CN111751436A - Method for rapidly predicting and evaluating arsenic release pollution influence of meadow soil containing arsenic pyrite - Google Patents
Method for rapidly predicting and evaluating arsenic release pollution influence of meadow soil containing arsenic pyrite Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for rapidly predicting and evaluating the arsenic release pollution influence of meadow soil containing arsenic pyrite. The arsenopyrite is made into an electrode, meadow soil dripping solution is used as a medium, and an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry is used for determining that the weathering of the arsenopyrite is an electrochemical process and defining the corrosion mechanism of the arsenopyrite. And obtaining the current density of the arsenic pyrite corroded in the meadow soil by an electrochemical linear polarization method, calculating the content of arsenic released into the soil by the arsenic pyrite every year by using a formula of the corrosion current density and the annual corrosion rate, and inspecting the arsenic pollution condition of the meadow soil at different environmental temperatures in a certain period according to the arsenic pollution condition, thereby effectively evaluating the meadow soil pollution condition.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of soil environment, in particular to a method for rapidly predicting and evaluating arsenic release pollution influence of meadow soil containing arsenic pyrite.
Background
Arsenic is a well-known metal that is toxic and is easily absorbed by cells resulting in poisoning. Excessive arsenic intake can lead to lesions in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, internal organs, and cardiovascular, nervous, and respiratory systems. With the development of socioeconomic and industrial technologies, many countries around the world face serious threat of arsenic pollution, which has become one of the environmental pollution problems of general concern.
Over 5000 million people live in areas with high arsenic pollution worldwide, where soil pollution is one of the major modes of arsenic pollution (Zhao FJ, Ma Y, Zhu YG, et al. soil pollution in the Chinese: current status and pollution strategies. environmental Science & Technology,2015,49: 750. 759.). China is also one of the most serious countries polluted by arsenic, and the arsenic pollution in Xinjiang, inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Taiwan and other provinces is relatively serious. Sources of pollution that cause arsenic contamination in soils include industrial and agricultural production, rock weathering and mining and smelting of arsenic-containing minerals (Zhu W, Young LY, Yee N, et al. Sulfifide-drive N acquired biological from arsenic and black scale copy. Geochimica et Cosmositica Acta,2008,72: 5243-. Arsenopyrite is the most common arsenic-containing sulfide mineral, with arsenic levels as high as 45 wt.% (Paikara S. arsenic chemistry of acid minor. mineral Water and the environmental 2015,34: 181-. The waste, residue and tailings from the mining of arsenopyrite are one of the important sources of arsenic contamination of the soil in the mining area.
Meadow soil as an important soil type includes plain meadow soil and alpine meadow soil. In China, meadow soil is widely distributed, mainly in the three-river plains, the Songnen plains, the Liaohe plains in the northeast of China, and the valley plains or the lake basin in the inner Mongolia and the northwest of China (Lumyza, et al, soil science: Chinese agriculture Press, 2008.). Alpine meadow soil is mainly distributed on the plateau surface and high mountains in the eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, and in alpine regions with elevation of 3200-5200 m in the middle parts of Asia such as Pamilan plateau, Tianshan and Qilian mountains (Zhang Xinjiang: Kashi Uygur publishing Co., 2006).
In the process of mining and utilizing arsenopyrite (arsenopyrite), the arsenopyrite is inevitably retained in widely distributed meadow soil in the mining, transferring and utilizing processes of human beings, the residual arsenopyrite weathers under the action of meadow soil solution, arsenic is released to enter animals and plants and finally enter human bodies through food chains, and the health of the human beings is further influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for quantitatively and quickly evaluating the arsenic release pollution influence of meadow soil containing arsenic pyrite, so as to solve the problems in the prior art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:
the invention provides a method for rapidly predicting and evaluating the arsenic release pollution influence of meadow soil containing arsenic pyrite, which comprises the following steps:
(1) collecting an arsenic pyrite sample;
(2) manufacturing an arsenic pyrite electrode;
(3) dripping soil solution;
(4) establishing and testing an electrochemical method;
(5) and (4) calculating the annual release amount of arsenic, and evaluating the arsenic pollution condition after a period of time by comparing with the national standard of arsenic in soil.
