CN111651909A - Performance optimization method for photovoltaic/thermal heat collector based on thermodynamic model - Google Patents
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Abstract
A performance optimization method for a photovoltaic/thermal collector comprises the following steps: s1: collecting parameters of a photovoltaic/thermal collector; s2: inputting the parameters into a photovoltaic/thermal collector thermodynamic model in software; s3: calculating thermal, electrical and comprehensive properties of the photovoltaic/thermal collector from the thermodynamic model of the photovoltaic/thermal collector; s4: changing the parameters in the step S1 in MATLAB software, and correspondingly calculating the thermal property, the electrical property and the comprehensive property of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector; s5: and the MATLAB software generates a waveform diagram according to the parameter change and the corresponding calculation result in the step S4, optimizes the waveform diagram and outputs an optimization result. The invention provides a method for optimizing the performance of a photovoltaic/thermal heat collector based on a thermodynamic model, which can improve the electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector, thereby improving the performance of supplying power to a boiler, adapting to the analysis of the heat collector under different working conditions and complex environmental conditions, and improving the analysis efficiency and the economy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of solar energy application technology optimization, and particularly relates to a method for optimizing the performance of a photovoltaic/thermal heat collector based on a thermodynamic model.
Background
A Solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) comprehensive utilization system is a Solar high-efficiency utilization technology capable of simultaneously obtaining high-grade electric energy and heat energy. The system combines photovoltaic and light heat together, and the photovoltaic part utilizes solar energy to produce the electric energy, and the light heat part is collected with the energy that photovoltaic cell is difficult to the conversion with the heat energy form, provides heat energy when promoting photovoltaic cell generating efficiency. The heat collector is a core component for realizing the comprehensive utilization of photovoltaic/heat by the PV/T system, and the performance of the heat collector determines the photovoltaic and photothermal utilization effects of the PV/T system. Therefore, the performance optimization method of the photovoltaic/thermal collector is designed, and the method has important significance for improving the high efficiency and the economical efficiency of the PV/T comprehensive utilization system.
Through the detection of the prior art, less research is found on the performance optimization of the phase-change material photovoltaic/thermal heat collector for supplying power to the boiler. The optimization of the collector has the following defects: (1) most researches only analyze single influence factors, and for a heat collector system working in a complex environment and under various working conditions, the analysis difficulty and cost are increased; (2) the operation performance of the heat collector is influenced by multi-factor interaction, a comprehensive and reasonable optimization result is difficult to obtain by a single-factor analysis mode, and finally the operation economy and safety of a heat collector system are reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a method for optimizing the performance of a photovoltaic/thermal heat collector based on a thermodynamic model, which can improve the electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector, thereby improving the performance of supplying power to a boiler, adapting to the analysis of the heat collector under different working conditions and complex environmental conditions, and improving the analysis efficiency and the economy.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for constructing a thermodynamic model of a photovoltaic/thermal heat collector comprises the following steps:
s1: establishing a thermodynamic model by using simulation software;
s2: dividing the thermodynamic model into eight layers;
s3: an energy balance equation formula established in each layer of the thermodynamic model;
s4: and completing the construction of a thermodynamic model of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector.
Preferably, the simulation software is MATLAB software.
Preferably, the layered structure of the thermodynamic model sequentially comprises a glass layer, a first EVA layer, a battery piece, a second EVA layer, a back plate layer, a PCM layer, an air layer and a heat insulation layer from top to bottom.
Preferably, the energy balance equation of each layer of the thermodynamic model is as follows:
glass layer:
；
a first EVA layer:
；
battery piece:
；
a second EVA layer:
a back plate layer:
；
a PCM layer:
；
air layer:
；
insulating layer:
。
wherein,
the solar irradiation amount is the amount of solar irradiation,
is the surface area of the heat collector,
、
、
、
respectively the absorptivity of the glass layer, the first EVA layer, the battery piece and the back plate layer,
、
、
respectively the transmissivity of the glass layer, the second EVA layer and the cell sheet,
the heat exchange quantity of convection between the glass layer and the environment,
the heat exchange quantity between the glass layer and the environmental radiation,
the radiation heat exchange quantity between the glass layer and the ground,
the glass layer and the first EVA layer conduct heat,
the first EVA layer and the cell sheet conduct heat,
is the electric energy output by the photovoltaic cell,
the heat conduction between the battery plate and the second EVA layer,
the second EVA layer conducts heat with the backsheet layer,
in order to obtain the packing factor of the photovoltaic panel,
is the thermal conductivity of the back plate layer and the PCM layer,
for the accumulated heat absorption of the PCM layer,
is the heat absorption of the PCM layer per unit time,
for the convective heat transfer of the PCM layer with air,
in order to collect the heat from the air,
the convection heat exchange quantity of the air and the heat-insulating layer is adopted,
the heat exchange quantity of the heat preservation layer and the environment is convection. The parameters are partially generated in the iterative process of the energy balance equation, and the other part is a fixed value.
