CN111726229A - Self-adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system and method - Google Patents
Self-adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system and method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a self-adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system and a method, comprising a transmitting end and a receiving end; on the basis of a BB84 communication protocol, the transmitting end and the receiving end interact in real time, and quantum optical signals with different wavelengths and classical optical signals are generated through an adjustable optical module according to the change condition of a quantum error rate QBER caused by the real-time change of a channel to perform underwater wireless quantum key distribution and underwater wireless classical optical communication; the invention can automatically adjust the wavelength of the signal light based on the real-time change conditions of the water channels of different water bodies or the water channel of the same water body, adapts to the change of the water channel in real time, reduces the error rate and finally realizes the maximum key generation rate of the underwater wireless quantum key distribution system under the current channel.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an underwater wireless quantum communication method, belongs to the technical field of quantum key distribution, and particularly relates to a self-adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system and method.
Background
Under the drive of communication demands of an underwater sensor network, a submarine and various underwater vehicles, in recent years, underwater wireless optical communication is rapidly developed, and an absolute safe secret means can be provided for the underwater wireless Quantum Key Distribution (Quantum Key Distribution-QKD).
Common water bodies are mainly divided into fresh water and seawater. The fresh water mainly contains pure water and dissolved substances such as carbonate, sulfate and calcium, while the seawater mainly contains dissolved substances such as pure water and chloride.
According to the absorption coefficients of the light of the fresh water and the light of the seawater, the optimal wavelengths of the fresh water and the seawater are both 400-570nm, and the absorption effects of the fresh water and the seawater are stronger for the light below 300nm and the light above 600 nm.
Because mixed organic matters with different concentrations are dissolved in the water body, the red light is absorbed by the mixed organic matters less, but the absorption effect of the mixed organic matters is more and more obvious as the wavelength is reduced. When the concentration of the mixed organic matters is increased to a certain degree, the water body is yellow brown, so the organic dissolved matters are also called yellow substances. The yellow substance is mainly from the decay of land or water bottom plants, so that the concentration of the yellow substance in the water areas near the bank and the sea bottom is the highest, and the content of the yellow substance is greatly reduced in the middle of the sea, the lake and the river, so that the attenuation influence caused by the yellow substance is smaller. Generally, yellow substances mainly absorb light in the blue wavelength band.
The composition of the water body is not constant. For example, precipitation and surface runoff can cause the density, salinity and water turbidity of seawater to change; during the period of mass propagation of aquatic plants such as algae and aquatic weeds, underwater underflow, marine geological activities and the like bring sediment and aquatic plants on the sea bottom; the temperature change causes plankton in the water body to rapidly grow, rot and the like, which can change the composition of the water body, so that the water channel is changed.
Two problems to be solved urgently exist in the existing underwater wireless quantum key distribution and underwater wireless optical communication, namely attenuation brought by light absorption of a water body and change of a channel attenuation coefficient caused by real-time change of a water channel. In the prior art, the inherent environment of the water channel cannot be changed, so that the Error rate of QBER (Quantum Bit Error ratio) can be reduced only by adjusting the underwater communication device to adapt to different water channels. As mentioned above, the water channel is dynamically changed during the actual communication process. Therefore, a system which can automatically adjust in real time underwater according to the dynamic change of a water channel and select the optimal wavelength for key distribution and communication is very important.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a self-adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system and a method, which can automatically adjust the wavelengths of quantum signals and classical signal light according to the real-time change and attenuation conditions of a channel before and during distribution of an underwater wireless quantum key, realize the minimum quantum error rate QBER under the current channel environment, and solve the technical problems of low key transmission efficiency and low communication efficiency caused by dynamic change of a water body in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system, including: a transmitting end and a receiving end; on the basis of a BB84 communication protocol, the transmitting end and the receiving end interact in real time, and quantum optical signals with different wavelengths and classical optical signals are generated through an adjustable optical module according to the change condition of a quantum error rate QBER caused by the real-time change of a channel to perform underwater wireless quantum key distribution and underwater wireless classical optical communication.
Preferably, the transmitting terminal comprises a transmitting terminal quantum communication module, a transmitting terminal classical communication module and a transmitting terminal control processing module; the transmitting terminal quantum communication module is connected with the transmitting terminal control processing module, and the transmitting terminal classical communication module is connected with the transmitting terminal control processing module.
Preferably, the receiving end comprises a receiving end quantum communication module, a receiving end classical communication module and a receiving end control processing module; the receiving terminal quantum communication module is connected with the receiving terminal control processing module, and the receiving terminal classical communication module is connected with the receiving terminal control processing module. Namely, the classical communication modules of the transmitting terminal and the receiving terminal carry out two-way classical communication to complete information interaction.
Preferably, the quantum error rate QBER is calculated as follows:
where P denotes the polarization ratio of the polarizing device, A denotes the receiving area of the detector (the receiving area of the telescope if present), Idc denotes the dark count of the detector, L denotes the ambient light irradiance spectral density, Δ t' denotes the gate-on time of the single-photon detector, Δ t denotes the bit period, Ω is the solid angle of the field angle, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, η is the detector efficiency, χcIs the attenuation coefficient, r is the transmission distance, λ is the signal light wavelength, Δ λ is the spectral width, μ is the average number of pulsed photons emitted by the emitting end. Among the above parameters, in addition to the attenuation coefficient χ, in the system operationcChanges occur due to channel variations, and the remaining parameters are not changed in the present system.
