CN111637980A - Integrated optical autocorrelator based on two-dimensional material transverse double frequency effect - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses an integrated optical autocorrelator based on a two-dimensional material transverse double frequency effect, which comprises a substrate, an on-chip coupling system integrated on the substrate, a two-dimensional material film, a convex lens and an imaging camera, wherein the two-dimensional material film is arranged on the substrate; the on-chip coupling system comprises a grating coupler, three 1 multiplied by 2 beam splitters with a beam splitting ratio of 50:50, a first S-shaped waveguide, a second S-shaped waveguide, a third S-shaped waveguide, a fourth S-shaped waveguide, a first arc-shaped waveguide, a second arc-shaped waveguide, a third arc-shaped waveguide, a fourth arc-shaped waveguide, a first straight waveguide and a second straight waveguide; the two-dimensional material film is a single-layer film with a second-order nonlinear effect, the two-dimensional material film completely covers the first straight waveguide and the second straight waveguide, and frequency doubling light excited by the two-dimensional material film enters the imaging camera through the convex lens for imaging. The invention has high time resolution, greatly improves the integration level of the on-chip coupling system, can save the commonly used delayer in the prior art, and has low cost and wide application range.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a two-dimensional material and micro-nano photonic integrated device, in particular to an integrated optical autocorrelator, and belongs to the field of ultrashort pulse measurement.
Background
Ultrashort pulse light plays an important role in the fields of ultrafast spectrum, strong field physics, optical communication, biomedicine and the like. In recent years, optical autocorrelation measurement methods for ultrashort pulse measurement have been widely studied and applied. With the development of micro-nano photonic integration technology, the on-chip integrated ultrashort pulse measurement technology is beneficial to providing a flexible integrated platform, and an optical chip integrating pulse generation, optical processing and measurement modules is realized. There are two types of existing integrated optical autocorrelators: based on the third harmonic effect transversely emitted by the photonic crystal silicon waveguide, pulsed light input from two sides of the waveguide meets and overlaps in the waveguide to excite the third harmonic through external time delay adjustment, the spatial light distribution of the third harmonic is utilized to represent pulsed light information, and the time resolution is about 50 fs; and secondly, based on the two-photon absorption principle of the silicon detector array, the pulsed light is measured by adopting the structure of the photonic crystal waveguide or the ridge waveguide. However, in the above on-chip ultrashort pulse measurement method, the former has low integration level, and needs to use more devices (such as a polarization controller, an optical fiber beam splitter, an optical attenuator, a delayer and the like) outside the substrate, and controls pulsed light on two sides of the waveguide to excite a third harmonic wave in the waveguide by adjusting the time delay, so that the requirement on the accuracy of time delay adjustment is high, and meanwhile, the requirement on the manufacturing accuracy of the photonic crystal waveguide is high, the insertion loss of the device is large, and the nonlinear conversion efficiency is also low; the latter has poor time resolution and complex manufacturing process. From the practical point of view, it is necessary to provide a fully integrated optical autocorrelator with high integration level, simple manufacturing process, low cost, high nonlinear conversion efficiency and high time resolution, so as to further optimize the working performance of the integrated optical autocorrelator, thereby satisfying the requirement of the rapid development of the current ultrashort pulse technology.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: the integrated optical autocorrelator based on the two-dimensional material transverse double frequency effect overcomes the defect of low integration level of an on-chip coupling system in the prior art, and greatly improves the integration level of the on-chip coupling system while having high time resolution.
