CN111694054B - Sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation method and system based on logging curve - Google Patents
Sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation method and system based on logging curve Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation method and system based on logging curve are disclosed. The method comprises the following steps: establishing a porosity and resistivity corrosion response characteristic identification mode of a known corrosion stratum according to the sheet data; judging the corrosion stratum, and calculating the corrosion strength of the tested corrosion stratum; calculating the erosion porosity of the erosion stratum according to the acoustic porosity and the density porosity; calculating the resistivity difference degree of the erosion stratum according to the deep resistivity and the flushing zone resistivity; calculating the corrosion strength of the unknown corrosion stratum according to the corrosion strength, the corrosion porosity and the resistivity difference; and calculating the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum according to the corrosion strength and the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum. According to the invention, by analyzing the relationship between the corrosion strength and the corrosion porosity and the resistivity difference degree, a corrosion strength calculation formula is established, and the sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength is identified and judged by using the logging curve, so that a more accurate basis is provided for the selection of the reservoir engineering process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of oil and gas reservoir development, in particular to a sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation method and system based on a logging curve.
Background
The traditional logging technology considers that the total porosity of a reservoir can be calculated by utilizing a neutron and density logging curve, and the effective porosity can be calculated by utilizing an acoustic logging curve. However, the principle difference of the sandstone reservoir and the sandstone reservoir is utilized to identify whether the sandstone reservoir has the corrosion phenomenon or not, and the mineral corrosion strength of the reservoir is judged through calculation and analysis, so that an effective method is not available at present, the effective method becomes a bottleneck factor for limiting the judgment of whether the reservoir has a sweet spot or not, and the success rate of fracturing construction of the reservoir is not high or an oil-gas reservoir with economic productivity cannot be identified.
At present, the research on the corrosion action and the corrosion strength mainly focuses on geology and hydrology specialties, and the research objects mainly include carbonate rocks and pyroclastic rocks. For example, in order to research the underground corrosion strength of the stone pillar of the stone forest in Yunnan, the multiple researchers put standard corrosion test pieces in the field to quantitatively measure the corrosion strength of different deep soil dissolving pieces at different places, and the average value of the corrosion strength is used as the average underground corrosion strength of the stone forest region; in order to research the corrosion strength of Ordovician carbonate rock in the Hara pond area in North of the Tower, a researcher selects 27 samples with main lithologies at different layers to prepare a standard circular test piece, places the standard circular test piece outdoors for 1 year, and calculates the relative corrosion speed of the samples according to the difference of the front and rear corrosion weights of the test piece, the corrosion speed of pure calcite and the like so as to determine the corrosion strength of different lithologies of the carbonate rock; in order to research the erosion degree of the tufaceous matter in the pyroclastic rock, a researcher measures the erosion degree by experimentally measuring the mass change of a pyroclastic rock sample before and after reaction with a prepared atmospheric water solution; in order to research the karst reaction of the pressure-released water in the Ordos basin and the carbonate rock, researchers respectively react the pressure-released acidic water with different concentrations with dolomite and calcite, and calculate a neutralization capacity index by measuring the PH value before and after an experiment and the mole number of alkaline components so as to quantitatively analyze the karst strength; in order to research the corrosion strength for representing the karst process dynamics, a researcher calculates the corrosion amount according to the Cobel formula by using different water chemistry measuring point data of a red river water flow field and the runoff depth corresponding to each point, analyzes the influence of landform, precipitation and rock solubility on the corrosion amount, and further provides a corrosion strength calculation model by using a mathematical statistics method. The research results of using logging data to research the erosion strength of sandstone reservoirs are not disclosed in any patent and literature.
The traditional porosity calculation formula only calculates the porosity of the reservoir, the calculation and evaluation of erosion porosity caused by water-rock reaction are less, and the strength relation between the conventional logging curve research and the evaluation of the mineral erosion of the tight sandstone reservoir is difficult to see. The strength of mineral corrosion in a sandstone reservoir is closely related to whether the reservoir has economic productivity or not, the distribution relationship of the sandstone reservoir and sweet spots of the reservoir is more rarely discussed in academic circles, and the sandstone reservoir is closely related to perforation and fracturing modification of a compact reservoir, and even influences success or failure of engineering construction. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation method and system based on a logging curve.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation method and system based on a logging curve, which can establish a corrosion strength calculation formula by analyzing the relationship between the corrosion strength and the corrosion porosity and the resistivity difference degree, and can identify and judge the sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength by using the logging curve, thereby providing a more accurate basis for the selection of a reservoir engineering process.
