CN111747895A - Performance-adjustable self-combustion type multi-ionic liquid - Google Patents
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- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 104
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 110
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229920000831 ionic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- -1 cyanoborohydride Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 50
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous guanidine Natural products NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-guanidine Natural products CNC(N)=N CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminoamidine Natural products CN(C)C(N)=N SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZNPKAOCQMDJBIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrocyanamide Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)NC#N ZNPKAOCQMDJBIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-tetrazole Chemical class C=1N=NNN=1 KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium group Chemical class [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000003918 fraction a Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000000540 fraction c Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002357 guanidines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 31
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- NJMWOUFKYKNWDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical group CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 NJMWOUFKYKNWDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 11
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 229910001914 chlorine tetroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005580 one pot reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicyandiamide Chemical compound NC(N)=NC#N QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 6
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002390 rotary evaporation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- BMQZYMYBQZGEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 BMQZYMYBQZGEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000000895 extractive distillation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- BEOOHQFXGBMRKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium cyanoborohydride Chemical compound [Na+].[B-]C#N BEOOHQFXGBMRKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- QVRCRKLLQYOIKY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-methyl-3-prop-2-enylimidazol-1-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+]=1C=CN(CC=C)C=1 QVRCRKLLQYOIKY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N borane Chemical compound B UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- MKHFCTXNDRMIDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanoiminomethylideneazanide;1-ethyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound [N-]=C=NC#N.CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 MKHFCTXNDRMIDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAIPKTYOBMEXRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-methyl-2h-imidazole Chemical compound CCCCN1CN(C)C=C1 KAIPKTYOBMEXRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHDQNOXQSTVAIC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-butyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 FHDQNOXQSTVAIC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011158 Prunus mume Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000018795 Prunus mume Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000085 borane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- KXRNYDKIPJKLTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanoboron Chemical compound [B]C#N KXRNYDKIPJKLTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PJJJBBJSCAKJQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidinium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].NC(N)=[NH2+] PJJJBBJSCAKJQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000086 high toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron Chemical compound [H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009777 vacuum freeze-drying Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
- C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Macromolecular Compounds Obtained By Forming Nitrogen-Containing Linkages In General (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a performance-adjustable self-combustion type multi-ionic liquid, which is a room-temperature liquid composed of at least three ions according to different proportions, wherein the at least three ions comprise at least one anion and at least one cation, and at least one of the anions is a self-combustion type anion; the self-ignition type anion is mixed with fuming nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide to generate self-ignition. The spontaneous combustion type is characterized by having the spontaneous combustion ignition after being mixed with fuming nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide. The property control refers to the self-ignition type polyionic liquid with different properties by changing the types and proportions of the constituent ions. The spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid combines the characteristic advantages of various ions, can effectively improve the performance defect of single spontaneous combustion type ionic liquid, has excellent performances such as low viscosity, high density, high specific impulse, quick ignition and the like, and is a novel green propellant fuel with the most potential to replace hydrazine and derivatives thereof.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a self-combustion type polyion liquid with adjustable and controllable performance. The spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid has the advantages of low toxicity, low viscosity, high density, high safety, wide liquid phase range, high stability, adjustable performance and the like, is suitable for propellant fuels, and belongs to the field of energetic materials.
Background
The traditional propellant fuel such as hydrazine and derivatives thereof have the defects of high toxicity, strong corrosivity, hygroscopicity, flammability, explosiveness, environmental pollution and the like, and are easy to leak in the processes of production, transportation, filling, launching and the like, so that accidents such as personnel poisoning, explosion, ignition and the like are caused. Therefore, the search for high-energy fuels with excellent performance and cleanness and safety is a necessary trend for the future development of propellant fuels.
The ionic liquid generally refers to molten salt which is in a liquid state at the temperature of less than 100 ℃, and has the characteristics of low toxicity, low volatility, low melting point, high thermal stability, high chemical stability and the like. In addition, the ionic liquid has the characteristics of designable structure and modularized property, and different combinations of anions and cations can form ionic liquids with different properties, so that the ionic liquids have important research values and application potentials in multiple fields. In the research of the last ten years, energetic ionic liquid is attracting much attention as a novel energetic material. The specific energetic group in the structure of the energetic ionic liquid enables the energetic ionic liquid to have specific energy properties, and in addition, the energetic ionic liquid has the advantages of low toxicity, low volatility, high thermal stability, high chemical stability, large generated heat, high density, large specific impulse and the like, and is a green novel propellant fuel with the most potential for replacing hydrazine and derivatives thereof.