The technical means adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
the invention relates to an integrated optical autocorrelator based on a two-dimensional material transverse double frequency effect, which comprises a substrate, an on-chip coupling system, a two-dimensional material film, a convex lens and an imaging camera; the on-chip coupling system comprises a grating coupler, a first beam splitter, a second beam splitter, a third beam splitter, a first S-shaped waveguide, a second S-shaped waveguide, a third S-shaped waveguide, a fourth S-shaped waveguide, a first arc-shaped waveguide, a second arc-shaped waveguide, a third arc-shaped waveguide, a fourth arc-shaped waveguide, a first straight waveguide and a second straight waveguide, wherein the first beam splitter, the second beam splitter and the third beam splitter are 50:50 1 multiplied by 2 beam splitters; the output end of the grating coupler is connected with the input end of the first beam splitter, the first output end of the first beam splitter is connected with the input end of the second beam splitter, and the second output end of the first beam splitter is connected with the input end of the third beam splitter; the first output end of the second beam splitter is connected with one end of a first S-shaped waveguide, the second output end of the second beam splitter is connected with one end of a third S-shaped waveguide, the other end of the first S-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of a first circular arc waveguide, the other end of the first circular arc waveguide is connected with one end of a first straight waveguide, the other end of the first straight waveguide is connected with one end of a second circular arc waveguide, the other end of the second circular arc waveguide is connected with one end of a second S-shaped waveguide, and the other end of the second S-shaped waveguide is connected with the first output end of the third beam splitter; the other end of the third S-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of a third arc-shaped waveguide, the other end of the third arc-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of a second straight waveguide, the other end of the second straight waveguide is connected with one end of a fourth arc-shaped waveguide, the other end of the fourth arc-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of a fourth S-shaped waveguide, and the other end of the fourth S-shaped waveguide is connected with a second output end of a third beam splitter; the on-chip coupling system is integrated on a substrate, the two-dimensional material film is a single-layer film with a second-order nonlinear effect, the two-dimensional material film completely covers the first straight waveguide and the second straight waveguide, and frequency doubling light excited by the two-dimensional material film enters the imaging camera for imaging through the convex lens.
The other end of the fourth arc-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of a fourth S-shaped waveguide through the delayer, wherein the other end of the fourth arc-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of the delayer, and the other end of the delayer is connected with one end of the fourth S-shaped waveguide.
Furthermore, the second beam splitter and the third beam splitter are in mirror symmetry distribution, the first S-shaped waveguide and the second S-shaped waveguide are in mirror symmetry distribution, the third S-shaped waveguide and the fourth S-shaped waveguide are in mirror symmetry distribution, the first arc-shaped waveguide and the second arc-shaped waveguide are in mirror symmetry distribution, and the third arc-shaped waveguide and the fourth arc-shaped waveguide are in mirror symmetry distribution.
Further, the on-chip coupling system of the invention further includes a third straight waveguide, and the other end of the third S-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of a third arc waveguide through the third straight waveguide, wherein the other end of the third S-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of the third straight waveguide, and the other end of the third straight waveguide is connected with one end of the third arc waveguide.
Furthermore, the on-chip coupling system of the invention further comprises a fourth straight waveguide, wherein the output end of the grating coupler is connected with the input end of the first beam splitter through the fourth straight waveguide, the output end of the grating coupler is connected with one end of the fourth straight waveguide, and the other end of the fourth straight waveguide is connected with the input end of the first beam splitter.
Furthermore, the on-chip coupling system of the invention further comprises a fifth S-shaped waveguide and a sixth S-shaped waveguide, wherein the first output end of the first beam splitter is connected with the input end of the second beam splitter through the fifth S-shaped waveguide, the first output end of the first beam splitter is connected with one end of the fifth S-shaped waveguide, and the other end of the fifth S-shaped waveguide is connected with the input end of the second beam splitter; the second output end of the first beam splitter is connected with the input end of the third beam splitter through a sixth S-shaped waveguide, the second output end of the first beam splitter is connected with one end of the sixth S-shaped waveguide, and the other end of the sixth S-shaped waveguide is connected with the input end of the third beam splitter.
Furthermore, the fifth S-shaped waveguide and the sixth S-shaped waveguide are distributed in mirror symmetry.
Further, the on-chip coupling system of the invention further comprises a fifth straight waveguide and a sixth straight waveguide, wherein the other end of the first S-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of the first circular arc waveguide through the fifth straight waveguide, wherein the other end of the first S-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of the fifth straight waveguide, and the other end of the fifth straight waveguide is connected with one end of the first circular arc waveguide; the other end of the second arc-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of the second S-shaped waveguide through a sixth straight waveguide, wherein the other end of the second arc-shaped waveguide is connected with one end of the sixth straight waveguide, and the other end of the sixth straight waveguide is connected with one end of the second S-shaped waveguide.
Further, the fifth straight waveguide and the sixth straight waveguide are distributed in mirror symmetry.