According to one aspect of the invention, a sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation method based on a logging curve is provided. The method may include: establishing a porosity and resistivity corrosion response characteristic identification mode of a known corrosion stratum according to the sheet data; judging an erosion stratum according to the erosion response characteristic identification mode, and calculating the erosion strength of the test erosion stratum according to the test erosion stratum with test data; calculating the erosion porosity of the erosion formation according to the acoustic porosity and the density porosity; calculating the resistivity difference degree of the erosion stratum according to the deep resistivity and the flushing zone resistivity; calculating the erosion strength of the unknown erosion stratum according to the erosion strength of the tested erosion stratum, the erosion porosity and the resistivity difference; and calculating the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum according to the corrosion strength of the unknown corrosion stratum and the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum.
Preferably, the erosion porosity of the eroded formation is calculated by the formula (1):
POR2R＝100*(PORDEN-PORAC)/PORDEN (1)
where POR2R is erosion porosity, PORAC is acoustic porosity, and PORDEN is density porosity.
Preferably, the resistivity variance of the eroded formation is calculated by equation (2):
RD＝lg(RT/RXO) (2)
wherein RD is the resistivity difference, RT is the deep resistivity, and RXO is the rinsing zone resistivity.
Preferably, the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation is calculated by equation (3):
LD＝e-2.9223+0.0417*POR2R+6.8460*RD (3)
wherein LD is the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation.
Preferably, the production of the unknown eroded formation is calculated by equation (4):
OFC＝LD*H (4)
wherein OFC is the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum, and H is the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum.
According to another aspect of the invention, a sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation system based on a logging curve is provided, which is characterized by comprising: a memory storing computer-executable instructions; a processor executing computer executable instructions in the memory to perform the steps of: establishing a porosity and resistivity corrosion response characteristic identification mode of a known corrosion stratum according to the sheet data; judging an erosion stratum according to the erosion response characteristic identification mode, and calculating the erosion strength of the test erosion stratum according to the test erosion stratum with test data; calculating the erosion porosity of the erosion formation according to the acoustic porosity and the density porosity; calculating the resistivity difference degree of the erosion stratum according to the deep resistivity and the flushing zone resistivity; calculating the erosion strength of the unknown erosion stratum according to the erosion strength of the tested erosion stratum, the erosion porosity and the resistivity difference; and calculating the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum according to the corrosion strength of the unknown corrosion stratum and the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum.
Preferably, the erosion porosity of the eroded formation is calculated by the formula (1):
POR2R＝100*(PORDEN-PORAC)/PORDEN (1)
where POR2R is erosion porosity, PORAC is acoustic porosity, and PORDEN is density porosity.
Preferably, the resistivity variance of the eroded formation is calculated by equation (2):
RD＝lg(RT/RXO) (2)
wherein RD is the resistivity difference, RT is the deep resistivity, and RXO is the rinsing zone resistivity.
Preferably, the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation is calculated by equation (3):
LD＝e-2.9223+0.0417*POR2R+6.8460*RD (3)
wherein LD is the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation.
Preferably, the production of the unknown eroded formation is calculated by equation (4):
OFC＝LD*H (4)
wherein OFC is the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum, and H is the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum.
The method and system of the present invention have other features and advantages which will be apparent from or are set forth in detail in the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description, which are incorporated herein, and which together serve to explain certain principles of the invention.
Drawings
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in more detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings, in which like reference numerals generally represent like parts.
Figure 1 shows a flow chart of the steps of a logging curve based sandstone reservoir mineral erosion strength calculation method according to the invention.
FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of eroded stratigraphic sheet data according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic of a porosity, resistivity erosion response feature according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates an intersection of erosion strength and erosion porosity according to one embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 shows a cross plot of erosion strength versus resistivity variance in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While the preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present invention may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
Figure 1 shows a flow chart of the steps of a logging curve based sandstone reservoir mineral erosion strength calculation method according to the invention.
In this embodiment, the method for calculating the mineral erosion strength of the sandstone reservoir based on the logging curve according to the invention can comprise the following steps: step 101, establishing a porosity and resistivity erosion response characteristic identification mode of a known erosion stratum according to slice data; step 102, judging an erosion stratum according to an erosion response characteristic identification mode, and calculating the erosion strength of the tested erosion stratum according to the tested erosion stratum with test data; 103, calculating the erosion porosity of the erosion stratum according to the acoustic porosity and the density porosity; 104, calculating the resistivity difference degree of the erosion stratum according to the deep resistivity and the flushing zone resistivity; 105, calculating the erosion strength of the unknown erosion stratum according to the erosion strength, the erosion porosity and the resistivity difference of the tested erosion stratum; and step 106, calculating the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum according to the corrosion strength of the unknown corrosion stratum and the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum.