As a further improvement of the invention, the arsenopyrite sample collected in step (1) is obtained directly from nature.
As a further improvement of the invention, the step (2) of the arsenic pyrite electrode manufacturing process comprises the following steps:
a. mechanically crushing and sieving an arsenopyrite sample, manually selecting a 60-80-mesh sample under a microscope, ultrasonically cleaning the arsenopyrite sample by absolute ethyl alcohol for 10-20min, taking out the arsenopyrite sample, cleaning the arsenopyrite sample by the absolute ethyl alcohol, and then drying the arsenopyrite sample in a vacuum oven at 50 ℃;
b. continuously grinding the dried arsenopyrite in ethanol to obtain powder of more than 200 meshes to obtain arsenopyrite powder, mixing graphite powder, arsenopyrite powder and methyl silicone oil according to a mass ratio of 5:3:4 by a direct mixing method, and uniformly stirring to obtain a pasty sample;
c. and pressing the uniformly mixed pasty sample into a sample preparation mold with the diameter of 6.0mm, tabletting by using a tablet press, keeping for 2min under static pressure of 2MP, taking out, pressing into a polytetrafluoroethylene electrode sleeve with a hole punched on a lathe, inserting a copper wire, bonding and sealing to obtain the successfully prepared arsenopyrite electrode.
As a further improvement of the invention, in the step b, in order to uniformly distribute the arsenic pyrite mineral powder on the surface of the electrode, the graphite powder and the arsenic pyrite powder are firstly put into alcohol before mixing, are uniformly mixed by ultrasonic oscillation, are filtered and dried, and then are added with the methyl silicone oil to fully stir the uniformly mixed graphite powder and the arsenic pyrite powder to form paste.
As a further improvement of the invention, the preparation of the dripping soil solution in the step (3) comprises the following steps: weighing air-dried soil in a beaker, adding CO for removing2The ultrapure water is stirred to fully disperse the soil particles, so as to obtain the soil solution.
As a further improvement of the invention, in step (5) the corrosion formula in the material field is used
Calculating the annual arsenic release, wherein v is the corrosion rate (g/m)2/h)；icorrIs the corrosion current density (. mu.A/cm)2) (ii) a M is the molar mass of the metal (g/mol); n is the valence of the metal; f is the Faraday constant.
The invention discloses the following technical effects:
the invention provides a method for quantitatively and quickly evaluating the arsenic release pollution influence of meadow soil containing arsenic pyrite. The arsenopyrite is made into an electrode, meadow soil dripping solution is used as a medium, and an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry is used for determining that the weathering of the arsenopyrite is an electrochemical process and defining the corrosion mechanism of the arsenopyrite. And obtaining the current density of the arsenic pyrite corroded in the meadow soil by an electrochemical linear polarization method, calculating the content of arsenic released into the soil by the arsenic pyrite every year by using a formula of the corrosion current density and the annual corrosion rate, and inspecting the arsenic pollution condition of the meadow soil at different environmental temperatures in a certain period according to the arsenic pollution condition, thereby effectively evaluating the meadow soil pollution condition. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of rapidness, quantification, simple operation, no need of continuous monitoring and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings without inventive exercise.
FIG. 1 is an arsenopyrite electrode prepared in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a plot of cyclic voltammetry curves of arsenopyrite prepared in example 1 in a meadow earth solution medium system at various ambient temperatures (5 deg.C, 15 deg.C, 25 deg.C, 35 deg.C, 45 deg.C);
FIG. 3 is a linear polarization curve of arsenopyrite in meadow earth solution medium system at different environmental temperatures (5 deg.C, 15 deg.C, 25 deg.C, 35 deg.C, 45 deg.C).
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the detailed description should not be construed as limiting the invention but as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Further, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range, is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in a stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification. The specification and examples are exemplary only.
As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are open-ended terms that mean including, but not limited to.