2008, Schneider et al[1]Several energetic ionic liquids with imidazole as cation and dicyanamide as anion are synthesized, and the energetic ionic liquids can spontaneously ignite after being contacted with white fuming nitric acid. Up to now, more than 200 kinds of single spontaneous combustion type ionic liquids have been synthesized and tested, and although the physicochemical properties and the combustion performance of the ionic liquids are improved continuously in the research process of recent years, the performance requirements of different application environments on propellant fuels are different, and the single spontaneous combustion type ionic liquids always have more or less short plates with certain property performance in the aspects of viscosity, density, ignition delay time, stability, synthesis cost and the like. For example, dicyanamide self-igniting ionic liquids[1]The ignition delay time is higher and is often more than 20 ms; while the cyano boron hydrogen ion liquid[2]Although having an ignition delay time of less than 10ms, its viscosity is high. In order to overcome the defects of the single spontaneous combustion type ionic liquid, the additive compound modification technology is gradually developed, and common additives comprise stonesThe compounding technologies of graphene, borane, boron and aluminum nanoparticles have certain limitations, and are mainly embodied in two aspects: firstly, the added mixture has poor stability and is easy to aggregate and settle or deteriorate under the influence of the external environment; secondly, the overall calorific value or viscosity of the mixture is adversely affected.
A single ionic liquid contains only one anion and one cation, and its functional design has limitations. At present, certain research and application of mixtures of ionic liquids as solvents in the fields of separation, energy sources and the like are provided, for example, the mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride is used as a solvent for extractive distillation to separate benzene and cyclohexane[3]Separating acetic acid and water by using mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole alkyl phosphate and 1-butyl-3-methyl alkyl tetrafluoroborate as solvent for extractive distillation[4]Application of mixture of alkyl imidazole bis (trifluoromethanesulfonimide) salt and alkyl imidazole tetrafluoroborate to dye-sensitized solar cell[5]. So far, no ionic liquid mixture is used in the field of energetic materials, and no relevant patent and research report about the proposal of the polyionic liquid and the properties and application of the polyionic liquid as a whole is reported.
Reference documents:
[1]Schneider S,Hawkins T,Rosander M,et al.Ionic liquids as hypergolicfuels.Energy&Fuels,2008,22(4):2871-2872
[2]Chand D,Zhang J,Shreeve J M.Borohydride ionic liquids ashypergolic fuels:A quest for improved stability.Chemistry,2015,21(38):13297-13301.
[3] application of ionic liquid as solvent for separating benzene and cyclohexane by extractive distillation, CN200710064448.X, 2008
[4] Method for separating acetic acid and water by ionic liquid extractive distillation, CN201310334663.2, 2015
[5] Solid electrolyte for solar cell based on ionic crystal, CN201210068699.6, 2012
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the performance shortages of single spontaneous combustion type ionic liquid and accelerate the development process of green, non-toxic and high performance of propellant fuel, the invention provides the spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid with adjustable and controllable performance, wherein the 'multi-ionic liquid' provided herein refers to room-temperature liquid which is only composed of ions and contains three or more anions and cations, can be a mixture of synthesized single ionic liquid, and can also be multi-ionic liquid directly synthesized from reaction raw materials respectively provided with different ions. The term "self-igniting type" as used herein means that it has the ability to ignite by self-ignition after contact with fuming nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide.
The spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid with adjustable performance provided by the invention comprises at least three ions and one or more than one kind of spontaneous combustion type anions. The spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid is contacted with fuming nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide to generate spontaneous combustion ignition, can be prepared by a method of synthesizing single ionic liquid firstly and then mixing the single ionic liquid in proportion, also can be prepared by a multi-ion one-pot synthesis method, and can regulate and control the performance of the spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid by selecting the type of ions and changing the proportion of the ions.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the performance-adjustable self-combustion type multi-ionic liquid is room-temperature liquid consisting of at least three ions according to different proportions, wherein the at least three ions comprise at least one anion and at least one cation, and at least one of the anions is a self-combustion type anion; the self-ignition type anion is mixed with fuming nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide to generate self-ignition.