The invention also provides a performance optimization method of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector, which is based on the thermodynamic model of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector and is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: collecting parameters of the photovoltaic/thermal collector steps;
s2: inputting the parameters into a photovoltaic/thermal collector thermodynamic model in simulation software;
s3: calculating thermal, electrical and comprehensive properties of the photovoltaic/thermal collector from the thermodynamic model of the photovoltaic/thermal collector;
s4: changing the parameters in the step S1 in simulation software, and correspondingly calculating the thermal performance, the electrical performance and the comprehensive performance of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector;
s5: and the MATLAB software generates a waveform diagram according to the parameter change and the corresponding calculation result in the step S4, optimizes the waveform diagram and outputs an optimization result.
Preferably, the parameters in step S1 specifically include a collector structure parameter, a photovoltaic panel parameter, a physical property parameter of the shape-stabilized phase change material, and an environmental parameter.
Preferably, the structural parameters of the heat collector comprise the length of a photovoltaic panel, the width of the photovoltaic panel, an encapsulation coefficient, the height of a flow channel and air flow, the parameters of the photovoltaic panel comprise the thickness, the heat conductivity coefficient, the transmissivity, the absorptivity and the emissivity of each layer, the physical parameters of the shape-stabilized phase-change material comprise phase-change temperature, phase-change latent heat, specific heat capacity, density and heat conductivity, and the environmental parameters comprise ambient temperature, irradiance and wind speed;
the structural parameters of the heat collector, the parameters of the photovoltaic panel and the physical parameters of the shape-stabilized phase-change material are extracted from a photovoltaic/thermal heat collector system database, and the environmental parameters are acquired through a real-time data server.
Preferably, the calculation of the heat, electricity and comprehensive performance of the photovoltaic/thermal collector in the step S3 is divided into a fixed weather condition calculation and a variable weather condition, and when the photovoltaic/thermal collector is in the fixed weather condition, all layers except the phase change layer are regarded as a stable state; when the device is in a weather-changing condition, the changes of all the layers except the PCM layer are regarded as quasi-static processes;
the thermal property, the electrical property and the comprehensive property of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector are calculated by calculating the thermal efficiency of the heat collector
Electric efficiency
exergy efficiency
Is determined by the calculation of (a);
the heat collector thermal efficiency calculation formula is as follows:
；
the calculation formula of the electrical efficiency is as follows:
；
the calculation formula of the exergy efficiency is as follows:
；
wherein,
，
；
wherein,
as the flow rate of the air is,
is the specific heat capacity of the air,
is the temperature of the air outlet, and,
in order to be the air inlet temperature,
in order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell,
in the form of a heat quantity exergy,
in the form of an electrical power exergy,
is the heat absorption of the PCM layer per unit time,
in the form of a unit of time,
the solar irradiation amount is the amount of solar irradiation,
is the surface area of the heat collector,
in order to obtain the packing factor of the photovoltaic panel,
、
、
the transmissivity of the glass layer, the transmissivity of the second EVA layer and the transmissivity of the cell sheet are respectively.
Preferably, the optimization process in step S4 specifically includes optimization of the PCM layer and optimization of the air flow rate, and the parameters changed during the optimization of the PCM layer are PCM layer thickness, phase change temperature, and PCM thermal conductivity.
Preferably, the PCM layer optimization specifically adopts a three-factor three-level orthogonal experimental design, and L93 is selected4Orthogonal table, the average exergy efficiency is used as the index to obtain the optimized result.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the invention, the influence of the PCM layer and the air flow on the heat efficiency, the electric efficiency and the comprehensive efficiency of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector can be obtained, the optimal result is obtained, the design and the arrangement of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector are guided, the electric efficiency of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector is improved, and therefore, the performance of supplying power to a boiler is improved; the effect of relieving the air temperature in office buildings or residential buildings is enhanced, so that the body feeling comfort level is improved;
2. the invention can obtain the influence mode of each factor on the performance of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector when the weather condition is stable and the weather condition changes, and is suitable for the analysis of the heat collector under different working conditions and complex environmental conditions;
3. the invention designs an orthogonal test for three factors of the thickness, the phase-change temperature and the heat conductivity coefficient of the PCM layer, reduces the interference of the interaction of the three factors on performance analysis, and improves the analysis efficiency and the economy.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an energy transfer model of a photovoltaic/thermal collector of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a sectional structural view of a photovoltaic/thermal collector of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a method for optimizing the performance of a photovoltaic/thermal collector for supplying power to a boiler according to the present invention.