In one example, the erosion porosity of the eroded formation is calculated by equation (1):
POR2R＝100*(PORDEN-PORAC)/PORDEN (1)
where POR2R is erosion porosity, PORAC is acoustic porosity, and PORDEN is density porosity.
In one example, the resistivity variance of the eroded formations is calculated by equation (2):
RD＝lg(RT/RXO) (2)
wherein RD is the resistivity difference, RT is the deep resistivity, and RXO is the rinsing zone resistivity.
In one example, the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation is calculated by equation (3):
LD＝e-2.9223+0.0417*POR2R+6.8460*RD (3)
wherein LD is the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation.
In one example, the production of the unknown eroded formation is calculated by equation (4):
OFC＝LD*H (4)
wherein OFC is the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum, and H is the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum.
Specifically, the sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation method based on the logging curve can comprise the following steps:
establishing a porosity and resistivity corrosion response characteristic identification mode of a known corrosion stratum according to sheet information, firstly determining the stratum with the corrosion phenomenon according to the sheet information, namely the known corrosion stratum, analyzing three porosities and three resistivity logging curve logging response characteristics of the known corrosion stratum, and establishing the porosity and resistivity corrosion response characteristic identification mode, namely the density porosity of the known corrosion stratum is greater than the acoustic porosity, the deep resistivity and the resistivity of a flushing zone have obvious amplitude difference, and the porosity curve and the resistivity curve have no violent change.
Judging the erosion stratum according to the erosion response characteristic recognition mode, and calculating the erosion intensity of the test erosion stratum according to the test erosion stratum with test data by a formula (5):
LD(t)＝OFC(t)/H(t) (5)
wherein, LD(t)To test the corrosion strength of the corroded formations, OFC(t)To test the yield of the eroded formation, H(t)To test the thickness of the eroded formation.
Calculating the erosion porosity of the erosion stratum through a formula (1) according to the acoustic porosity and the density porosity; and (3) calculating the resistivity difference degree of the eroded formation through a formula (2) according to the deep resistivity and the flushing zone resistivity.
The erosion porosity and the resistivity difference are related to the erosion strength, and are reflected by the erosion strength. And establishing an intersection graph of the corrosion strength and the corrosion porosity and an intersection graph of the corrosion strength and the resistivity difference, wherein the corrosion strength, the corrosion porosity and the resistivity difference are in positive correlation and have a certain degree of correlation. Therefore, multivariate statistical regression is carried out on the erosion strength, the erosion porosity and the resistivity difference, and the calculation formula for obtaining the erosion strength of the unknown erosion stratum is a formula (3); and (4) calculating the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum according to the corrosion strength of the unknown corrosion stratum and the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum by the formula (4).
The method establishes a corrosion strength calculation formula by analyzing the relationship between the corrosion strength and the corrosion porosity and the resistivity difference, and utilizes the logging curve to identify and judge the sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength, thereby providing more accurate basis for the selection of the reservoir engineering process.
Application example
To facilitate understanding of the solution of the embodiments of the present invention and the effects thereof, a specific application example is given below. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that this example is merely for the purpose of facilitating an understanding of the present invention and that any specific details thereof are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
The sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation method based on the logging curve comprises the following steps:
FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of eroded stratigraphic sheet data according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic of a porosity, resistivity erosion response feature according to an embodiment of the invention.
The slice data of fig. 2 is used to determine the existence of erosion in the formation, and the slice data indicates that the formation is eroded at 2648.26m, which is known to be eroded. And establishing a porosity and resistivity corrosion response characteristic identification mode of the known corrosion stratum according to the corrosion stratum logging response characteristic of the figure 3. As shown in fig. 3, by analyzing the characteristics of the three porosity curve at 2648.26m eroded formation, it was found that the density porosity at the eroded formation was greater than the acoustic porosity because eroded secondary pores were generated when the formation eroded, and the density porosity reflected the total porosity, and the acoustic reflected only the primary porosity, so the density porosity was greater than the acoustic porosity. By analyzing the characteristics of the three resistivity curves at the 2648.26m erosion stratum, the curve of the deep resistivity and the resistivity of the flushing zone at the erosion stratum has amplitude difference, which is caused by that the formation permeability is increased by the erosion secondary holes, so that the difference between the deep resistivity and the resistivity of the flushing zone is increased. By analyzing the characteristics of the three-porosity curve and the three-resistivity curve at the erosion stratum, the fact that neither the porosity curve nor the resistivity curve is changed violently is found out, and the influence of erosion on the stratum is not similar to that of a crack. According to the analysis, the identification characteristics of the corrosion stratum are that the density porosity is larger than the acoustic porosity, the deep resistivity and the flushing zone resistivity have amplitude difference, and the phenomena of drastic change of a porosity curve and a resistivity curve are avoided.
