrode;
8 quick air inlet valves (12) are uniformly distributed on the right side of the stainless steel shell (11) along the annular direction, and the air inlets are simultaneously used for air inlet, so that before discharge breakdown, working gas is uniformly diffused near the inlets of the quick air inlet valves (12); the lower part of the middle section of the stainless steel shell (11) is connected with an air pumping system through a vacuum pump interface (10); the whole outer electrode is fixed on a support frame (31) through a group of high-strength plastic supports (30) and is kept horizontal; the panel of the support frame (31) is also made of insulating plastic, and all metal frames of the support frame (31) are also separated by the plastic plate, so that the loop current is prevented from being induced between the metal frames by the discharged large current;
a solenoid (14) for generating a deflecting magnetic field is wound around a solenoid support (15), the solenoid support (15) being fixed in the region between the intermediate electrode cylinder (13) and the inner electrode support (1); the diameter of a copper wire of the solenoid (14) is 2mm, the winding length is 73cm, and 344 windings are wound in total; the second insulator (4) and the third insulator (18) at two ends of the area where the solenoid (14) is located seal the area of the solenoid (14); the outer surface of the solenoid (14) has a certain gap with the inner side of the middle electrode cylinder (13), the outer surface of the solenoid (14) is wound with an insulating tape, and SF is filled in the area of the solenoid (14)6A gas for preventing the discharge of the intermediate electrode cylinder (13) to the solenoid (14); two lead wires of the solenoid (14) are led out by two thin pipelines welded on the left side of the middle electrode cylinder (13), and other thin pipelines are respectively used for monitoring air pressure and charging and discharging SF6A gas.
2. A lorentz force driven high speed plasma implantation device according to claim 1, wherein: firstly, air is pumped from a vacuum pump interface (10) to form a high vacuum channel (10) between the outer electrode and the middle electrode and between the outer electrode and the inner electrode-5Pa); before the discharge forms plasma, a solenoid (14) is electrified, a magnetic field generated at the right side of the solenoid (14) diffuses through a middle electrode cylinder (13) to reach the surface of a stainless steel shell (11), and a deflection magnetic field is formed between two coaxial electrodes; due to the material of the intermediate electrode cylinder (13)The material is stainless steel, the wall thickness is only 4mm, and the magnetic field diffusion time is less than 1 ms; by selecting appropriate power supply parameters, the decay time of the solenoid (14) magnetic field can be made to be several milliseconds, so that in the time range of plasma generation and acceleration,<100 mus, the solenoid (14) magnetic field can be considered constant; after the solenoid (14) is electrified for 1.4ms, a small amount of working gas is instantly sprayed in by a group of quick inflation valves (12) arranged on the stainless steel shell (11), when the gas is diffused between the stainless steel shell (11) and the middle electrode cylinder (13) for a period of time, about 400 microseconds, a forming field anode flange (7) at the left end of the stainless steel shell (11) and a forming field cathode flange (6) at the left side of the middle electrode cylinder (13) are conducted with a forming field power supply, a forming field capacitor discharges, a discharge current mainly breaks through the gas along the area of a deflection magnetic field generated by the solenoid (14) to form annular plasma, the forming field anode flange (7) is grounded, and the forming field cathode flange (6) has negative high voltage (0-10 kV);
after annular plasma is formed by discharging between the stainless steel outer shell (11) and the middle electrode cylinder (13), current flowing through the middle electrode cylinder (13) induces a toroidal magnetic field between the outer electrode and the middle electrode, the toroidal magnetic field is approximately vertical to radial breakdown current, Lorentz force along the axial direction (namely the horizontal direction) is generated to push the plasma to the right, and a deflection magnetic field generated by a dragging solenoid (14) advances along with the plasma to enter a narrow magnetic flux limiting area between the outer shell (16) and the middle electrode end cylinder (17) in a forming area; when the plasma escapes from the right side of the region and enters the region between the forming region shell (16) and the left cylindrical surface of the prepressing region cone (20), the magnetic field dragged by the plasma is disconnected with the magnetic field of the solenoid (14) due to the sudden reduction of the inner radius of the plasma channel, and the poloidal magnetic field of the plasma is formed after magnetic reconnection, so that the compact ring plasma with the annular magnetic field and the poloidal magnetic field is formed; after the plasma of the inner electrode support tube (1) relaxes to a relatively stable state, an accelerating field cathode flange (2) at the left end and an accelerating field anode flange (3) at the left end of the middle electrode tube (13) are conducted with an accelerating field power supply, accelerating field capacitance discharges, and radial current is generated between the inner electrode and the outer electrode; the current is coupled with the annular magnetic field to generate Lorentz force, the compact ring plasma is continuously pushed to pass through the pre-compression region, the acceleration region and the compression region in sequence rightwards, and finally the compact ring plasma is injected into the target device through the drift tube under the action of inertia; the pre-compression region is used for properly compressing the compact ring plasma to enable the compact ring plasma to relax to a state with higher density and more compact and stable structure, the acceleration region is used for further accelerating the compact ring plasma to enable the compact ring plasma to reach higher speed, and the terminal compression region is used for further compressing the compact ring plasma to enable the compact ring plasma to pass through the window of the target device;
both ends of the shell (24) of the acceleration area are provided with a magnetic probe window (22) and a glass window (23); the magnetic probe window (22) is used for installing a magnetic probe and measuring the magnetic field on the surface of the compact ring plasma, and the through glass window (23) is used for measuring the average density of the electron string; the distance between the glass windows at the two ends of the accelerating area is 20cm, and the average speed of the compact ring plasma passing through the accelerating area can be obtained by combining the time difference of the density peak value measured at the glass windows at the two ends.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112943571A (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2021-06-11 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | High specific impulse and high power space propeller based on compact ring plasma |
| CN113035379A (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2021-06-25 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Single-stage high-speed feeding system based on compact ring plasma |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112943571A (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2021-06-11 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | High specific impulse and high power space propeller based on compact ring plasma |
| CN113035379A (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2021-06-25 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Single-stage high-speed feeding system based on compact ring plasma |
| CN112943571B (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2023-02-03 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | High specific impulse and high power space propeller based on compact ring plasma |
| CN113035379B (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2024-02-23 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Single-stage high-speed feeding system based on compact ring plasma |
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