Description of reference numerals: 101. a glass layer; 102. a first EVA layer; 103. a battery piece; 104. a second EVA layer; 105. a backsheet layer; 106. a PCM layer; 107. an air layer; 108. and (7) an insulating layer.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
A method for constructing a thermodynamic model of a photovoltaic/thermal collector, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, comprises the following steps:
1. the thermodynamic model was established using MATLAB software.
2. The thermodynamic model is divided into eight layers, namely a glass layer, a first EVA layer, a battery piece, a second EVA layer, a back plate layer, a PCM layer, an air layer and a heat insulation layer from top to bottom in sequence. In FIG. 1
Is the convection heat transfer quantity between the glass layer and the environment,
the glass layer and the first EVA layer conduct heat,
the heat conduction between the battery plate and the second EVA layer,
is the thermal conductivity of the back plate layer and the PCM layer,
the heat transfer quantity of the heat preservation layer and the environment is convection,
is the amount of heat absorbed by the air layer,
is the glass layer and the amount of sky radiation,
the first EVA layer and the cell sheet conduct heat,
the second EVA layer conducts heat with the backsheet layer,
the heat quantity is convected between the heat-insulating layer and the air layer,
g is the solar radiation, the heat absorption of the PCM layer.
3. The energy balance equation formula established in each layer of the thermodynamic model is as follows:
glass layer:
；
a first EVA layer:
；
battery piece:
；
a second EVA layer:
a back plate layer:
；
a PCM layer:
；
air layer:
；
insulating layer:
。
wherein,
the solar irradiation amount is the amount of solar irradiation,
is the surface area of the heat collector,
、
、
、
respectively the absorptivity of the glass layer, the first EVA layer, the battery piece and the back plate layer,
、
、
respectively the transmissivity of the glass layer, the second EVA layer and the cell sheet,
the heat exchange quantity of convection between the glass layer and the environment,
the heat exchange quantity between the glass layer and the environmental radiation,
the radiation heat exchange quantity between the glass layer and the ground,
the glass layer and the first EVA layer conduct heat,
the first EVA layer and the cell sheet conduct heat,
is the electric energy output by the photovoltaic cell,
the heat conduction between the battery plate and the second EVA layer,
the second EVA layer conducts heat with the backsheet layer,
in order to obtain the packing factor of the photovoltaic panel,
is the thermal conductivity of the back plate layer and the PCM layer,
for the accumulated heat absorption of the PCM layer,
is the heat absorption of the PCM layer per unit time,
for the convective heat transfer of the PCM layer with air,
in order to collect the heat from the air,
the convection heat exchange quantity of the air and the heat-insulating layer is adopted,
the heat exchange quantity of the heat preservation layer and the environment is convection. The parameters are partially generated in the iterative process of the energy balance equation, and the other part is a fixed value.
4. And completing the construction of a thermodynamic model of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector.
The photovoltaic/thermal collector thermodynamic model is established based on the following assumptions:
(1) the total solar irradiance is direct solar irradiance, scattered irradiance is ignored, and reflection and scattering of solar irradiation in the heat collector are ignored;
(2) the transverse heat transfer of each layer in the heat collector is neglected, and the longitudinal temperature distribution of each layer is considered to be uniform;
(3) neglecting the heat capacity of each layer (except the phase change layer) in the heat collector, each layer does not absorb heat;
(4) neglecting convection and radiation between the side surface of the heat-insulating layer and the outside and radiation between the bottom of the heat-insulating layer and the environment;
the wind speed and the thermal physical property and optical performance of each layer of material (except the phase change layer) are kept unchanged.
As shown in fig. 3, a method for optimizing the performance of a photovoltaic/thermal collector based on a thermodynamic model of the photovoltaic/thermal collector includes the following steps:
1. and (6) collecting parameters.
The parameters related to parameter acquisition comprise collector structure parameters, photovoltaic panel parameters, shape-stabilized phase-change material physical property parameters and environment parameters, wherein the collector structure parameters comprise photovoltaic panel length, photovoltaic panel width, packaging coefficient, runner height and air flow, the photovoltaic panel parameters comprise thickness of each layer, heat conductivity coefficient, transmissivity, absorptivity and emissivity, the shape-stabilized phase-change material physical property parameters comprise phase-change temperature, phase-change latent heat, specific heat capacity, density and heat conductivity coefficient, and the environment parameters comprise environment temperature, irradiance and wind speed. The solar collector system comprises a photovoltaic/thermal collector system database, a real-time data server, a heat collector, a photovoltaic panel, a shaping phase change material and a shaping phase change material, wherein the structural parameters of the heat collector, the parameters of the photovoltaic panel and the physical parameters of the shaping phase change material are extracted from the photovoltaic/thermal collector system database, and the environmental parameters are obtained through the real-.