And (3) judging the erosion stratum according to the erosion response characteristic recognition mode, and calculating the erosion strength of the test erosion stratum according to the test erosion stratum with test data through a formula (5).
Calculating the erosion porosity of the erosion stratum through a formula (1) according to the acoustic porosity and the density porosity; and (3) calculating the resistivity difference degree of the eroded formation through a formula (2) according to the deep resistivity and the flushing zone resistivity.
FIG. 4 illustrates an intersection of erosion strength and erosion porosity according to one embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 shows a cross plot of erosion strength versus resistivity variance in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
The erosion porosity and the resistivity difference are related to the erosion strength, and are reflected by the erosion strength. As can be seen from the intersection of the erosion strength and the erosion porosity shown in fig. 4 and the intersection of the erosion strength and the resistivity difference shown in fig. 5, the erosion strength, the erosion porosity and the resistivity difference are all in positive correlation and have a certain degree of correlation. Therefore, multivariate statistical regression is carried out on the erosion strength, the erosion porosity and the resistivity difference, and the calculation formula for obtaining the erosion strength of the unknown erosion stratum is a formula (3); according to the erosion intensity of the unknown erosion stratum and the thickness of the unknown erosion stratum, the yield of the unknown erosion stratum is calculated through the formula (4) and compared with an actual test result, and as shown in the table 1, the calculation results of the unimpeded flow and the erosion intensity are very close to the actual measurement result.
TABLE 1
In conclusion, the invention establishes the corrosion strength calculation formula by analyzing the relationship between the corrosion strength and the corrosion porosity and the resistivity difference degree, and utilizes the logging curve to identify and judge the sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength, thereby providing more accurate basis for the selection of the reservoir engineering process.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the above description of embodiments of the invention is intended only to illustrate the benefits of embodiments of the invention and is not intended to limit embodiments of the invention to any examples given.
According to an embodiment of the invention, a sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation system based on a logging curve is provided, and is characterized by comprising: a memory storing computer-executable instructions; a processor executing computer executable instructions in the memory to perform the steps of: establishing a porosity and resistivity corrosion response characteristic identification mode of a known corrosion stratum according to the sheet data; judging the erosion stratum according to the erosion response characteristic identification mode, and calculating the erosion strength of the tested erosion stratum according to the tested erosion stratum with the test data; calculating the erosion porosity of the erosion stratum according to the acoustic porosity and the density porosity; calculating the resistivity difference degree of the erosion stratum according to the deep resistivity and the flushing zone resistivity; calculating the erosion strength of the unknown erosion stratum according to the erosion strength, the erosion porosity and the resistivity difference of the tested erosion stratum; and calculating the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum according to the corrosion strength of the unknown corrosion stratum and the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum.
In one example, the erosion porosity of the eroded formation is calculated by equation (1):
POR2R＝100*(PORDEN-PORAC)/PORDEN (1)
where POR2R is erosion porosity, PORAC is acoustic porosity, and PORDEN is density porosity.
In one example, the resistivity variance of the eroded formations is calculated by equation (2):
RD＝lg(RT/RXO) (2)
wherein RD is the resistivity difference, RT is the deep resistivity, and RXO is the rinsing zone resistivity.
In one example, the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation is calculated by equation (3):
LD＝e-2.9223+0.0417*POR2R+6.8460*RD (3)
wherein LD is the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation.
In one example, the production of the unknown eroded formation is calculated by equation (4):
OFC＝LD*H (4)
wherein OFC is the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum, and H is the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum.
The system establishes a corrosion strength calculation formula by analyzing the relationship between the corrosion strength and the corrosion porosity and the resistivity difference, and utilizes the logging curve to identify and judge the sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength, thereby providing more accurate basis for the selection of the reservoir engineering process.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the above description of embodiments of the invention is intended only to illustrate the benefits of embodiments of the invention and is not intended to limit embodiments of the invention to any examples given.