The performance of the multi-ionic liquid can be regulated and controlled by changing the types and the proportions of the constituent ions to obtain different performances.
The polyion liquid is mixed with fuming nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide to generate spontaneous combustion ignition, and the spontaneous combustion ignition is as follows: after the self-combustion type multi-ionic liquid is contacted with fuming nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide, ignition flame appears in a certain ignition delay time.
The autoignition type polyionic liquid containing three ions is represented by the following structure:
two constituent structures of [ cation 1] a [ cation 2] b [ anion 1] c or [ cation 1] a [ anion 1] c [ anion 2] d;
wherein the subscript a represents [ cation 1]]The fraction of the total mole number of the cations, and b, c and d represent the mole fraction of each corresponding ion respectively; for [ cation 1]]a[ cation 2]]b[ anion 1)]cStructure, containing only one anion, so that [ anion 1]]The value of the mole fraction c of (a) is 1; the ratio of anions to cations is 1:1, so that [ cation 1]]A and [ cation 2]]The molar fraction b satisfies the condition that a + b is 1;
for the same reason, for [ cation 1]]a[ anion 1)]c[ anion 2]]dStructure, containing only one cation, so [ cation 1]]The molar fraction a of (a) is 1, and the ratio of anions to cations satisfies 1:1, so that [ anion 1]]Molar fractions c and [ anion 2]]The molar fraction d of (a) satisfies the condition that c + d is 1.
When the polyionic liquid contains four or more ions, the ratio also satisfies the above-mentioned condition. For [ cation 1]]a[ cation 2]]b[ anion 1)]c[ anion 2]]dThe ratio of anions to cations is 1:1, so the mole fraction of corresponding ions needs to satisfy a + b-c + d-1; the case of containing more ions and so on.
The polyion liquid anions comprise a plurality of self-combustion type anions, and the proportion of the plurality of different self-combustion type anions is random; when non-self-igniting anions are contained in the composition, the mole fraction of the self-igniting anions to the total anions can not be less than 0.1; when multiple cations are included in the composition, the ratio between the multiple different cations is arbitrary.
The multi-ionic liquid is selected according to the fuel performance requirements, and comprises but is not limited to imidazole cations corresponding to high stability and low melting point, dicyanamide anions corresponding to low viscosity, cyano boron hydride anions corresponding to short ignition delay time, oxometallate anions corresponding to high oxygen balance and high specific impulse, and guanidine cations corresponding to high density and high specific impulse.
The principle for determining the ionic proportion of the polyionic liquid according to the fuel performance requirements is that the proportion of different anions and cations in the spontaneous combustion type polyionic liquid is determined according to the specific performance requirements of the fuel and by combining the characteristics of different anions and cations, and the proportion is controlled by the amount of raw materials added in the preparation process or the amount of single-ion liquid added in the mixing process; and based on the synergistic effect between different anions and cations, the multi-ionic liquid with different ionic proportions can show better performance than that of a single ionic liquid in various properties and performances such as density, viscosity, ignition delay time and specific impulse.
In the composition of the spontaneous combustion type polyionic liquid, at least one of the anions is a spontaneous combustion type anion, so that the polyionic liquid has spontaneous combustion. The class of pyrophoric anions includes, but is not limited to, dicyanamide ([ N (CN)2]-) Cyanoborohydride ([ BH ]3CN]-) Dicyano borohydride ([ BH ]2(CN)2]-) Boron hydrogen species ([ BH ]4]-) Nitrocyanamide ([ N (CN) (NO))2)]-) Or cyano-bridged borohydrides ([ BH)3(CN)BH2(CN)]-) And the like.
The type of non-self-igniting anion that may be included is not limited.
The cation species include, but are not limited to, imidazoles, pyridines, pyrroles, guanidines, azide-substituted ammoniums, triazoles, tetrazoles, and the like.