When the channel changes to cause the quantum error rate QBER to change, monitoring the change condition of the quantum error rate QBER in real time, retesting the quantum error rate QBER of quantum signal light with different wavelengths in the current water channel when the fluctuation of the quantum error rate QBER exceeds a preset threshold value, wherein the wavelength corresponding to the minimum quantum error rate QBER is used as the working wavelength of the quantum signal light. The wavelength corresponding to the sub-small quantum error rate QBER is taken as the working wavelength of the classical signal light.
Before the system starts to work and enters a testing stage, the wavelengths of quantum signals and classical signals adopted by a transmitting end and a receiving end are preset default wavelengths, in the testing stage, a quantum communication module (1) of the transmitting end sends 6-20 groups of quantum signal testing light with different wavelengths respectively, and quantum error rates QBER corresponding to the 6-20 groups of quantum signal testing light with different wavelengths can be obtained through calculation. And then selecting the wavelength corresponding to the minimum quantum error rate QBER as the quantum signal light distributed by the underwater wireless quantum key, and selecting the wavelength corresponding to the second minimum quantum error rate QBER as the classical signal light of the underwater wireless classical communication.
The transmitting terminal quantum communication module comprises a laser module and an optical module, the laser module comprises a first laser group, the laser module comprises four white light lasers, the types of the four white light lasers are the same, the parameters are consistent, and the difference lies in that emergent laser of the four lasers can respectively pass through different optical lenses to generate four different linearly polarized light. And then four kinds of linear polarization quantum signal light with required wavelength are generated through the first adjustable optical module.
Preferably, the optical module includes a first fixed optical module and a first adjustable optical module, the classical communication module of transmitting end includes a second laser, an optical module and a first detector APD, the optical module includes a second fixed optical module and a second adjustable optical module, the control processing module of transmitting end controls the first laser group, the second laser, the first adjustable optical module, the second adjustable optical module and the first detector APD, the first adjustable optical module outputs quantum signal light with a required wavelength through rotation, and the second adjustable optical module outputs and receives classical signal light with a required wavelength through rotation.
The first detector APD in the transmitting end classical communication module is used for detecting a classical optical signal, i.e. a classical signal light interacted between a receiving end and a transmitting end.
And the second laser in the transmitting end classical communication module is used for carrying out classical communication, interaction and synchronization with the receiving end classical communication module. And the second laser emits laser light, and then enters the second adjustable optical module through the second fixed optical module, and finally emits classical signal light with the required wavelength.
Preferably, the receiving end quantum communication module includes a detector group and an optical module, the detector group includes four photomultiplier tubes PMT, the optical module includes a third fixed optical module and a third adjustable optical module, the receiving end classical communication module includes a third laser, an optical module and a second detector APD, the optical module includes a fourth fixed optical module and a fourth adjustable optical module, and the receiving end control processing module controls the detector group, the third laser, the third adjustable optical module, the fourth adjustable optical module and the second APD detector. And the receiving end control processing module controls the modulation of the third laser, controls the third adjustable optical module to receive the quantum signal light with the required wavelength through rotation, and controls the fourth adjustable optical module to receive and transmit the classical signal light with the required wavelength through rotation. The receiving end control processing module is also responsible for data storage and signal processing of the receiving end and controls the receiving end classical communication module to interact with the transmitting end classical communication module in real time.
The types and parameters of the first laser, the second laser and the third laser are the same, and the wavelength ranges are 200-1600 nm. The detector group consists of four photomultiplier tubes (PMT) and is used for detecting quantum signal light with single photon magnitude.
The function of the third laser in the receiving end classical communication module is to synchronize and interact with the transmitting end classical communication module. The third laser emits laser light, and then enters the fourth adjustable optical module through the fourth fixed optical module, and finally emits classical signal light with required wavelength.
The second adjustable optical module in the transmitting end classical communication module and the third adjustable optical module in the receiving end classical communication module are the same in structure, and only narrow-band filters are installed in each optical open hole and do not contain attenuation pieces. Since classical communication does not require attenuation of the laser light into single photons.
In the key distribution stage, the wavelength of quantum signal light between the transmitting end quantum communication module and the receiving end quantum communication module is the wavelength corresponding to the minimum quantum error rate QBER, and the wavelength of classical signal light between the transmitting end classical communication module and the receiving end classical communication module is the wavelength corresponding to the second minimum quantum error rate QBER.
Preferably, the first tunable optical module of the transmitting-side quantum communication module and the second tunable optical module of the transmitting-side classical communication module each have 6 to 20 optical openings, preferably 8 to 15 optical openings, and more preferably 8 optical openings.
