CN111699934A - 毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法 - Google Patents

毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法 Download PDF

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CN111699934A
CN111699934A CN202010619659.0A CN202010619659A CN111699934A CN 111699934 A CN111699934 A CN 111699934A CN 202010619659 A CN202010619659 A CN 202010619659A CN 111699934 A CN111699934 A CN 111699934A
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water
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张�雄
纪晓玲
王雯
王小林
张盼盼
郭亚宁
王富刚
南文智
王秀波
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Yulin University
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Abstract

本发明涉及黄土旱区玉米栽培技术领域，具体涉及一种毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法，选用中晚熟、适宜密植的高抗型品种的纯度≥97.0%、净度≥99.0%、发芽率≥85%，含水量≤13%的包衣种子，采用旋耕、覆膜、播种一体化作业，宽行起低垄覆膜，垄高8 cm，选用宽度为60cm、厚度0.01mm的农用地膜，在膜际5cm处机械穴播，每个种植穴内竖直放置一呈柱形的保水罩，播深3cm‑4cm，保证种植沟内行距为40cm，密度5000‑5500株/亩。本发明可以显著提高水资源利用效率，同时保证玉米的出苗率，较常规半膜平作增产40.2%。

Description

毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法
技术领域
本发明涉及玉米栽培技术领域，具体涉及一种毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法。
背景技术
毛乌素沙地大部分位于栗钙土干草原地带，向西北过渡为棕钙土半荒漠地带，向东南过渡为黄土高原温暖带黑垆土地带，恰处于几个自然地带的过渡地区。因此土壤也表现出这种过渡特点。分布上表现为由东北——西南向排列的水平地带性的变化，即淡栗钙土和棕钙土。南部和东南部黑垆土的分布受局部地形和母质的影响未表现出这种排列的地带规律，而是分布在黄土高原的沙黄土母质上。草原地带的土壤以风沙土为主，地势高处也有黄绵土分布。
近几年，随着种植业结构的不断调整，毛乌素沙地灌区的玉米种植面积已超过20万hm2，地膜使用量巨大，土壤微塑料污染突出。人口的急剧增加、耕作土地的不断扩张，水资源的供需矛盾日渐突出。因此，在农业生产中，如何进行玉米节水高产优质栽培，提高水分利用效率，使少量的地膜投入和有限的水资源发挥最大的经济和生态效益，实现粮食产量、地膜回收率和水资源利用率协同提升是当前迫切需要解决的一个重大问题。
发明内容
为解决上述问题，本发明提供了一种毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法。
为实现上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案为：
毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法，包括如下步骤：
S1、种子选择与处理：选取中晚熟、适宜密植的高抗型品种，纯度≥97.0%、净度≥99.0%、发芽率≥85%，含水量≤13%的包衣种子；
S2、选地、整地施肥：选择土层深厚、结构疏松、排水良好的砂壤土，前茬作物为豆类作物或者禾本科作物，进行3年以上的轮作倒茬，清除前作根茬与残膜,秋翻，深度20～35cm，及时耙耱保墒，或翌年播前深翻，深度20～35cm，耙耱保墒，底施腐熟农家肥2500kg-3000kg/亩，纯N 8kg，P2O5 8-10kg，K2O 10-15kg/亩；
S3、旋耕、覆膜、播种：
4月中下旬，当耕层5cm处地温稳定达到8℃～10℃、土壤含水量15%时即可播种，采用旋耕、覆膜、播种一体化作业，包括1m带型和1.2m带型两种：
（1）1m带型
窄行40㎝，宽行60cm，宽行起低垄覆膜，垄高8cm左右，选用宽度为60cm、厚度0.01mm的农用地膜，在膜际5cm处机械穴播，穴距24cm-27cm，每个种植穴内竖直放置一呈柱形的保水罩，播深3cm-4cm，保证沟内行距为40cm，密度5000-5500株/亩；
（2）1.2m带型：
窄行50㎝，宽行70㎝，宽行起低垄覆膜，垄高8cm左右，选用宽度为70cm、厚度为0.01mm的农用地膜，在膜际5cm处机械穴播，穴距20cm-22cm，每个种植穴内竖直放置一呈柱形的保水罩，播深3cm-4cm，保证沟内行距为50cm，密度5000-5500株/亩；
S4、田间管理 ：
（1）适时定苗
播种后7-10d随时检查出苗情况，及时补苗；幼苗长至3-4叶间苗定苗；
（2）中耕除草
中耕锄草2次，第1次结合间定苗进行浅锄，第2次在玉米拔节期前进行；
（3）适时追肥
追肥2次,分别在玉米拔节期和抽雄期进行, 纯N15kg,拔节期5kg,抽雄期10kg；
（4）病虫害防治
地下害虫严重时，用5%毒死蜱颗粒2公斤/每亩拌细土5-10公斤沟施或用3%辛硫磷颗粒剂3公斤/亩，拌30公斤细干土沟施；
粘虫、玉米螟、红蜘蛛、玉米双斑萤叶甲等，选用4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、14%毒死蜱颗粒剂、20%哒螨灵可湿性粉剂、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂进行喷雾防治；