The self-combustion type polyionic liquid can be prepared by two methods:
one approach is to mix multiple single ionic liquids: x mol of [ cation 1]][ anion 1)]Of ymol [ cation 1]][ anion 2]]Z mol of [ cation 2]][ anion 1)]W mol of [ cation 2]][ anion 2]]Mixing to obtain self-combustion type polyion liquid [ cation 1]]a[ cation 2]]b[ anion 1)]c[ anion 2]]dWhere a, b, c, d represent the molar fractions of the respective counter ions, respectively, a ═ x + y)/(x + y + z + w), b ═ z + w)/(x + y + z + w), c ═ x + z)/(x + y + z + w, and d ═ y + w)/(x + y + z + w).
The other method is a one-pot synthesis method of various ions: adding x mol [ cation 1] into organic solvent at the same time][ halogen anion ]]Y mol [ cation 2]][ halogen anion ]Seed of Japanese apricot]Z mol [ metal cation ]][ anion 1)](x + y-z) mol [ metal cation][ anion 2]]Reacting for 48-96h with the volume mol ratio of the organic solvent to the total reactants being 1-5 mL of solvent to 1mmol of total reactants, filtering to remove precipitate [ metal cation ]][ halogen anion ]]Evaporating the organic solvent in the filtrate, and drying for 24-48 hr by one or more of normal pressure drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying to obtain polyion liquid [ cation 1]a[ cation 2]]b[ anion 1)]c[ anion 2]]dWherein a, b, c, d represent the molar fraction of each respective ion, a ═ x/(x + y), b ═ y/(x + y), c ═ z/(x + y), d ═ x + y-z)/(x + y). The metal cations used in the experiments include, but are not limited to, silver ions, the halide anions include, but are not limited to, chloride ions, and the organic solvents include, but are not limited to, acetonitrile, methanol, dichloromethane.
The spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid provided by the invention has the characteristic of adjustable performance, and the performance of the spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid is adjusted and controlled by selecting the type of ions and changing the proportion of the ions, namely selecting the types of [ cation 1], [ cation 2], [ anion 1], [ anion 2] and the like and changing the proportion of the ions.
The selection principle of the ion type is that general rules for selection according to the fuel performance requirements include, but are not limited to, imidazole cation corresponding to high stability and low melting point, dicyanamide anion corresponding to low viscosity, cyanoborohydride anion corresponding to short ignition delay time, oxolate anion corresponding to high oxygen balance and high specific impulse, and guanidine cation corresponding to high density and high specific impulse.
The ion proportion is determined according to the specific performance requirements of the fuel and the characteristics of different anions and cations, and the proportion of the different anions and cations in the spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid is determined, and can be specifically controlled by the amount of the raw materials added in the preparation process or the amount of the single-ionic liquid added in the mixing process. And based on the synergistic effect between different anions and cations, the multi-ionic liquid with different ionic proportions can show better performance than that of a single ionic liquid in various properties and performances such as density, viscosity, ignition delay time, specific impulse and the like.
Methods of multi-ionic liquid property modulation include, but are not limited to:
(1) regulation and control of ignition delay time of the self-ignition type multi-ionic liquid: more than one type of self-ignition type anions with different types are introduced into a single ionic liquid so as to form the self-ignition type multi-ionic liquid, and the types of the introduced self-ignition type anions include, but are not limited to, dicyanamide, nitrocyanamide, cyanoborohydride, dicyanoborohydride, borohydrides, cyano-bridged borohydrides and the like. Different ignition delay time can be obtained by changing the proportion of the self-combustion type anions so as to meet the application requirement of fuel on the ignition delay time. When only the self-igniting anions are included in the component anions, the ratio between the plurality of different self-igniting anions is arbitrary. When non-self-igniting anions are included in the composition, the mole fraction of self-igniting anions to total anions cannot be less than 0.1. When multiple cations are included, the ratio between the multiple different cations is arbitrary.
The preferred autoignition type polyion liquid has the composition of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation-cyanoborohydride anion-dicyanamide anion ([ EMIM ] [ CBH ] [ DCA ]), and when the molar ratio of the three ions is 1:0.1:0.9, 1:0.3:0.7, 1:0.5:0.5, 1:0.7:0.3 and 1:0.9:0.1, the ignition delay time of the autoignition type polyion liquid is respectively 27ms, 373ms, 283ms, 3ms and 5 ms.