Narrow-band filters with different wavelengths and attenuation sheets with different attenuation coefficients are installed in each opening of the first adjustable optical module, narrow-band filters with different wavelengths are only installed in each opening of the second adjustable optical module, and the narrow-band filters are used for selecting the wavelengths, namely, monochromatic lasers with corresponding wavelengths can be obtained after white lasers pass through the narrow-band filters. The purpose of the attenuation sheet is to attenuate the photon number of the laser, a predetermined photon number is required for each quantum pulse, the attenuation coefficient of the attenuation sheet in each opening is preset according to the light intensity of each wavelength of the laser, and each pulse is 0.1 photon number after attenuation. The first adjustable optical module outputs quantum signal light with required wavelength through rotation, and the second adjustable optical module transmits and receives classical signal light with required wavelength through rotation.
Preferably, the receiving end classical communication module has 6 to 20 optical openings, preferably 8 to 15 optical openings, and more preferably 8 optical openings, in the receiving end classical communication module and the receiving end quantum communication module, each opening of the third tunable optical module and the fourth tunable optical module is only provided with a narrow-band filter with a different wavelength, the third tunable optical module receives quantum signal light with a specific wavelength by rotation, and the fourth tunable optical module receives and transmits classical signal light with a specific wavelength by rotation.
Only a narrow-band filter is arranged in each optical opening on the second, third and fourth adjustable optical modules. The purpose is to pass only the desired wavelengths, filtering out background light.
The first, second, third and fourth adjustable optics modules are a rotatable disk having a plurality of optical apertures, the disk being fixed to the base and the disk being rotated by servo motors in accordance with instructions from the respective control modules. Each disk has 6-20 optical openings, each opening having a desired optical lens mounted therein.
The invention also provides a method for distributing a key by using the self-adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system, which comprises the following steps:
SS 1: initializing a system, electrifying a transmitting end and a receiving end, and rotating all adjustable optical modules to a preset wavelength mode, namely to a position corresponding to a default wavelength;
SS 2: in the handshake stage, the classical communication module at the transmitting end sends handshake signals to inform the receiving end to prepare for receiving test signals so as to test the quantum error rate QBER of quantum signals with different wavelengths, and the handshake signals comprise system time and rotation interval time of the adjustable optical module in the test stage;
SS 3: in the testing stage, the transmitting terminal control processing module controls the first adjustable optical module in the transmitting terminal quantum communication module to rotate for 6-20 times according to the set rotating interval time, and respectively sends 6-20 groups of testing signals with different wavelengths. Simultaneously, the receiving end synchronously starts to rotate a fourth adjustable optical module in the receiving end quantum communication module for 6-20 times according to the set rotation time interval, and respectively receives 6-20 groups of test signals;
SS 4: in the wavelength selection stage, a receiving end quantum communication module interacts 6-20 groups of received test signals with a transmitting end classical communication module through the receiving end classical communication module, quantum error rates QBER of the 6-20 groups of test signals with different wavelengths are obtained through calculation of the transmitting end control processing module and the receiving end control processing module, the 6-20 groups of quantum error rates QBER are sequenced from small to large, and the wavelengths corresponding to the two groups of minimum and second-small quantum error rates QBER are selected as working wavelengths of quantum signal light distributed by the underwater wireless quantum key and classic signal light of underwater wireless classical communication;
SS 5: in the wavelength adjusting stage, a transmitting end and a receiving end interact to determine the working wavelengths of quantum signals and classical signals, and then a first adjustable optical module, a second adjustable optical module, a third adjustable optical module and a fourth adjustable optical module in the transmitting end quantum communication module, the transmitting end classical communication module, the receiving end quantum communication module and the receiving end classical module are synchronously rotated by a transmitting end control processing module and a receiving end control processing module respectively;
SS 6: in the key distribution and real-time monitoring stage, the conventional flow of wireless quantum key distribution based on the BB84 protocol is performed: the transmitting end and the receiving end interact in a quantum channel and a credible authenticated classical channel, and the post-processing processes of key distribution, base pairing, error correction, error check and privacy amplification are realized. And in the key distribution process, the transmitting end and the receiving end monitor the change condition of the quantum error rate QBER in real time, the system enters the SS2 stage again when the fluctuation of the quantum error rate QBER of the quantum signal light exceeds a preset threshold, and the system enters the next step when the fluctuation of the quantum error rate QBER does not exceed the preset threshold until the key distribution is finished.
SS 7: and the underwater wireless quantum key distribution process is finished, the transmitting end sends a finishing instruction, and the receiving end enters a standby mode to wait for the next round of handshake signals.
Preferably, the first laser group, the second laser and the third laser output white laser light with a wavelength range of 200-1600nm, and the wavelengths of the narrow-band filters in the first tunable optical module, the second tunable optical module, the third tunable optical module and the fourth tunable optical module are preferably 320.1nm, 336.1nm, 358.1nm, 382.0nm, 393.3nm, 396.8nm, 410.1nm, 430.7nm, 434.0nm, 438.3nm, 466.8nm, 486.1nm, 495.7nm, 516.7nm, 517.2nm, 518.3nm, 527.0nm, 587.5nm, 588.9nm and 589.5nm from the following wavelengths.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the system selects the quantum optical signal with the optimal wavelength and the classical optical signal to carry out underwater wireless quantum key distribution and underwater wireless optical communication according to the real-time change condition of the quantum bit error rate QBER caused by the real-time change of the water channel, thereby reducing the quantum bit error rate QBER of the system and improving the final key generation rate and communication efficiency of the system under the current water channel;
(2) the system has a simple optical structure, does not need to use precise optical devices such as nonlinear crystals and the like, so that the influence of the change of the environmental temperature on the system is small, the stability of the whole system is good, and the robustness of the system is improved;
(3) the wavelength of the narrow-band filter in the Adjustable Optical Module (AOM) is selected from the wavelength in Fraunhofer dark line spectrum, so that the influence of sunlight and background light on the system can be greatly reduced in work;
(4) the system is applicable to wider working water areas, such as water areas with unclear boundaries of seawater and fresh water at sea mouths; deep sea, water areas with more undercurrents and turbulences of water body conditions are not yet detected. The system can automatically switch the optimal working wavelength according to the change of the real-time water channel so as to adapt to the work of a complex water area.
