CN111721974A - Method and device for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection - Google Patents
Method and device for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection Download PDFInfo
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- CN111721974A CN111721974A CN202010406087.8A CN202010406087A CN111721974A CN 111721974 A CN111721974 A CN 111721974A CN 202010406087 A CN202010406087 A CN 202010406087A CN 111721974 A CN111721974 A CN 111721974A
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q60/00—Particular types of SPM [Scanning Probe Microscopy] or microscopes; Essential components thereof
- G01Q60/10—STM [Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy] or apparatus therefor, e.g. STM probes
- G01Q60/14—STP [Scanning Tunnelling Potentiometry]
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a device for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection, wherein the method comprises the following steps: after triggering a first laser to emit a first laser pulse and a second laser to emit a second laser pulse based on an electric pulse, adjusting the delay time between the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse; editing the waveform of the electric pulse to modulate the delay time; the combined beam collimates the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse and irradiates an object to be detected; detecting a tunneling current signal of the irradiated object to be detected; and extracting a signal related to the delay time in the tunneling current signal. The invention ensures that the average power of the laser is constant in unit time while realizing signal modulation, thereby eliminating the influence of thermal effect on the scanning tunnel microscope, realizing the combination of laser pumping detection technology and scanning tunnel microscope technology, and simultaneously obtaining the spatial resolution of atomic level and the time resolution of nanosecond scale.
Description
Technical Field
The present specification relates to the field of detection, and in particular, to a method and apparatus for implementing atomic scale laser pumping detection.
Background
The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) utilizes the principle of quantum Tunneling, and can obtain spatial resolution of atomic scale through Tunneling current, thereby having great significance and wide application prospect in research in the fields of surface science, material science, life science and the like. However, because the signal source (tunneling current) of the STM needs to be extracted after passing through the electrical amplifier, the time resolution of the STM is limited by the bandwidth of an external circuit, and can only reach microsecond level at present.
The time resolution of pump-probe technology in optics depends on the laser pulse width, and ultra-high time resolution can be achieved by using ultra-short laser pulses, but the spatial resolution of the technology depends on the spot diameter, and the technology is far from reaching the atomic level due to the limit of diffraction limit. By combining the laser pump-probe technology with the STM, carrier kinetic signals are extracted from tunneling currents, the time resolution of the STM can be greatly improved in principle, and the atomic-level spatial resolution and the nanosecond-scale time resolution can be obtained in real time. However, the thermal effect of the laser can greatly interfere with the tunneling current, which is the biggest challenge of combining the two technologies, and in addition, the laser-induced tunneling current is high-order and small compared with the background current, and the signal-to-noise ratio needs to be improved by means of a weak signal extraction method.
Disclosure of Invention
An object of the embodiments of the present disclosure is to provide a method and an apparatus for implementing atomic scale laser pumping detection, so as to eliminate the influence of thermal effect on the scanning tunneling microscope technology, implement the combination of the laser pumping detection technology and the scanning tunneling microscope technology, obtain the spatial resolution at the atomic level and the temporal resolution at the nanosecond level at the same time, and greatly improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the laser-induced tunneling current by using the lock-in amplification technology.
To achieve the above object, in one aspect, an embodiment of the present specification provides a method for implementing atomic scale laser pumping detection, including:
after triggering a first laser to emit a first laser pulse and a second laser to emit a second laser pulse based on an electric pulse, adjusting the delay time between the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse;
editing the waveform of the electric pulse to modulate the delay time;
the combined beam collimates the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse and irradiates an object to be detected;
detecting a tunneling current signal of the irradiated object to be detected;
and extracting a weak signal related to the delay time in the tunneling current signal.
On the other hand, this specification embodiment also provides an apparatus for implementing atomic scale laser pumping detection, including:
the delay time adjusting module is used for adjusting the delay time between the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse after triggering the first laser to emit the first laser pulse and the second laser to emit the second laser pulse based on the electric pulse;
the delay time modulation module is used for editing the waveform of the electric pulse to modulate the delay time;
the beam combination collimation module is used for combining and collimating the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse and irradiating an object to be detected;
the tunneling current signal detection module is used for detecting the tunneling current signal of the irradiated object to be detected;
and the signal extraction module is used for extracting a weak signal related to the delay time in the tunneling current signal.