(2) The control of the specific impulse of the self-combustion type multi-ionic liquid comprises the following steps: more than one type of ions with different types are introduced into the spontaneous combustion type single ionic liquid so as to form the spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid, and the introduced ion species include but are not limited to perchlorate anions, guanidine cations, triazole cations and the like. Different specific impulse can be obtained by changing the proportion of ions so as to meet the application requirement of fuel on the specific impulse. When the ions to be introduced include non-self-igniting anions, the mole fraction of self-igniting anions to the total anions cannot be less than 0.1. When the ions introduced comprise more than one cation, the ratio between the various different cations is arbitrary.
A preferred autoignition-type polyionic liquid has the composition 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation-perchlorate anion-dicyanamide anion ([ EMIM)][ClO4][DCA]) The three kinds of ionsWhen the molar ratio of the self-igniting polyionic liquid is 1:0.1:0.9, 1:0.3:0.7, 1:0.5:0.5, 1:0.7:0.3 and 1:0.9:0.1 respectively, the specific impulse corresponding to the self-igniting polyionic liquid is 2345m & s respectively-1、2429m·s-1、2619m·s-1、2672m·s-1、2735m·s-1。
The invention discloses a self-combustion type multi-ionic liquid with adjustable performance, which has the characteristics of low toxicity, low viscosity, high density, high safety, wide liquid phase range, high stability, adjustable performance and the like. The spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid has the effect that the spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid shows better performance than the spontaneous combustion type single-ionic liquid in the aspects of density, viscosity, ignition delay time, specific impulse and the like. And secondly, different application environments have different performance requirements on the propellant fuel, and the performance adjustable characteristic of the spontaneous combustion type multi-ionic liquid widens the applicable range of the single ionic liquid.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the polyionic liquid [ EMIM ] obtained in example 1][CBH]0.7[DCA]0.3The ignition test process of (1);
FIG. 2 shows the polyionic liquid [ EMIM ] obtained in example 2][CBH]0.3[DCA]0.7The ignition test process of (1);
FIG. 3 is an infrared spectrum of the sample obtained in examples 1 to 3.
Detailed Description
The invention is illustrated below in connection with the design and preparation examples of self-igniting polyionic liquids, but the invention is not limited to these examples. The embodiment of the invention relates to the design, preparation and physical property and ignition performance measurement of multi-ionic liquid, and the density and viscosity measurement is carried out at 25 ℃. The ignition test was carried out by dropping 15. mu.L of polyionic liquid into 800. mu.L of fuming nitric acid, recording the whole process by means of a high-speed camera and obtaining the ignition delay time, i.e. the time interval from the contact of the polyionic liquid droplets with the fuming nitric acid to the appearance of a flame. The bit impulse is calculated in the CEA software, and the calculation parameter is set as Pi＝150bar,Pi/PeThe mass ratio of oxidant to polyionic liquid was 1:1, 300.
Example 1
The ionic liquid is prepared by a method of directly mixing single ionic liquid, and the ionic composition and the ionic proportion are as follows: the molar ratio of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole cation to the cyanoborohydride anion to the dicyanamide anion is 1:0.7: 0.3.
30mmol of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([ EMIM ]][DCA]) With 70mmol of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazole cyanoborohydride ([ EMIM)][CBH]) Stirring and mixing to prepare multi-ionic liquid [ EMIM][CBH]0.7[DCA]0.3。
The multi-ionic liquid is tested and characterized, the viscosity of the multi-ionic liquid is 17.4cP, and the density is 1.004 g.mL-1Ignition delay time of 3ms and calculated specific impulse of 2415 m.s-1. The ignition delay time of the ionic liquid is longer than that of the ionic liquid [ EMIM ] of single autoignition type][DCA]Shortens 26ms, and is more than that of single spontaneous combustion type ionic liquid [ EMIM][CBH]The shortening is 7 ms. The ignition test process is shown in figure 1, and the polyion liquid is dropped into a strong oxidant, and flame appears at 3 ms. The infrared spectrum is shown as a curve a in fig. 3, and compared with the infrared spectrum of other proportions, the similar peak positions indicate that the types of contained ions are the same, and the peak intensity changes with the proportions.
Example 2
The preparation method adopts a one-pot synthesis method, and the ion composition and the ion proportion are as follows: the molar ratio of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole cation to the cyanoborohydride anion to the dicyanamide anion is 1:0.3: 0.7.