(5) The long-time work is supported, the work can not be suspended due to the complex change of the water channel, and the wavelength of the quantum signal light and the classical signal light can not be changed and debugged again according to the change of the water channel after the communication equipment is fished manually. The working efficiency and the cruising ability of underwater wireless quantum key distribution are improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a system framework diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a diagram of a quantum communication module at an emitting end of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a device diagram of an emitting terminal quantum communication module of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical filter and an attenuation sheet in the emission end tunable optical module according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram of an adjustable optical module according to the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a simplified diagram of a classical communication module of a transmitting end of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a device diagram of a classic communication module of the transmitting terminal of the invention.
Fig. 8 is a diagram of a receiving end quantum communication module according to the present invention.
Fig. 9 is a diagram of a receiving-end quantum communication module device according to the invention.
Fig. 10 is a block diagram of a classical communication module at the receiving end of the present invention.
Fig. 11 is a diagram of a device of a receiving-end classical communication module of the invention.
Fig. 12 is a communication relationship diagram of the transmitting terminal quantum communication module and the receiving terminal quantum communication module according to the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a transmitting terminal quantum communication module; 2. a transmitting end classical communication module; 3. the transmitting terminal controls the processing module;
101. a laser module; 102. an optical module; 1021. an optical filter; 1022. an attenuation sheet; 11. a receiving end quantum communication module; 22. a receiving end classical communication module; 33. the receiving end controls the processing module; 111. a detector group; 112. an optical module.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, an adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system includes a transmitting end and a receiving end. On the basis of a BB84 communication protocol, the transmitting end and the receiving end interact in real time, and quantum optical signals with different wavelengths and classical optical signals are generated through an adjustable optical module according to the change condition of a quantum error rate QBER caused by the real-time change of a channel to perform underwater wireless quantum key distribution and underwater wireless classical optical communication. The transmitting terminal comprises a transmitting terminal quantum communication module 1, a transmitting terminal classical communication module 2 and a transmitting terminal control processing module 3, wherein the transmitting terminal quantum communication module 1 is connected with the transmitting terminal control processing module 3, and the transmitting terminal classical communication module 2 is connected with the transmitting terminal control processing module 3.
1. Transmitting terminal quantum communication module
Referring to fig. 2 and 3, the transmitting-end quantum communication module 1 includes a laser module 101 and an optical module 102. The transmitting terminal quantum communication module 1 is connected with the transmitting terminal control processing module 3, and the transmitting terminal control processing module 3 is responsible for modulating the first laser group and controlling the first adjustable optical module in the optical module to rotate, and outputting the quantum signal light with the specified wavelength.
1) Laser module
The laser module comprises a first laser group, the first laser group adopts four white light lasers with the same parameters, the wavelength output range of the white light lasers is 200nm-1600nm, and the power is stable.
2) Optical module
The optics module includes a first fixed optics module and a first Adjustable Optics Module (AOM).
The first fixed optical module employs the BB84 protocol and includes a glan prism Polarizer (POL), an attenuator plate (ATT), a half-wave plate (HWP), a polarization dependent beam splitter Prism (PBS), and a polarization independent beam splitter prism (BS).
The first Adjustable Optical Module (AOM) is controlled by the emitting end control processing module 3, and is a turntable capable of rotating 360 degrees, the turntable is fixed on the base, 8 optical openings are formed in the turntable, and required optical lenses are installed in the optical openings.
Because each quantum pulse needs to have a specified photon number, the attenuation coefficient of the attenuation sheet in each opening of the first adjustable optical module in the quantum communication module of the transmitting end is preset according to the light intensity of each wavelength of the first laser group and the photon number after passing through the narrow-band filter, and finally, each pulse of the quantum signal light after passing through the first adjustable optical module contains 0.1 photon number.
The first tunable optical module is used for finally emitting quantum signal light with required wavelength.
2. Transmitting terminal classical communication module
Referring to fig. 1, 6 and 7, a transmitting-end classical communication module 2 is composed of a laser module, a detector module and an optical module. The transmitting end classical communication module 2 is connected with the transmitting end control processing module 3 and is responsible for modulation of the second laser, and the transmitting end control processing module 3 is also responsible for rotation of the second adjustable optical module, work and signal processing of the first detector APD, and control of synchronization and interaction of the receiving end and the transmitting end.