Having described embodiments of the present invention, the foregoing description is intended to be exemplary, not exhaustive, and not limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments.
Claims (6)
1. A sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation method based on a logging curve is characterized by comprising the following steps:
establishing a porosity and resistivity corrosion response characteristic identification mode of a known corrosion stratum according to the sheet data;
judging an erosion stratum according to the erosion response characteristic identification mode, and calculating the erosion strength of the test erosion stratum according to the test erosion stratum with test data;
calculating the erosion porosity of the erosion formation according to the acoustic porosity and the density porosity;
calculating the resistivity difference degree of the erosion stratum according to the deep resistivity and the flushing zone resistivity;
calculating the erosion strength of the unknown erosion stratum by a multivariate statistical regression method according to the erosion strength of the tested erosion stratum, the erosion porosity and the resistivity difference;
calculating the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum according to the corrosion strength of the unknown corrosion stratum and the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum;
wherein the erosion porosity of the erosion formation is calculated by equation (1):
POR2R＝100*(PORDEN-PORAC)/PORDEN (1)
wherein, POR2R is erosion porosity, PORAC is sound wave porosity, and PORDEN is density porosity;
wherein the resistivity contrast of the eroded formation is calculated by equation (2):
RD＝lg(RT/RXO) (2)
wherein RD is the resistivity difference, RT is the deep resistivity, and RXO is the rinsing zone resistivity.
2. The log-based sandstone reservoir mineral erosion strength calculation method of claim 1, wherein the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation is calculated by formula (3):
LD＝e-2.9223+0.0417*POR2R+6.8460*RD (3)
where LD is the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation, POR2R is the erosion porosity, and RD is the resistivity contrast.
3. The log based sandstone reservoir mineral erosion strength calculation method of claim 1, wherein the production of the unknown eroded formation is calculated by equation (4):
OFC＝LD*H (4)
wherein OFC is the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum, LD is the corrosion strength of the unknown corrosion stratum, and H is the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum.
4. A sandstone reservoir mineral corrosion strength calculation system based on a logging curve is characterized by comprising:
a memory storing computer-executable instructions;
a processor executing computer executable instructions in the memory to perform the steps of:
establishing a porosity and resistivity corrosion response characteristic identification mode of a known corrosion stratum according to the sheet data;
judging an erosion stratum according to the erosion response characteristic identification mode, and calculating the erosion strength of the test erosion stratum according to the test erosion stratum with test data;
calculating the erosion porosity of the erosion formation according to the acoustic porosity and the density porosity;
calculating the resistivity difference degree of the erosion stratum according to the deep resistivity and the flushing zone resistivity;
calculating the erosion strength of the unknown erosion stratum by a multivariate statistical regression method according to the erosion strength of the tested erosion stratum, the erosion porosity and the resistivity difference;
calculating the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum according to the corrosion strength of the unknown corrosion stratum and the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum;
wherein the erosion porosity of the erosion formation is calculated by equation (1):
POR2R＝100*(PORDEN-PORAC)/PORDEN (1)
wherein, POR2R is erosion porosity, PORAC is sound wave porosity, and PORDEN is density porosity;
wherein the resistivity contrast of the eroded formation is calculated by equation (2):
RD＝lg(RT/RXO) (2)
wherein RD is the resistivity difference, RT is the deep resistivity, and RXO is the rinsing zone resistivity.
5. The log-based sandstone reservoir mineral erosion strength calculation system of claim 4, wherein the erosion strength of the unknown eroded formation is calculated by equation (3):
LD＝e-2.9223+0.0417*POR2R+6.8460*RD (3)
where LD is the erosion strength of the unknown erosion formation, POR2R is the erosion porosity, and RD is the resistivity contrast.
6. The log based sandstone reservoir mineral erosion strength calculation system of claim 4, wherein the production of the unknown eroded formation is calculated by equation (4):
OFC＝LD*H (4)
wherein OFC is the yield of the unknown corrosion stratum, LD is the corrosion strength of the unknown corrosion stratum, and H is the thickness of the unknown corrosion stratum.
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103616731A (en) * | 2013-11-19 | 2014-03-05 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method and device for determining altered volcanic rock effective reservoir in oil and gas exploration |
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| CN105626058B (en) * | 2015-12-30 | 2018-11-16 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method and device for determining development degree of reservoir karst |
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