Example 1
1. Obtaining arsenopyrite samples directly from nature
Arsenopyrite samples were taken from the area of the mine in Huizu county, Yunnan province.
2. Preparation of arsenic pyrite electrode (carbon paste electrode)
Mechanically crushing and sieving arsenopyrite single crystal samples, selecting 60-80 mesh samples, manually selecting pure arsenopyrite under a microscope, ultrasonically cleaning with absolute ethyl alcohol for 10-20min, taking out, cleaning with absolute ethyl alcohol, and drying in a vacuum oven at 50 ℃. And continuously grinding the dried arsenopyrite into powder with the particle size of more than 200 meshes in ethanol. Directly mixing graphite powder, arsenopyrite mineral powder and methyl silicone oil according to a mass ratio of 5:3:4 by a direct mixing method. In order to ensure that the arsenopyrite mineral powder is uniformly distributed on the surface of the electrode, the graphite powder and the arsenopyrite powder are uniformly mixed by ultrasonic oscillation before mixing. And then adding methyl silicone oil, and fully stirring the uniformly mixed graphite powder and arsenopyrite powder to form paste. Pressing the uniformly mixed paste sample into a sample preparation mold with the diameter of 6.0mm, tabletting by using a tablet press, keeping the pressure for two minutes under the static pressure of 2MP, taking out the paste sample, pressing the paste sample into a polytetrafluoroethylene electrode sleeve with a hole punched on a lathe, inserting a copper wire into the polytetrafluoroethylene electrode sleeve, bonding and sealing the copper wire to obtain the arsenopyrite electrode (arsenopyrite carbon paste electrode), wherein the prepared arsenopyrite electrode is shown in figure 1.
3. Leaching meadow soil to obtain soil solution, and measuring pH value and total amount of water-soluble salt of soil solution
Meadow soil required for the experiment was taken from a certain subalpine zone in Huizu county, Yunnan province. According to the agricultural industry standard NY/T1121.2-2006 of the people's republic of China, 10.02g of an air-dried soil sample passing through a 2mm pore size sieve is weighed in a 50ml beaker. Addition of CO removal225ml of ultrapure water (soil-liquid ratio: 1: 2.5) was stirred with a stirrer for 1min to sufficiently disperse the soil particles, and the mixture was left to stand for 30min to measure pH.
According to the total amount of water-soluble salt in soil and various cations (Ca) in the series of standards NY/T1121-2006 of the agricultural industry of the people's republic of China2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+) And anions (CO)3 2-、HCO3 -、Cl-、SO4 2-) The determination standard of (1) is to use a balance method for leaching, and the total salt content and the main ion content in the soil leaching solution are determined by adopting a soil-water ratio of 1: 5. The pH and ionic composition of the harvested meadow soil samples are listed in Table 1, with the soil being weakly alkaline.
TABLE 1 soil sample composition and pH
4. Establishing and testing an electrochemical method (CV electrochemical mechanism establishment, linear scanning corrosion current density magnitude) and determining that the weathering of arsenopyrite in meadow soil is an electrochemical process;
the cyclic voltammetry curves of arsenopyrite in a meadow soil solution medium system at different environmental temperatures (5 ℃, 15 ℃, 25 ℃, 35 ℃ and 45 ℃) are shown in fig. 2, and the corresponding anode and cathode electrochemical reactions are as follows:
A1:FeAsS+6H2O→H2AsO3 -+Fe(OH)3+S0+7H++6e-(1)
A2:H2AsO3 -+H2O→HAsO4 2-+3H++2e-(2)
S0+4H2O→SO4 2-+8H++6e-(3)
C1:Fe(OH)3+e-→Fe(OH)2+OH-(4)
A3:Fe(OH)2+OH-→Fe(OH)3+e-(5)
the linear polarization curves of arsenopyrite in meadow earth solution medium systems at different environmental temperatures (5 ℃, 15 ℃, 25 ℃, 35 ℃ and 45 ℃) are shown in fig. 3, an extrapolation method is applied to the polarization curves, and the arsenopyrite corrosion current densities under the conditions are obtained by fitting and are listed in table 2.