玉米大小斑病、黑粉病等，在发病初期喷洒50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500倍液、50%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂600倍液、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂800倍液或25%苯菌灵乳油800倍液、农用抗菌素120水剂200倍液，隔10天防一次，连续防治2-3次；
S5、收获：
当苞叶变黄，籽粒尖端出现黑层，并能轻易剥离穗轴时收获。
进一步地，所述保水罩由保水剂、纳米水性粘合剂、长效腐植酸复合肥制备而成。
进一步地，所述保水罩由以下重量份的原料制备而成：
保水剂5-10份、纳米水性粘合剂10-20份、长效腐植酸复合肥3-5份。
进一步地，所述保水罩与种子之间设置4cm左右厚度的土壤层。
本发明具有以下有益效果：
可以显著提高水资源的利用率，同时保证玉米的出苗率，较常规半膜平作增产40.2%。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例中的膜际栽培技术示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。以下实施例将有助于本领域的技术人员进一步理解本发明，但不以任何形式限制本发明。应当指出的是，对本领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出若干变形和改进。这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例
一种毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法，包括如下步骤：
S1、种子选择与处理：选取中晚熟、适宜密植的高抗型品种，纯度≥97.0%、净度≥99.0%、发芽率≥85%，含水量≤13%的包衣种子；
S2、选地、整地施肥：选择土层深厚、结构疏松、排水良好的砂壤土，前茬作物为豆类作物或者禾本科作物，进行3年以上的轮作倒茬，清除前作根茬与残膜,秋翻，深度20～35cm，及时耙耱保墒，或翌年播前深翻，深度20～35cm，耙耱保墒，底施腐熟农家肥2500kg-3000kg/亩，纯N 8kg，P2O5 8-10kg，K2O 10-15kg/亩；
S3、旋耕、覆膜、播种：
4月中下旬，当耕层5cm处地温稳定达到8℃～10℃、土壤含水量15%时即可播种，采用旋耕、覆膜、播种一体化作业，包括1m带型和1.2m带型两种：
（1）1m带型
窄行40㎝，宽行60cm，宽行起低垄覆膜，垄高8-10cm左右，选用宽度为60cm、厚度0.01mm的农用地膜，在膜际5cm处机械穴播，穴距24cm-27cm，每个种植穴内竖直放置一呈柱形的保水罩，播深3cm-4cm，保证沟内行距为40cm，密度5000-5500株/亩；
（2）1.2m带型：
窄行50㎝，宽行70㎝，宽行起低垄覆膜，垄高8-10cm左右，选用宽度为70cm、厚度为0.01mm的农用地膜，在膜际5cm处机械穴播，穴距20cm-22cm，每个种植穴内竖直放置一呈柱形的保水罩，播深3cm-4cm，保证沟内行距为50cm，密度5000-5500株/亩；
S4、田间管理 ：
（1）适时定苗
播种后7-10d随时检查出苗情况，及时补苗；幼苗长至3-4叶时间苗、定苗；
（2）中耕除草
中耕锄草2次，第1次结合间定苗进行浅锄，第2次在玉米拔节期前进行；
（3）适时追肥
追肥2次,分别在玉米拔节期和抽雄期进行, 纯N15kg,拔节期5kg,抽雄期10kg；
（4）病虫害防治
地下害虫严重时，用5%毒死蜱颗粒2kg/每亩拌细土5-10kg沟施或用3%辛硫磷颗粒剂3kg/亩，拌30kg细干土沟施；
粘虫、玉米螟、红蜘蛛、玉米双斑萤叶甲等，选用4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、14%毒死蜱颗粒剂、20%哒螨灵可湿性粉剂、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂进行喷雾防治；
玉米大小斑病、黑粉病等，在发病初期喷洒50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500倍液、50%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂600倍液、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂800倍液或25%苯菌灵乳油800倍液、农用抗菌素120水剂200倍液，隔10天防一次，连续防治2-3次；
S5、收获：
当苞叶变黄，籽粒尖端出现黑层，并能轻易剥离穗轴时收获。
本实施例中，所述保水罩由以下重量份的原料制备而成：
保水剂（丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸盐共聚交联物类保水剂）5-10份、纳米水性粘合剂10-20份、长效腐植酸复合肥（购于山东普金肥料有限公司）3-5份，现配现用，配置时，将保水剂、纳米水性粘合剂、长效腐植酸复合肥按比例混合搅拌均匀后，置于预制的模具内，干燥固化后，即得。
本实施例中，所述保水罩与种子之间设置4cm左右厚度的土壤层，保水罩厚度为1cm左右，外径尺寸与种植穴的大小适配，保税罩的设置可以很好的避免水分和肥料的流失，提高水分和肥料的利用率。
本具体实施可以显著提高水资源的利用率，较常规半膜平作全程用水量减少10.5%左右，同时可以保证玉米的出苗率，较常规半膜平作成熟期提前一周，增产40.2%。
以上对本发明的具体实施例进行了描述。需要理解的是，本发明并不局限于上述特定实施方式，本领域技术人员可以在权利要求的范围内做出各种变化或修改，这并不影响本发明的实质内容。在不冲突的情况下，本申请的实施例和实施例中的特征可以任意相互组合。