70mmol of silver dicyandiamide (Ag [ DCA ] are weighed]) And 30mmol of sodium cyanoborohydride (Na [ CBH ]]) Dispersed in 300mL of anhydrous methanol and stirred. Then, 100mmol of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([ EMIM ] was weighed]Cl) was dissolved in 300mL of anhydrous methanol and stirred until completely dissolved, and then added dropwise to the above dispersion, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 48 hours. Filtering to remove solid sodium chloride and silver chloride, removing solvent methanol from the filtrate by rotary evaporation, vacuum drying at 60 deg.C for 24 hr, and freeze drying for 12 hr to obtain polyion liquid [ EMIM ]][CBH]0.3[DCA]0.7。
The polyionic liquid is tested and characterized, the viscosity of the polyionic liquid is 16.8cP, and the density is 1.065 g/mL-1Ignition delay time of 373ms and specific impulse of 2353 m.s-1. The ignition test process is shown in FIG. 2, and the polyion liquid is droppedIn strong oxidizers, a flame appears 373 ms. The IR spectrum is shown as curve c in FIG. 3. compared with IR spectra of other ratios, the similar peak positions indicate the same type of ions contained, and the peak intensities vary with the ratio.
Example 3
The preparation method adopts a one-pot synthesis method, and the ion composition and the ion proportion are as follows: the molar ratio of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole cation to the dicyanamide anion to the cyanoborohydride anion is 1:0.5: 0.5.
Weighing 65mmol silver dicyandiamide (Ag [ DCA ]]) And 65mmol of sodium cyanoborohydride (Na [ CBH ]]) Dispersed in 130mL of anhydrous methanol and stirred. 130mmol of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([ EMIM ") were then weighed out]Cl) was dissolved in 130mL of anhydrous methanol and stirred until completely dissolved, and then added dropwise to the above dispersion, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 72 hours. Filtering to remove solid sodium chloride and silver chloride, removing solvent methanol from the filtrate by rotary evaporation, and vacuum drying at 80 deg.C for 48 hr to obtain polyion liquid [ EMIM][CBH]0.5[DCA]0.5。
The multi-ionic liquid is tested, the viscosity of the multi-ionic liquid is 17.0cP, and the density is 1.030 g/mL-1Ignition delay time is 283ms, and specific impulse is 2383 m.s-1. The infrared spectrum is shown as a curve b in fig. 3, and compared with the infrared spectrum of other proportions, the similar peak positions indicate that the types of contained ions are the same, and the peak intensity changes with the proportions.
Example 4
The preparation method adopts a one-pot synthesis method, and the ion composition and the ion proportion are as follows: the molar ratio of the 1-allyl-3-methylimidazole cation to the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole cation to the cyanoborohydride anion to the dicyanamide anion is 0.5:0.5:0.7: 0.3.
30mmol of silver dicyandiamide (Ag [ DCA ]) are weighed]) And 70mmol of sodium cyanoborohydride (Na [ CBH ]]) Dispersed in 100mL of anhydrous methanol and stirred. 50mmol of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([ EMIM ") were then weighed out]Cl) and 50mmol of 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([ AMIM ]]Cl) was dissolved in 200mL of anhydrous methanol and stirred until completely dissolved, and then added dropwise to the above dispersion, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 96 hours. Filtering to remove solid sodium chloride and silver chloride, and rotating the filtrateEvaporating to remove solvent methanol, vacuum drying at 70 deg.C for 24 hr, and freeze drying for 24 hr to obtain polyion liquid [ AMIM ]]0.5[EMIM]0.5[CBH]0.7[DCA]0.3。
The multi-ionic liquid is tested, the viscosity of the multi-ionic liquid is 17.8cP, and the density is 1.021 g.mL-1Ignition delay time of 3ms and specific impulse of 2390 m.s-1。。
Example 5
The preparation method adopts a one-pot synthesis method, and the ion composition and the ion proportion are as follows: the molar ratio of the 1-allyl-3-methylimidazole cation to the cyanoborohydride anion to the dicyanamide anion is 1:0.7: 0.3.