1) Laser module
The laser module comprises a second laser, a white light laser is adopted, parameters of the white light laser are consistent with those of the lasers in the first laser group in the transmitting terminal quantum communication module, the wavelength output range of the white light laser is 200nm-1600nm, the power is stable, and the white light laser is controlled by the transmitting terminal control processing module 3.
2) Detector module
The detector module is composed of a first detector APD, wherein the first detector APD is an avalanche diode detector, and the wavelength range of detection of the first detector APD is from 300nm to 600 nm. And the first detector APD is connected with the transmitting terminal control processing module 3, converts the received optical signal into an electric signal, transmits the electric signal to the transmitting terminal control processing module 3, and performs data processing and control by the transmitting terminal control processing module 3.
3) Optical module
The optical module is composed of a fixed optical module and a second adjustable optical module, the fixed optical module is mainly composed of a polarization-independent beam splitter prism (BS) and a reflector (MR), and the fixed optical module is used for directly emitting white laser emitted by a second laser into the second Adjustable Optical Module (AOM), emitting classical signal light with required wavelength through the second adjustable optical module, and introducing the classical signal light received by the second adjustable optical module from a receiving end classical communication module into a first detector APD. The second Adjustable Optical Module (AOM) has 8 optical openings, each of which is equipped with a narrow-band filter with the same wavelength as that of the first Adjustable Optical Module (AOM) and is used for transmitting and receiving classical signal light with required wavelength.
3. Transmitting terminal control processing module
The transmitting terminal control processing module controls the work and modulation of a first laser group and a second laser in the transmitting terminal quantum communication module 1 and the transmitting terminal classical communication module 2; and the first and second adjustable optical modules in the transmitting terminal classical communication module 2 and the transmitting terminal quantum communication module 1 are controlled to select the wavelengths of the quantum signal light and the classical signal light of underwater wireless quantum key distribution and underwater wireless classical optical communication according to the quantum bit error rate QBER. The operation of the first detector APD in the transmitting end classical communication module 2 is controlled and its signal is processed.
The transmitting terminal control processing module 3 is used for controlling cooperative work and data processing among all modules of the transmitting terminal, calculating the quantum error rate QBER of quantum signals with all wavelengths, selecting the optimal wavelength of quantum signal light and classical signal light, and controlling the transmitting terminal classical communication module 2 and the receiving terminal classical communication module to carry out synchronization and real-time interaction.
The receiving end comprises a receiving end quantum communication module 11, a receiving end classical communication module 22 and a receiving end control processing module 33, wherein the receiving end quantum communication module 11 is connected with the receiving end control processing module 33, and the receiving end classical communication module 22 is connected with the receiving end control processing module 33.
4. Receiving end quantum communication module
Referring to fig. 1, 8 and 9, the receiving-end quantum communication module 11 includes a detector module 111 and an optical module 112. The receiving end quantum communication module 11 is connected to the receiving end control processing module 33, and the receiving end control processing module 33 is responsible for controlling the detector module 111 to work, processing data thereof, and controlling the rotation of the third adjustable optical module.
1) Optical module
The optics module includes a third fixed optics module and a third Adjustable Optics Module (AOM).
The third fixed optical module adopts BB84 protocol, and is composed of half-wave plate (HWP), polarization dependent beam splitter Prism (PBS) and polarization independent beam splitter prism (BS).
The third Adjustable Optical Module (AOM) is controlled by the receiving end control processing module 33 and keeps synchronous with the rotation of the first Adjustable Optical Module (AOM) in the transmitting end quantum communication module 1. And 1 narrow-band filter with the same wavelength as that in the first optical module is respectively arranged in 8 openings of the third Adjustable Optical Module (AOM) and is used for receiving quantum signal light with the required wavelength.
2) Detector module
The detector module consists of 4 photomultiplier tubes (PMT) with detection wavelength ranging from 300nm to 600 nm. The photomultiplier tube (PMT) receives the linearly polarized quantum signal light split by the polarization independent Beam Splitter (BS) and the polarization dependent beam splitter (PBS), converts the light signal into an electrical signal, transmits the electrical signal to the receiving end control processing module 22, and performs corresponding data processing and control by the receiving end control processing module.
5. Receiving end classical communication module
Referring to fig. 10 and 11, the receiving-side classical communication module 22 includes a laser module, a detector module, and an optical module. A third laser, a detector, and an optical module. The receive side classical communication module 22 is connected to a receive side control processing module 33. The receiving end control processing module 33 is responsible for modulation of the third laser, wavelength selection of the fourth adjustable optical module, work and signal processing of the detector APD, an underwater wireless post-processing process and work of classical communication and interaction with the receiving end.