2. And calculating the heat, electricity and comprehensive performance of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector.
The calculation of the heat, electricity and comprehensive performance of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector is divided into the calculation of a fixed weather condition and the calculation of a variable weather condition. When weather conditions are determined, all layers except the phase change layer are regarded as stable states; when weather conditions change, the changes of all the layers except the PCM layer are regarded as quasi-static processes.
The calculation of the heat, electricity and comprehensive performance of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector comprises the calculation of the thermal efficiency of the heat collector
Electric efficiency
exergy efficiency
The calculation formulas are respectively as follows;
wherein,
，
；
wherein,
as the flow rate of the air is,
is the specific heat capacity of the air,
is the temperature of the air outlet, and,
in order to be the air inlet temperature,
in order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell,
in the form of a heat quantity exergy,
in the form of an electrical power exergy,
is the heat absorption of the PCM layer per unit time,
in the form of a unit of time,
the solar irradiation amount is the amount of solar irradiation,
is the surface area of the heat collector,
in order to obtain the packing factor of the photovoltaic panel,
、
、
the transmissivity of the glass layer, the transmissivity of the second EVA layer and the transmissivity of the cell sheet are respectively.
The air specific heat capacity can be obtained by looking up a table according to the air inlet temperature at that time, the air outlet temperature and the air inlet temperature can be obtained by measuring according to a temperature measuring instrument, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell can be classified into parameters of the photovoltaic panel, and the calculation of the heat absorption capacity of the PCM layer in unit time is generated in the iterative calculation process of an energy balance equation.
3. And the performance of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector is optimized.
Optimization of photovoltaic/thermal collector performance includes optimization of PCM layer, optimization of air flow rate includes optimization of PCM layer thickness, optimization of phase transition temperature, optimization of PCM thermal conductivity. The optimization mode adopts three-factor three-level orthogonal experimental design and selects L934Orthogonal table, three factors are PCM layer thickness, phase transition temperature and thermal conductivity coefficient respectively, and the test index is average exergy efficiency.
The optimization method is that the electric and thermal comprehensive performance results are optimized by changing the values of the thickness of the PCM layer, the phase change temperature, the heat conductivity coefficient and the air flow in the thermodynamic model and giving the variation range of the parameters, and the optimized results are finally output.
The photovoltaic/thermal collector applied in this embodiment is a flat plate type air solar photovoltaic/thermal collector, and the structure thereof sequentially includes a polysilicon encapsulation photovoltaic plate, a Phase Change Material (PCM) layer, a groove type air flow channel, and an insulating layer from top to bottom.
In the embodiment of the invention, the composite shape-stabilized phase change material prepared from paraffin, high-density polyethylene and expanded graphite is selected, and the content of the expanded graphite can be adjusted according to actual conditions. Heat conductivity coefficient of composite shape-stabilized phase-change material
The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein,
the thermal conductivity of the phase-change material when the expanded graphite is not added,
in order to obtain the content of the expanded graphite,
is the thermal conductivity of graphite.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above-mentioned embodiments are only specific embodiments of the present invention, which are used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that: any person skilled in the art can modify or easily conceive the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or equivalent substitutes for some technical features within the technical scope of the present disclosure; such modifications, changes or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention in its spirit and scope. Are intended to be covered by the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for constructing a thermodynamic model of a photovoltaic/thermal heat collector is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: establishing a thermodynamic model;
s2: dividing the thermodynamic model into eight layers;
s3: establishing an energy balance equation formula in each layer of the thermodynamic model;
s4: and completing the construction of a thermodynamic model of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector.
2. The method for constructing a thermodynamic model of a photovoltaic/thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the thermodynamic model is constructed by MATLAB.
3. The method for constructing the thermodynamic model of the photovoltaic/thermal collector according to claim 1, wherein the thermodynamic model has a layered structure comprising, from top to bottom, a glass layer, a first EVA layer, a cell sheet, a second EVA layer, a back sheet layer, a PCM layer, an air layer, and an insulating layer.