Weighing 12mmol silver dicyandiamide (Ag [ DCA ]]) And 28mmol of sodium cyanoborohydride (Na [ CBH ]]) Dispersed in 200mL of anhydrous dichloromethane and stirred. Then, 40mmol of 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([ AMIM ] was weighed out]Cl) was dissolved in 200mL of anhydrous dichloromethane and stirred until completely dissolved, then added dropwise to the above dispersion and stirred at room temperature for another 48 h. Filtering to remove solid sodium chloride and silver chloride, removing solvent dichloromethane from the filtrate by rotary evaporation, drying at 80 deg.C under normal pressure for 24 hr, and lyophilizing for 12 hr to obtain polyion liquid [ AMIM ]][CBH]0.7[DCA]0.3。
The multi-ionic liquid is tested, the viscosity of the multi-ionic liquid is 28.7cP, and the density is 1.025 g.mL-1Ignition delay time of 2.5ms and specific impulse of 2433 m.s-1。
Example 6
The preparation method adopts a one-pot synthesis method, and the ion composition and the ion proportion are as follows: the molar ratio of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole cation to the guanidine cation to the dicyandiamide anion is 0.8:0.2: 1.
Weighing 40mmol silver dicyandiamide (Ag [ DCA ]]) Dispersed in 200mL of anhydrous methanol and stirred, and then 40mmol of guanidinium chloride ([ GUA ] was weighed]Cl) was added to the above solution and stirring was continued at room temperature for 48 h. Filtering to remove solid silver chloride, removing solvent methanol from the filtrate by rotary evaporation, vacuum drying at 70 deg.C for 24 hr, and freeze drying for 12 hr to obtain ionic liquid guanidine dicyandiamide ([ GUA][DCA]). Weighing 40mmol Ag [ DCA ]]Dissolving in 200mL of anhydrous acetonitrile and stirring, and then weighing40mmol 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([ EMIM)]Cl) was added to the above dispersion and stirring was continued at room temperature for 60 h. Filtering to remove solid silver chloride, removing solvent from the filtrate by rotary evaporation, vacuum drying at 70 deg.C for 24 hr, and freeze drying for 12 hr to obtain ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazol dicyanamide ([ EMIM ]][DCA]). 4mmol of [ GUA ]][DCA]With 16mmol of [ EMIM][DCA]Stirring and mixing to prepare multi-ionic liquid [ EMIM]0.8[GUA]0.2[DCA]。
The multi-ionic liquid is tested, the viscosity of the multi-ionic liquid is 25.3cP, and the density is 1.132 g.mL-1Ignition delay time of 30ms and specific impulse of 2322m · s-1。
Example 7
The ionic liquid is prepared by a method of directly mixing single ionic liquid, and the ionic composition and the ionic proportion are as follows: the molar ratio of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole cation to the perchlorate anion to the dicyandiamide anion is 1:0.3: 0.7.
Adding 14mmol of [ EMIM ]][DCA]With 6mmol of [ EMIM][ClO4]Stirring and mixing to prepare multi-ionic liquid [ EMIM][ClO4]0.3[DCA]0.7。
The multi-ionic liquid is tested, the viscosity of the multi-ionic liquid is 33.1cP, and the density is 1.172 g/mL-1The ignition delay time is 166ms, and the specific impulse is 2429 m.s-1。
Example 8
The ionic liquid is prepared by a method of directly mixing single ionic liquid, and the ionic composition and the ionic proportion are as follows: the molar ratio of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole cation to the perchlorate anion to the dicyandiamide anion is 1:0.5: 0.5.
20mmol of [ EMIM ]][DCA]With 20mmol of [ EMIM][ClO4]Stirring and mixing to prepare multi-ionic liquid [ EMIM][ClO4]0.5[DCA]0.5。
The multi-ionic liquid is tested, the viscosity of the multi-ionic liquid is 56.8cP, and the density is 1.197 g.mL-1The ignition delay time is 263ms and the specific impulse is 2619 m.s-1。
Example 9
The ionic liquid is prepared by a method of directly mixing single ionic liquid, and the ionic composition and the ionic proportion are as follows: the molar ratio of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole cation to the perchlorate anion to the dicyandiamide anion is 1:0.7: 0.3.