As can be seen from the technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present specification, the embodiments of the present specification can ensure that the average power of laser is constant in unit time while realizing signal modulation, so that the influence of thermal effect on the scanning tunneling microscope can be eliminated, the combination of the laser pumping detection technology and the scanning tunneling microscope technology is realized, the spatial resolution at the atomic level and the temporal resolution at the nanosecond scale can be obtained simultaneously, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the laser induced tunneling current can be greatly improved by using the phase-locked amplification technology.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a method of implementing atomic scale laser pump detection in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
Fig. 2 is a block diagram of an apparatus for implementing atomic scale laser pumping detection according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of delay time modulation in some embodiments of the present disclosure.
Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating output values of a lock-in amplifier under different delay time modulation according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solutions in the present specification, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present specification will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present specification, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present specification, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art based on the embodiments in the present specification without any inventive step should fall within the scope of protection of the present specification.
As shown in fig. 1, some embodiments of the present description provide a method for implementing atomic scale laser pumping detection, the method comprising the steps of:
s102, after triggering a first laser to emit a first laser pulse and a second laser to emit a second laser pulse based on the electric pulse, adjusting the delay time between the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse;
s104, editing the waveform modulation delay time of the electric pulse;
s106, combining the beams, collimating the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse and irradiating an object to be detected;
s108, detecting a tunneling current signal of the irradiated object to be detected;
and S110, extracting a weak signal related to delay time in the tunneling current signal.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first laser is triggered based on a first electrical pulse of the pulse delay, the second laser is triggered based on a second electrical pulse of the waveform generator, and the waveform of the second electrical pulse of the waveform generator is edited and then a square wave modulation delay time is applied, wherein the pulse delay is synchronized with the waveform generator, i.e., both are in the same reference clock. It should be noted that there are many ways in which the delay can be implemented in addition to the pulse delay, and the pulse delay circuit is a circuit that can delay the pulse signal for a certain time. The pulse signal can be delayed by a plurality of methods, and besides the method can be realized by an electronic circuit, a cable, an artificial line, an ultrasonic delay line, a charge coupled device and the like can also be used for delaying the pulse signal. The waveform generator modulates the delay time by outputting a specific electric pulse waveform sequence, applying square waves and triggering the laser so as to modulate the laser pulse delay time.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, in conjunction with fig. 3, the first electrical pulse and the second electrical pulse are repeated at a frequency F (up to 10Khz-100Khz) and the delay time modulation is performed at a frequency F0(e.g., 300hz) with a period T0at-T0In the half period of 2 to 0, the delay time of modulation is 0 and is between 0 and T0And within/2 half period, the delay time of the modulation is delta t, wherein the delta t can be edited into any value in the period corresponding to the repetition frequency F. The delay time varies based on a function f (t) which performs square wave oscillations between 0 and Δ t.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, with reference to fig. 4, the tunneling current is obtained based on a scanning tunneling microscope, the tunneling current is used as a source signal, and the lock-in amplifier is used to reference a modulated square wave frequency F0The current signal comprising the carrier dynamics signal in function f (t) is extracted. The specific explanation is as follows: the tunneling current is used as a source signal, a square wave signal with the same frequency as the delay time change is input into the lock-in amplifier to serve as a reference signal, and the change Iph of the tunneling current caused by light excitation can be extracted. As shown in fig. 4(a), the image of the tunneling current shows the spatial information of the atomic scale, and as shown in fig. 4(c), when Δ t → 0, f (t) is set, the output of the lock-in amplifier is dIph/dt according to taylor expansion under the first order approximation, and iph (t) containing the carrier kinetic signal can be obtained after integration. As shown in fig. 4(b), when Δ t → ∞ is set (i.e., when Δ t is much larger than the kinetic process of detection, it is considered to be ∞), the lock-in amplifier output is Iph (∞) -Iph (t1) at an arbitrary time t1, and since Iph (∞) is a constant value, Iph (t) can be directly obtained. From the test results, the technology solves the problem of laser heatThe interference of the effect can realize nanosecond dynamic process detection on the atomic scale, and has high signal-to-noise ratio by means of a phase-locked amplification technology.