1) Laser module
The laser module comprises a white light laser, the parameters of the white light laser are consistent with those of the lasers in the first laser group, the wavelength output range of the white light laser is 200nm-1600nm, and the power is stable. Controlled by the receiving end control processing module 33;
2) detector module
The detector module comprises a second detector APD, wherein the second detector APD is an Avalanche Photodiode Detector (APD), and the wavelength range detected by the second detector APD is from 300nm to 600 nm. The detector is connected with the receiving end control processing module 33, converts the received optical signal into an electric signal, transmits the electric signal to the receiving end control processing module 33, and performs corresponding data processing and control by the receiving end control processing module 33;
3) optical module
The optical module is composed of a fourth fixed optical module and a fourth Adjustable Optical Module (AOM), wherein the fixed optical module is mainly composed of a polarization-independent beam splitter prism (BS) and a reflector (MR). The function of the optical fiber laser is to directly emit white laser light emitted by the third laser into the fourth Adjustable Optical Module (AOM), emit classical signal light with required wavelength through the fourth Adjustable Optical Module (AOM), and introduce the classical signal light received by the fourth adjustable optical module and transmitted from the transmitting end classical communication module into the APD of the second detector. The fourth Adjustable Optical Module (AOM) has 8 optical openings, and 1 narrow-band filter with the same wavelength corresponding to the second optical module is installed in each optical opening and is used for emitting and receiving classical signal light with the required wavelength.
The narrow-band filters suitable for the following wavelengths are selectively installed in 8 optical openings of the first adjustable optical module, the second adjustable optical module, the third adjustable optical module and the fourth adjustable optical module: 438.3nm, 466.8nm, 486.1nm, 495.7nm, 517.2nm, 518.3nm, 527.0nm and 546.0 nm. It should be noted that these 8 wavelengths are selected from the fraunhofer dark line spectrum, which helps to reduce the ambient noise caused by ambient light.
As shown in fig. 12, a communication relationship diagram of the transmitting-end quantum communication module 1 and the receiving-end quantum communication module 11 is shown. The light of 4 lasers Laser1, Laser2, Laser3 and Laser4 is firstly attenuated by a primary optical filter (ATT), the attenuation is in a proper proportion, the proportionality coefficient is determined by the number of original photons, the light respectively enters a Glan prism Polarizer (POL) to respectively generate four paths of linearly polarized light of horizontal, vertical, horizontal and vertical, then the linearly polarized light of Laser1 and Laser2 and the linearly polarized light of Laser3 and Laser4 are respectively subjected to primary beam combination, and each path of horizontal polarization and each path of vertical polarization enter a Polarization Beam Splitter (PBS) to respectively form a group. The linear polarization light of Lsaser1 and Lsaser2 is rotated into 45-degree and 135-degree linear polarization light through a half-wave plate (HWP), enters a polarization-independent beam splitter prism (BS), the other group of linear polarization light directly enters the polarization-independent beam splitter prism (BS), and finally passes through an emission-end adjustable optical module (AOM-S) provided with a narrow-band optical filter and an attenuator to become quantum signal light with specific wavelength, and each light pulse contains 0.1 photon and enters a water channel.
The receiving end passes through the receiving end adjustable optical module (AOM-R), and the wavelength of the narrow-band filter arranged in the optical opening of the adjustable optical module (AOM-R) is consistent with that of the narrow-band filter of the transmitting end adjustable optical module (AOM-s). The quantum signal light is firstly averagely divided into two paths by a polarization-independent beam splitter prism (BS). One path of light is rotated by 45 degrees through a half-wave plate (HWP) to become horizontal or vertical linearly polarized light, and then enters a polarization-dependent beam splitter Prism (PBS), the horizontal linearly polarized light is reflected to enter the PMT1, the vertical linearly polarized light is projected to enter the PMT2, the other path of light directly passes through the polarization-dependent beam splitter Prism (PBS), the horizontal linearly polarized light is reflected to enter the PMT3, and the vertical linearly polarized light is projected to enter the PMT 4.
The invention discloses a self-adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution method, which comprises the following steps:
SS 1: initializing a system, electrifying a transmitting end and a receiving end, and rotating all adjustable optical modules to a preset wavelength mode (namely rotating to a position corresponding to a default wavelength);
SS 2: in the handshake stage, the classical communication module of the transmitting terminal sends handshake signals to inform the receiving terminal to prepare for receiving test signals so as to test the quantum error rate QBER of quantum signals with different wavelengths. The handshake signals comprise system time and rotation interval time of the adjustable optical module in a test stage;
SS 3: in the testing stage, the transmitting terminal control processing module 3 controls the first adjustable optical module in the transmitting terminal quantum communication module 1 to rotate 8 times according to the set rotation interval time, and respectively sends 8 groups of testing signals with different wavelengths. Meanwhile, the receiving end rotates the fourth adjustable optical module in the receiving end quantum communication module 11 and the adjustable optical module in the transmitting end quantum communication module 1 synchronously according to the set rotation time interval, rotates 8 times and respectively receives 8 groups of test signals;
narrow band filters suitable for the following wavelengths were selected: 438.3nm, 466.8nm, 486.1nm, 495.7nm, 517.2nm, 518.3nm, 527.0nm and 546.0 nm;
SS 4: in the wavelength selection stage, the receiving end quantum communication module 11 interacts 8 groups of received test signals with the transmitting end classical communication module 2 through the receiving end classical communication module 22, obtains the quantum error rates QBER of 8 groups of test signals with different wavelengths through calculation of the transmitting end control processing module 3 and the receiving end control processing module 33, sorts the 8 groups of quantum error rates QBER from small to large, and selects the wavelengths corresponding to the two groups of minimum and second-smallest quantum error rates QBER as the working wavelengths of the quantum signal light distributed by the underwater wireless quantum key and the classical signal light of the underwater wireless classical communication;