36mmol of [ EMIM ]][DCA]With 4mmol of [ EMIM][ClO4]Stirring and mixing to prepare multi-ionic liquid [ EMIM][ClO4]0.7[DCA]0.3。
The multi-ionic liquid is tested, the viscosity of the multi-ionic liquid is 81.7cP, and the density is 1.225 g/mL-1Ignition delay time of 368ms and specific impulse of 2672m · s-1。
While the methods and techniques of the present invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and/or modifications of the methods and techniques described herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is expressly intended that all such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and content of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The performance-adjustable self-combustion type multi-ionic liquid is characterized in that the multi-ionic liquid is room-temperature liquid which is composed of at least three ions according to different proportions, the at least three ions comprise at least one anion and at least one cation, and at least one of the anions is a self-combustion type anion; the self-ignition type anion is mixed with fuming nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide to generate self-ignition.
2. The polyionic liquid of claim 1, wherein the controllable properties are achieved by varying the type and ratio of the constituent ions.
3. The polyionic liquid as set forth in claim 1, wherein the autoignition ignition after mixing with fuming nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide is: after the self-combustion type multi-ionic liquid is contacted with fuming nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide, ignition flame appears in a certain ignition delay time.
4. The polyionic liquid of claim 1, wherein the self-igniting anions include, but are not limited to, dicyanamide, cyanoborohydride, dicyanoborohydride, borohydrides, nitrocyanamide, or cyano-bridged borohydrides.
5. The polyionic liquid of claim 1, wherein the cationic species includes, but is not limited to, imidazoles, pyridines, pyrroles, guanidines, azide-substituted ammoniums, triazoles, or tetrazoles.
6. The polyionic liquid of claim 1, wherein the pyrophoric polyionic liquid comprising three ions is represented by the following structure:
two constituent structures of [ cation 1] a [ cation 2] b [ anion 1] c or [ cation 1] a [ anion 1] c [ anion 2] d;
wherein the subscript a represents [ cation 1]]The fraction of the total number of moles of the cations, and similarly, the subscripts b, c, and d represent the mole fraction of each corresponding ion, respectively; for [ cation 1]]a[ cation 2]]b[ anion 1)]cStructure, containing only one anion, so that [ anion 1]]The value of the mole fraction c of (a) is 1; the ratio of anions to cations is 1:1, so that [ cation 1]]A and [ cation 2]]The molar fraction b satisfies the condition that a + b is 1;
for the same reason, for [ cation 1]]a[ anion 1)]c[ anion 2]]dStructure, containing only one cation, so [ cation 1]]The molar fraction a of (a) is 1, and the ratio of anions to cations satisfies 1:1, so that [ anion 1]]Molar fractions c and [ anion 2]]The molar fraction d of (a) satisfies the condition that c + d is 1.
7. Polyionic liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that, when four or more ions are contained, the proportions likewise satisfy the conditions of claim 6 for [ cation 1]]a[ cation 2]]b[ anion 1)]c[ anion 2]]dThe ratio of anions to cations is 1:1, so the mole fraction of corresponding ions needs to satisfy a + b-c + d-1; the case of containing more ions and so on.
8. The polyionic liquid as set forth in claim 1, wherein the anions comprise a plurality of self-igniting anions, and the ratio of the plurality of different self-igniting anions is arbitrary; when non-self-igniting anions are contained in the composition, the mole fraction of the self-igniting anions to the total anions can not be less than 0.1; when multiple cations are included in the composition, the ratio between the multiple different cations is arbitrary.
9. The polyionic liquid of claim 2, wherein the selection is made based on fuel performance requirements, including but not limited to imidazole cations for high stability and low melting point, dicyanamide anions for low viscosity, cyanoborohydride for short ignition delay time, oxolate anions for high oxygen balance and high specific impulse, guanidine cations for high density and high specific impulse.
10. The polyionic liquid as claimed in claim 2, wherein the determination principle of selecting the ion ratio according to the fuel performance requirements is that the ratio of different cations and anions in the autoignition type polyionic liquid is determined according to the specific performance requirements of the fuel and by combining the characteristics of different cations and anions, and is controlled by the amount of raw materials added in the preparation process or the amount of the uniionic liquid added in the mixing process; and based on the synergistic effect between different anions and cations, the multi-ionic liquid with different ionic proportions can show better performance than that of a single ionic liquid in various properties and performances such as density, viscosity, ignition delay time and specific impulse.
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