Claims (4)

1.毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法，其特征在于：包括如下步骤：
S1、种子选择与处理：选取中晚熟、适宜密植的高抗型品种，纯度≥97.0%、净度≥99.0%、发芽率≥85%，含水量≤13%的包衣种子；
S2、选地、整地施肥：选择土层深厚、结构疏松、排水良好的砂壤土，前茬作物为豆类作物或者禾本科作物，进行3年以上的轮作倒茬，清除前作根茬与残膜,秋翻，深度20～35cm，及时耙耱保墒，或翌年播前深翻，深度20～35cm，耙耱保墒，底施腐熟农家肥2500kg-3000kg/亩，纯N 8kg，P2O5 8-10kg，K2O 10-15kg/亩；
S3、旋耕、覆膜、播种：
4月下旬或五月初，当耕层5cm处地温稳定达到8℃～10℃、土壤含水量15%左右时即可播种，采用旋耕、覆膜、播种一体化作业，包括1m带型和1.2m带型两种：
（1）1m带型
窄行40㎝，宽行60cm，宽行起低垄覆膜，垄高8cm左右，选用宽度为60cm、厚度0.01mm的农用地膜，在膜际5cm处机械穴播，穴距24cm-27cm，每个种植穴内竖直放置一呈柱形的保水罩，播深3cm-4cm，保证种植沟内行距为40cm，密度5000-5500株/亩；
（2）1.2m带型：
窄行50㎝，宽行70㎝，宽行起低垄覆膜，垄高8cm左右，选用宽度为70cm、厚度为0.01mm的农用地膜，在膜际5cm处机械穴播，穴距20cm-22cm，每个种植穴内竖直放置一呈柱形的保水罩，播深3cm-4cm，保证种植沟内行距为50cm，密度5000-5500株/亩；
S4、田间管理 ：
（1）适时定苗
播种后7-10d随时检查出苗情况，及时补苗；幼苗长至3-4叶时间苗、定苗；
（2）中耕除草
中耕锄草2次，第1次结合间定苗进行浅锄，第2次在玉米拔节期前进行；
（3）适时追肥
追肥2次,分别在玉米拔节期和抽雄期进行, 纯N15kg/hm2,拔节期5kg,抽雄期10kg；
（4）病虫害防治
地下害虫严重时，用5%毒死蜱颗粒2kg/每亩拌细土5-10kg沟施或用3%辛硫磷颗粒剂3kg/亩，拌30kg细干土沟施；
粘虫、玉米螟、红蜘蛛、玉米双斑萤叶甲等，选用4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、14%毒死蜱颗粒剂、20%哒螨灵可湿性粉剂、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂进行喷雾防治；
玉米大小斑病、黑粉病等，在发病初期喷洒50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500倍液、50%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂600倍液、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂800倍液或25%苯菌灵乳油800倍液、农用抗菌素120水剂200倍液，隔10天防一次，连续防治2-3次；
S5、收获：
当苞叶变黄，籽粒尖端出现黑层，并能轻易剥离穗轴时收获。
2.如权利要求1所述的毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法，其特征在于：所述保水罩由保水剂、纳米水性粘合剂、长效腐植酸复合肥制备而成。
3.如权利要求2所述的毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法，其特征在于：所述保水罩由以下重量份的原料制备而成：
保水剂5-10份、纳米水性粘合剂10-20份、长效腐植酸复合肥3-5份。
4.如权利要求1所述的毛乌素沙地灌区玉米膜际栽培方法，其特征在于：所述保水罩与种子之间设置4cm厚度的土壤层。
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