In some embodiments of the present description, the first laser comprises a Q-switched laser and the second laser comprises a Q-switched laser having a Q-switched modulator disposed within a resonant cavity of the Q-switched laser. The first laser and the second laser comprise nanosecond lasers or picosecond lasers. Q-switched nanosecond laser adds a Q-switch modulator within the resonator to store energy in the resonator and release it when needed, thereby generating pulses in excess of the input current power. Therefore, compared with a laser with an external modulator, the Q-switch laser has higher efficiency and obtains larger single pulse energy. In addition, in some other embodiments, based on the scheme of the embodiment of the invention, the nanosecond laser is only required to be replaced by the picosecond laser, and thus the picosecond-level time resolution can be obtained.
As shown in fig. 2, some embodiments of the present disclosure further provide an apparatus for implementing atomic scale laser pumping detection, the apparatus including:
the delay time adjusting module 201 is configured to adjust a delay time between a first laser pulse and a second laser pulse after triggering the first laser to emit the first laser pulse and the second laser to emit the second laser pulse based on the electrical pulse;
a delay time modulation module 202 for editing the waveform modulation delay time of the electrical pulse;
a beam combination collimation module 203, configured to combine and collimate the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse and irradiate an object to be detected;
a tunneling current signal detection module 204, configured to detect a tunneling current signal of the irradiated object to be detected;
and a signal extraction module 205, configured to extract a signal related to the delay time from the tunneling current signal.
In some embodiments of the present description, the delay time adjustment module includes a pulse delayer; a delay time modulation module including a waveform generator; first electric pulse based on pulse delayerTriggering the first laser, triggering the second laser based on the second electric pulse of the waveform generator, editing the waveform of the second electric pulse of the waveform generator, and applying square wave modulation delay time. The beam combination collimation module comprises a polarizer, a beam splitter, a filter, a half-wave plate and a prism which are connected in a preset order; the tunneling current signal detection module comprises a scanning tunneling microscope, and the scanning tunneling microscope acquires tunneling current; the signal extraction module takes the tunneling current as a source signal, and the phase-locked amplifier refers to the modulated square wave frequency F0The current signal comprising the carrier dynamics signal in function f (t) is extracted.
In an actual application environment, the hardware of the embodiment of the present invention mainly includes three parts, a laser unit (the laser unit includes two nanosecond pulse lasers and their electrical trigger units, one pulse delayer responsible for adjusting delay time, and the other waveform generator for modulating delay time, and the pulse delayer is synchronous with the waveform generator, i.e. the two are in the same reference clock.), an STM unit (the scanning tunneling microscope unit includes all functional units for detecting tunneling current), and a signal extraction unit (the signal extraction unit includes a lock-in amplifier and a data acquisition card). After being collimated by the light path combined beam, the two laser pulses irradiate the part of the sample which can be detected by the STM needle point. The phase-locked amplifier extracts a signal related to the laser delay time in the tunneling current according to the frequency modulated by the waveform generator. Due to the adoption of the delay time modulation mode, the thermal effect interference of laser on the STM detection system is eliminated, and weak signals are extracted from a large current and a noise background by virtue of a phase-locked amplifier. The current serving as a signal source ensures the spatial resolution, and the laser pulse width determines the time resolution, so that the technology can realize the detection of the atomic-level nanosecond time scale dynamic process.
While the process flows described above include operations that occur in a particular order, it should be appreciated that the processes may include more or less operations that are performed sequentially or in parallel (e.g., using parallel processors or a multi-threaded environment). The present invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention.
It should also be noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method or device comprising the element.