SS 5: and in the wavelength adjusting stage, the transmitting end and the receiving end interact to determine the working wavelengths of the quantum signals and the classical signals. Then, a transmitting end quantum communication module 1, a transmitting end classical communication module 2, a receiving end quantum communication module 11 and a first adjustable optical module, a second adjustable optical module, a third adjustable optical module and a fourth adjustable optical module in a receiving end classical module 22 are synchronously rotated by a transmitting end control processing module 3 and a receiving end control processing module 33 respectively, wherein the first adjustable optical module and the third adjustable optical module rotate to the hole opening positions corresponding to the optical wavelength of the quantum signal, and the second adjustable optical module and the fourth adjustable optical module rotate to the hole opening positions corresponding to the optical wavelength of the classical signal;
SS 6: in the key distribution and real-time monitoring stage, the conventional flow of wireless quantum key distribution based on the BB84 protocol is performed: the transmitting end and the receiving end interact in a quantum channel and a credible authenticated classical channel, and the post-processing processes of key distribution, base pairing, error correction, error check and privacy amplification are realized. In the key distribution process, the transmitting end and the receiving end monitor the change condition of the quantum error rate QBER in real time, the fluctuation of the quantum error rate QBER of the quantum signal light exceeds a preset threshold value, and the system enters the SS2 stage again. If the fluctuation of the quantum error rate QBER does not exceed the preset threshold value, entering the next step until the key distribution is finished;
SS7 underwater wireless quantum key distribution process is finished, the transmitting end sends a finishing instruction, and the receiving end enters a standby mode to wait for the next round of handshake signals.
And finally completing underwater wireless quantum key distribution through the steps. The signal light wavelength of the whole system is selected from Fraunhofer dark line spectrum, and the interference of underwater environment light to the system can be effectively reduced.
The invention adapts to the change of the underwater channel in real time through the research, improves the distribution efficiency of the underwater wireless quantum key, reduces the bit error rate, improves the transmission distance and the final key generation rate, enlarges the water area application range of the underwater wireless key distribution, and can realize the optimal key generation rate and communication rate in any water area.
The invention can automatically adjust the working signal light wavelength of the system based on the error rate real-time change condition of the water channels of different water bodies or the water channel of the same water body, so as to adapt to the change of the water channels in real time, reduce the error rate and finally realize the maximum key generation rate of the underwater wireless quantum key distribution system.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. An adaptive multi-band underwater wireless quantum key distribution system, comprising: a transmitting end and a receiving end; on the basis of a BB84 communication protocol, the transmitting end and the receiving end interact in real time, and quantum optical signals with different wavelengths and classical optical signals are generated through an adjustable optical module according to the change condition of a quantum error rate QBER caused by the real-time change of a channel to perform underwater wireless quantum key distribution and underwater wireless classical optical communication.
2. The adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system of claim 1, wherein: the transmitting terminal comprises a transmitting terminal quantum communication module (1), a transmitting terminal classical communication module (2) and a transmitting terminal control processing module (3); the transmitting terminal quantum communication module (1) is connected with the transmitting terminal control processing module (3), and the transmitting terminal classical communication module (2) is connected with the transmitting terminal control processing module (3).
3. The adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system of claim 1, wherein: the receiving end comprises a receiving end quantum communication module (11), a receiving end classical communication module (22) and a receiving end control processing module (33); the receiving end quantum communication module (11) is connected with the receiving end control processing module (33), and the receiving end classical communication module (22) is connected with the receiving end control processing module (33).
4. The adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system according to claim 1, wherein a calculation formula of a Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) is as follows:
wherein P represents the polarization ratio of the polarizer, A represents the receiving area of the detector (if the telescope is present, i.e. the receiving area of the telescope), idc represents the dark count of the detector, L represents the ambient light irradiance spectral density, Δ t' represents the gate-on time of the single-photon detector, Δ t represents the bit period, Ω is the solid angle of the field angle, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, η is the detector efficiency, χcIs the attenuation coefficient, r is the transmission distance, λ is the signal light wavelength, Δ λ is the spectral width, μ is the average number of pulsed photons emitted by the emitting end.
5. The adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system of claim 2, wherein: the transmitting terminal quantum communication module (1) comprises a laser module (101) and an optical module (102), the laser module (101) comprises a first laser group, the laser module (101) comprises four white light lasers, the optical module (102) comprises a first fixed optical module and a first adjustable optical module, the transmitting terminal classical communication module (2) comprises a second laser, an optical module and a first detector APD, the optical module comprises a second fixed optical module and a second adjustable optical module, and the transmitting terminal control processing module (3) controls the first laser group, the second laser, the first adjustable optical module, the second adjustable optical module and the first detector APD.
6. The adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system of claim 3, wherein: receiving end quantum communication module (11) are including detector group (111) and optical module (112), detector group (111) are including four photomultiplier PMT, optical module (112) are including the fixed optical module of third and the adjustable optical module of third, receiving end classical communication module (22) are including third laser instrument, second detector APD and optical module, optical module includes the fixed optical module of fourth and the adjustable optical module of fourth, receiving end control processing module (33) control detector group (111), third laser instrument, the adjustable optical module of third and the adjustable optical module of fourth and second detector APD.