TABLE 2 Corrosion Current Density of arsenopyrite in meadow soil solution Medium icorr
5. By means of corrosion formulae in the field of materials
Calculating the content of arsenic released to meadow soil by arsenic pyrite every year
In the field of materials, the metal corrosion rate can be expressed in terms of corrosion weight loss or in terms of corrosion current density. They can be converted by Faraday's law [ Liu Yonghui. electrochemical testing technique, Beijing university of aviation Press, Beijing, 1987, pp360-361]As for arsenopyrite as a semiconductor property, the weathering rate also applies to faraday's law, namely:
in the formula: v is the corrosion rate (g/m)2/h)；icorrIs the corrosion current density (. mu.A/cm)2) (ii) a M is the gram atom weight (g/mol) of the metal; n is the valence of the metal; f is the Faraday constant. For arsenopyrite, M is the mole of arsenic (III)Mass (g/mol), i.e., 74.92 g/mol; the value of n is 3; f is the Faraday constant, i.e. 96485c/mol, combined with i at different temperatures of the linear polarization curve of Table 2corrThe values are substituted into the formula to calculate the quality of arsenic released by arsenic pyrite in meadow soil in the year of gasification under different temperature conditions, and the results are listed in Table 3.
TABLE 3 annual release of arsenic from arsenopyrite in meadow soils by weathering
6. National Standard for comparison of heavy Metal arsenic
The state sets a soil environment quality standard GB15618-1995 for preventing soil pollution, protecting ecological environment, guaranteeing agriculture and forestry production and maintaining human health. Soil environmental quality standards specify a maximum allowable concentration index of contaminants in soil. The standard is suitable for the soil of farmlands, vegetable lands, tea gardens, orchards, pastures, forest lands, natural conservation areas and the like. Table 4 lists the standard values of the mass (mg/kg) in the soil, and the classification of meadow soil can be judged by comparing the arsenic mass obtained by the electrochemical method with that in Table 3.
TABLE 4 Standard Mass of arsenic in soil Environment (mg/kg)
7. Assessment of arsenic contamination of soil over time
And according to the content of arsenopyrite in the soil and the background value of arsenic, calculating the content of arsenic ions released in an evaluation period of one year, thereby determining the current soil grading of the selected meadow soil and the soil grading condition after natural weathering for a period of time.
In general, the density of natural soil is generally 1.6 to 2.2g/cm3Meadow soil, which is rich in humus and moisture, generally has a density slightly less than the above-mentioned density, where the meadow soil density is 1.6g/cm3And (4) calculating. All in oneThe thickness of the soil, which has a great influence on plants, i.e., the thickness of the surface layer of the soil formed by long-term cultivation (commonly referred to as soil plough layer), is generally in the range of 15-20cm, here calculated as 20 cm. As can be seen, 1m2The quality of the soil of the plough layer of the soil is 3.2 × 102Kg. accordingly, (1) assuming that the soil in an arsenopyrite mining area is completely contaminated by arsenopyrite during mining and transferring of arsenopyrite, the annual average temperature in the mining area is calculated at 25 ℃, and in combination with the annual release of arsenopyrite in Table 3, it can be calculated that the arsenic content in the soil will accumulate to 206.5g/3.2 × 10 in one year2Kg, namely: 644.4mg/kg, far exceeding the allowable three-level quality standard of arsenic in soil environment, belongs to serious pollution. (2) Assuming that 20% of the soil surface is polluted by the arsenic pyrite in the process of mining and transferring the arsenic pyrite in the soil of a certain arsenic pyrite mining area, the annual average temperature of the mining area is calculated according to 25 ℃, and by combining the annual release amount of the arsenic pyrite in the table 3, the method can also calculate that the arsenic content in the soil is accumulated to 128.9mg/kg within 1 year, still far exceeds the three-level quality standard of the allowable arsenic in the soil environment, and belongs to serious pollution. (3) Taking the standard of the arsenic content of the first-class soil as 15mg/kg as an example, if the average local annual temperature is 25 ℃, the arsenic pollution release amount of the polluted soil of a certain mining area within 1 year is predicted not to exceed the first-class pollution, and then 1m2The contaminated area of the arsenic pyrite-containing soil is not more than 0.0233m2That is to say that the area contaminated with arsenopyrite does not exceed 2.33%.