4. The method for constructing a thermodynamic model of a photovoltaic/thermal collector according to claim 3, wherein the equation of the energy balance of each layer of the thermodynamic model is as follows:
glass layer:
；
a first EVA layer:
；
battery piece:
；
a second EVA layer:
a back plate layer:
；
a PCM layer:
；
air layer:
；
insulating layer:
。
5. a method for optimizing the performance of a photovoltaic/thermal collector based on the thermodynamic model of the photovoltaic/thermal collector of claim 3, comprising the steps of:
s1: collecting parameters of a photovoltaic/thermal collector;
s2: inputting the parameters into a photovoltaic/thermal collector thermodynamic model in simulation software;
s3: calculating thermal, electrical and comprehensive properties of the photovoltaic/thermal collector from the thermodynamic model of the photovoltaic/thermal collector;
s4: changing the parameters in the step S1 in MATLAB software, and correspondingly calculating the thermal property, the electrical property and the comprehensive property of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector;
s5: and the MATLAB software generates a waveform diagram according to the parameter change and the corresponding calculation result in the step S4, optimizes the waveform diagram and outputs an optimization result.
6. The method for optimizing the performance of a photovoltaic/thermal collector according to claim 5, wherein the parameters in the step S1 specifically include collector structure parameters, photovoltaic panel parameters, physical parameters of the shaped phase change material, and environmental parameters.
7. The method for optimizing the performance of a photovoltaic/thermal collector according to claim 6, wherein the collector structural parameters include photovoltaic panel length, photovoltaic panel width, packing factor, runner height, and air flow rate, the photovoltaic panel parameters include layer thickness, thermal conductivity, transmittance, absorptance, emissivity, the shape phase change material physical parameters include phase change temperature, phase change latent heat, specific heat capacity, density, thermal conductivity, and the environmental parameters include ambient temperature, irradiance, and wind speed;
the structural parameters of the heat collector, the parameters of the photovoltaic panel and the physical parameters of the shape-stabilized phase-change material are extracted from a photovoltaic/thermal heat collector system database, and the environmental parameters are acquired through a real-time data server.
8. The method for optimizing the performance of the photovoltaic/thermal collector according to claim 7, wherein the calculation of the thermal, electrical and comprehensive performance of the photovoltaic/thermal collector in the step S3 is divided into a constant weather condition calculation and a variable weather condition calculation, and when the photovoltaic/thermal collector is in the constant weather condition, all layers except the phase change layer are regarded as a steady state; when the device is in a weather-changing condition, the changes of all the layers except the PCM layer are regarded as quasi-static processes;
the thermal property, the electrical property and the comprehensive property of the photovoltaic/thermal heat collector are calculated by calculating the thermal efficiency of the heat collector
Electric efficiency
exergy efficiency
Is determined by the calculation of (a);
the heat collector thermal efficiency calculation formula is as follows:
；
the calculation formula of the electrical efficiency is as follows:
；
the calculation formula of the exergy efficiency is as follows:
；
wherein,
，
；
wherein,
as the flow rate of the air is,
is the specific heat capacity of the air,
is the temperature of the air outlet, and,
in order to be the air inlet temperature,
in order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell,
in the form of a heat quantity exergy,
in the form of an electrical power exergy,
is the heat absorption of the PCM layer per unit time,
is a unit time.
9. The method for optimizing the performance of a photovoltaic/thermal collector according to claim 8, wherein the optimization process in step S4 includes optimization of PCM layer and optimization of air flow, and the parameters changed during the optimization of PCM layer are PCM layer thickness, phase transition temperature, PCM thermal conductivity.
10. The method for optimizing the performance of a photovoltaic/thermal collector according to claim 9, wherein the PCM layer optimization specifically employs a three-factor three-level orthogonal experimental design, selecting L934Orthogonal table, the average exergy efficiency is used as the index to obtain the optimized result.
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116976199A (en) * | 2023-07-07 | 2023-10-31 | 同济大学 | PCM-TCG photo-thermal performance optimization method based on non-dominant multi-objective genetic algorithm |
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| CN116976199A (en) * | 2023-07-07 | 2023-10-31 | 同济大学 | PCM-TCG photo-thermal performance optimization method based on non-dominant multi-objective genetic algorithm |
| CN116976199B (en) * | 2023-07-07 | 2024-03-29 | 同济大学 | PCM-TCG photo-thermal performance optimization method based on non-dominant multi-objective genetic algorithm |
| CN117833346A (en) * | 2024-03-04 | 2024-04-05 | 湖南璟泰信息系统有限公司 | Photovoltaic and power grid complementary direct-current energy-saving air conditioner power supply method and system |
| CN117833346B (en) * | 2024-03-04 | 2024-05-14 | 湖南璟泰信息系统有限公司 | Photovoltaic and power grid complementary direct-current energy-saving air conditioner power supply method and system |
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