7. The adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system of claim 5, wherein: the first adjustable optical module of the transmitting terminal quantum communication module (1) and the second adjustable optical module of the transmitting terminal classical communication module (2) are respectively provided with 6-20 optical open holes, preferably 8-15 optical open holes, more preferably 8 optical open holes, narrow-band filters with different wavelengths and attenuation sheets with different attenuation coefficients are installed in each open hole of the first adjustable optical module, narrow-band filters with different wavelengths are only installed in each open hole of the second adjustable optical module, the first adjustable optical module outputs quantum signal light with required wavelength through rotation, and the second adjustable optical module transmits and receives classical signal light with required wavelength through rotation.
8. The adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system of claim 6, wherein: the receiving end classical communication module (22) comprises a third tunable optical module and a fourth tunable optical module, wherein the fourth tunable optical module comprises 6-20 optical openings, preferably 8-15 optical openings and more preferably 8 optical openings, narrow-band filters with different wavelengths are arranged in the third tunable optical module and the fourth tunable optical module, the third tunable optical module receives quantum signal light with a specific wavelength through rotation, and the fourth tunable optical module receives and transmits classical signal light with a specific wavelength through rotation.
9. A method for distributing a key using the adaptive multiband underwater wireless quantum key distribution system of claims 1-8, characterized by comprising the steps of:
SS 1: initializing a system, electrifying a transmitting end and a receiving end, and rotating all adjustable optical modules to a preset wavelength mode;
SS 2: in the handshake stage, the transmitting end classical communication module (2) sends handshake signals to inform the receiving end to prepare for receiving test signals to test the quantum error rate QBER of quantum signals with different wavelengths, and the handshake signals comprise system time and rotation interval time of the adjustable optical module in the test stage;
SS 3: in the testing stage, the transmitting end control processing module (3) controls the first adjustable optical module in the transmitting end quantum communication module (1) to rotate 6-20 times according to the set rotation interval time, and respectively sends 6-20 groups of testing signals with different wavelengths, and meanwhile, the receiving end synchronously starts to rotate the fourth adjustable optical module in the receiving end quantum communication module (11) 6-20 times according to the set rotation interval to respectively receive 6-20 groups of testing signals;
SS 4: in the wavelength selection stage, a receiving end quantum communication module (11) interacts 6-20 groups of received test signals with a transmitting end classical communication module (2) through a receiving end classical communication module (22), the quantum error rates QBER of 6-20 groups of test signals with different wavelengths are obtained through calculation of a transmitting end control processing module (3) and a receiving end control processing module (33), the 6-20 groups of quantum error rates QBER are sequenced from small to large, and the wavelengths corresponding to two groups of minimum and second-minimum quantum error rates QBER are selected as the working wavelengths of quantum signal light distributed by the underwater wireless quantum key and the working wavelengths of the classical signal light of the underwater wireless classical communication;
SS 5: in the wavelength adjusting stage, a transmitting end and a receiving end interact to determine the working wavelengths of quantum signals and classical signals, and then a transmitting end control processing module (3) and a receiving end control processing module (33) synchronously rotate a first adjustable optical module, a second adjustable optical module, a third adjustable optical module and a fourth adjustable optical module in the transmitting end quantum communication module (1), the transmitting end classical communication module (2), the receiving end quantum communication module (11) and the receiving end classical module (22), respectively, wherein the first adjustable optical module and the third adjustable optical module rotate to the hole opening positions corresponding to the optical wavelength of the quantum signals, and the second adjustable optical module and the fourth adjustable optical module rotate to the hole opening positions corresponding to the optical wavelength of the classical signals;
SS 6: in the key distribution and real-time monitoring stage, a conventional flow of wireless quantum key distribution based on a BB84 protocol is carried out, a transmitting end and a receiving end interact in a quantum channel and a credible and authenticated classical channel to realize the post-processing processes of key distribution, base pairing, error correction, error check and privacy amplification, and in the key distribution process, the transmitting end and the receiving end monitor the change condition of a quantum error rate QBER in real time, the fluctuation of the quantum error rate QBER of quantum signal light exceeds a preset threshold, the system enters an SS2 stage again, and if the fluctuation of the quantum error rate QBER does not exceed the preset threshold, the next step is carried out until the key distribution is finished;
SS 7: and the underwater wireless quantum key distribution process is finished, the transmitting end sends a finishing instruction, and the receiving end enters a standby mode to wait for the next round of handshake signals.
10. The method of distributing keys of claim 9, wherein: the first laser group, the second laser and the third laser output white laser with the wavelength range of 200-1600nm, and the wavelengths of the narrow-band filters in the first adjustable optical module, the second adjustable optical module, the third adjustable optical module and the fourth adjustable optical module are selected from one of 320.1nm, 336.1nm, 358.1nm, 382.0nm, 393.3nm, 396.8nm, 410.1nm, 430.7nm, 434.0nm, 438.3nm, 466.8nm, 486.1nm, 495.7nm, 516.7nm, 517.2nm, 518.3nm, 527.0nm, 587.5nm, 588.9nm and 589.5 nm.
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