The embodiments in the present specification are described in a progressive manner, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from the other embodiments. In particular, as for the method embodiment, since it is substantially similar to the apparatus embodiment, the description is simple, and the relevant points can be referred to the partial description of the apparatus embodiment. The above description is only an example of the present specification, and is not intended to limit the present specification. Various modifications and alterations to this description will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present specification should be included in the scope of the claims of the present specification.
Claims (10)
1. A method of implementing atomic scale laser pumping detection, the method comprising:
after triggering a first laser to emit a first laser pulse and a second laser to emit a second laser pulse based on an electric pulse, adjusting the delay time between the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse;
editing the waveform of the electric pulse to modulate the delay time;
the combined beam collimates the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse and irradiates an object to be detected;
detecting a tunneling current signal of the irradiated object to be detected;
and extracting a signal related to the delay time in the tunneling current signal.
2. The method for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection according to claim 1,
after triggering a first laser to emit a first laser pulse and a second laser to emit a second laser pulse based on an electric pulse, adjusting the delay time between the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse, and editing the waveform of the electric pulse to modulate the delay time;
the method specifically comprises the following steps: triggering the first laser based on a first electric pulse of a pulse delayer, triggering the second laser based on a second electric pulse of the waveform generator, and applying square waves to modulate the delay time after editing the waveform of the second electric pulse of the waveform generator.
3. The method for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection according to claim 2,
the waveform of the second electric pulse of the waveform generator is edited and then a square wave is applied to modulate the delay time,
specifically, the first electric pulse and the second electric pulse have a repetition frequency of F, and the delay time modulation has a frequency of F0With a period of T0at-T0In the half period of 2 to 0, the delay time of modulation is 0 and is between 0 and T0And within/2 half period, the delay time of the modulation is delta t.
4. The method for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection according to claim 3,
the delay time varies based on a function f (t) which performs a square wave oscillation between 0 and Δ t.
5. The method for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection according to claim 4,
the extracting a signal related to the delay time in the tunneling current signal,
specifically, the method comprises obtaining the tunneling current based on a scanning tunneling microscope, taking the tunneling current as a source signal, and referencing the modulation square wave frequency F by a lock-in amplifier0And extracting a current signal comprising a carrier dynamics signal in the function f (t).
6. The method for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection according to any of claims 1 to 5,
the first laser comprises a Q-switch laser, the second laser comprises a Q-switch laser, and a Q-switch modulator is arranged in a resonant cavity of the Q-switch laser.
7. The method for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection according to claim 6,
the first laser and the second laser comprise nanosecond lasers or picosecond lasers.
8. A device for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection is characterized by comprising
The delay time adjusting module is used for adjusting the delay time between the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse after triggering the first laser to emit the first laser pulse and the second laser to emit the second laser pulse based on the electric pulse;
the delay time modulation module is used for editing the waveform of the electric pulse to modulate the delay time;
the beam combination collimation module is used for combining and collimating the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse and irradiating an object to be detected;
the tunneling current signal detection module is used for detecting the tunneling current signal of the irradiated object to be detected;
and the signal extraction module is used for extracting a signal related to the delay time in the tunneling current signal.
9. The apparatus for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection according to claim 8,
the delay time adjusting module comprises a pulse delayer;
the delay time modulation module comprises a waveform generator;
triggering the first laser based on a first electric pulse of a pulse delayer, triggering the second laser based on a second electric pulse of the waveform generator, and applying square waves to modulate the delay time after editing the waveform of the second electric pulse of the waveform generator.
10. The apparatus for realizing atomic scale laser pumping detection according to claim 9,
the beam combination collimation module comprises a polarizer, a beam splitter, a filter, a half-wave plate and a prism which are connected in a preset sequence;
the tunneling current signal detection module comprises a scanning tunneling microscope, and the scanning tunneling microscope acquires the tunneling current signal;
the signal extraction module takes the tunneling current signal as a source signal, and the phase-locked amplifier refers to the modulation square wave frequency F0And extracting a current signal comprising a carrier dynamics signal in the function f (t).
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| CN112748260A (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-05-04 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | STM (scanning tunneling microscope) needle tip enhanced spectrum acquisition device and acquisition method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20200929 |