In summary, knowing the area distribution of the arsenic pyrite polluted by the soil in the mining area and the average local annual air temperature, the arsenic release amount of the arsenic pyrite within 1 year in the table 3 can be evaluated, and the classification condition of the arsenic pollution in the soil environment can be determined by comparing the standard value (mg/kg) of the arsenic quality in the soil environment in the table 4.
The above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and do not limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements of the technical solutions of the present invention can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and the technical solutions of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention defined by the claims.
Claims (6)
1. A method for rapidly predicting and evaluating the pollution influence caused by arsenic release from meadow soil containing arsenopyrite is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) collecting an arsenic pyrite sample;
(2) manufacturing an arsenic pyrite electrode;
(3) dripping soil solution;
(4) establishing and testing an electrochemical method;
(5) and (4) calculating the annual release amount of arsenic, and evaluating the arsenic pollution condition after different time by comparing with the national standard of arsenic in soil.
2. The method for rapidly predicting and evaluating the arsenic release pollution effect of the meadow soil containing arsenopyrite according to claim 1, wherein the arsenopyrite sample collected in the step (1) is directly obtained from nature.
3. The method for rapidly predicting and evaluating the arsenic release pollution influence of the meadow soil containing arsenopyrite according to claim 1, wherein the step (2) of manufacturing the arsenopyrite electrode comprises the following steps:
a. mechanically crushing and sieving an arsenopyrite sample, manually selecting a 60-80-mesh sample under a microscope, ultrasonically cleaning the arsenopyrite sample by absolute ethyl alcohol for 10-20min, taking out the arsenopyrite sample, cleaning the arsenopyrite sample by the absolute ethyl alcohol, and then drying the arsenopyrite sample in a vacuum oven at 50 ℃;
b. continuously grinding the dried arsenopyrite in ethanol to obtain powder of more than 200 meshes to obtain arsenopyrite powder, mixing graphite powder, arsenopyrite powder and methyl silicone oil according to a mass ratio of 5:3:4 by a direct mixing method, and uniformly stirring to obtain a pasty sample;
c. and pressing the uniformly mixed pasty sample into a sample preparation mold with the diameter of 6.0mm, tabletting by using a tablet press, keeping for 2min under static pressure of 2MP, taking out, pressing into a polytetrafluoroethylene electrode sleeve with a hole punched on a lathe, inserting a copper wire, bonding and sealing to obtain the successfully prepared arsenopyrite electrode.
4. The method for rapidly predicting and evaluating the arsenic release pollution influence of the meadow soil containing the arsenopyrite according to claim 3, wherein in the step b, before mixing, the graphite powder and the arsenopyrite powder are put into alcohol, the mixture is uniformly mixed by ultrasonic oscillation, the filtering and the air drying are carried out, and then the methyl silicone oil is added to fully stir the uniformly mixed graphite powder and the arsenopyrite powder to form paste.
5. The method for rapidly predicting and evaluating the arsenic release pollution influence of the meadow soil containing arsenopyrite according to claim 1, wherein the preparation of the dripping soil solution in the step (3) comprises the following steps: weighing air-dried soil in a beaker, adding CO for removing2The ultrapure water is stirred to fully disperse the soil particles, so as to obtain the soil solution.
6. The method for rapidly predicting and evaluating the arsenic release pollution influence of the meadow soil containing arsenopyrite according to claim 1, wherein in the step (5), the corrosion formula of the material field is used for
Calculating the annual arsenic release, wherein v is the corrosion rate (g/m)2/h)；icorrIs the corrosion current density (. mu.A/cm)2) (ii) a M is the molar mass of the metal (g/mol); n is the valence of the metal; f is the Faraday constant.
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