Furthermore, the time delay of the time delay device is 0-2 ps.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: (1) in the autocorrelator in the prior art, devices such as a beam splitter, a delayer, a polarization controller and an attenuator are arranged outside a substrate, so that pulsed light can be converged in a straight waveguide only by building a precise light path and finely adjusting time delay, and the integration level is not high. The invention does not need to add devices such as a beam splitter, a delayer, a polarization controller, an attenuator and the like outside the substrate, the on-chip coupling system realizes the functions of equal-proportion beam splitting, time delay and coupling with the two-dimensional material film of the optical pulse, and the integration level of the on-chip coupling system is high. (2) According to the invention, by using the structural design of two transmission paths of the pulse light, the pulse light on two sides of the first straight waveguide can be converged in the first straight waveguide, the pulse light on two sides of the second straight waveguide can be converged in the second straight waveguide, and by using an evanescent field transmitted by the pulse light in the first straight waveguide or the second straight waveguide, the transverse frequency doubling effect of the two-dimensional material film is excited to represent pulse information, and the time resolution can reach ten femtosecond magnitude. (3) Because the two transmission paths of the pulse light are arranged, as long as the pulse light time delay difference at two sides of the first straight waveguide in the first transmission path is different from the pulse light time delay difference at two sides of the second straight waveguide in the second transmission path, the spatial distribution of the first group of frequency doubling light extracted from the first group of imaging and the spatial distribution of the second group of frequency doubling light extracted from the second group of imaging have spatial offset, and the group refractive index measurement of the pulse light transmission can be realized by utilizing the offset of the spatial distribution of the two groups of frequency doubling light, so that a common delayer in the prior art can be omitted; (4) the invention can also adjust the difference between the pulse light time delay difference at two sides of the second straight waveguide and the pulse light time delay difference at two sides of the first straight waveguide by arranging the delayer in the second transmission path, so that the operation is more convenient and efficient; especially, when the relevant devices in the two transmission paths are in mirror symmetry distribution, the time delay difference of the pulsed light at the two sides of the first straight waveguide is 0, and the time delay difference of the pulsed light at the two sides of the second straight waveguide is equal to the time delay introduced by the delayer, so that the measurement accuracy of the autocorrelator can be further improved. (5) The two-dimensional material film completely covers the first straight waveguide and the second straight waveguide, and when pulse light is transmitted in the first straight waveguide or the second straight waveguide, energy is coupled into the two-dimensional material film through an evanescent field, so that the transverse double frequency effect of the two-dimensional material is excited. Therefore, the long interaction distance between the light and the substance can be provided, the second-order nonlinear effect can be realized, the nonlinear conversion efficiency is high, and the conversion between the spatial distribution of the first group of frequency doubling light and the second group of frequency doubling light and the pulse width of the pulse light has high accuracy. (6) The integrated optical autocorrelator has simple and compact structure, does not need to design fine waveguide structures such as photonic crystal waveguides and the like, and has simple manufacturing process and lower cost.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of an integrated optical autocorrelator in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the effective refractive index and the group refractive index of a pulsed light propagating in a first straight waveguide or a second straight waveguide;
FIG. 3 is a time domain field intensity distribution diagram of the pulse light transmitted from the output end of the grating coupler to the two sides and the center of the first straight waveguide;
fig. 4 is a time domain field intensity distribution diagram of the pulse light transmitted from the output end of the grating coupler to two sides of the second straight waveguide.
In the figure: 1-substrate, 2-grating coupler, 3-fourth straight waveguide, 4-first beam splitter, 5-1-fifth S-type waveguide, 5-2-sixth S-type waveguide, 6-second beam splitter, 7-third beam splitter, 8-1-first S-type waveguide, 8-2-second S-type waveguide, 9-1-third S-type waveguide, 9-2-fourth S-type waveguide, 10-1-fifth straight waveguide, 10-2-sixth straight waveguide, 11-third straight waveguide, 12-time delay, 13-1-first circular arc waveguide, 13-2-second circular arc waveguide, 13-3-third circular arc waveguide, 13-4-fourth circular arc waveguide, 14-first straight waveguide, 15-second straight waveguide, 16-two-dimensional material film, 17-convex lens and 18-imaging camera.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described below with reference to the following drawings and specific examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Referring to fig. 1, as a first embodiment of the present invention, an integrated optical autocorrelator based on the two-dimensional material lateral frequency doubling effect includes a substrate 1, an on-chip coupling system, a two-dimensional material film 16, a convex lens 17 and an imaging camera 18; the on-chip coupling system comprises a grating coupler 2, a first beam splitter 4, a second beam splitter 6, a third beam splitter 7, a first S-shaped waveguide 8-1, a second S-shaped waveguide 8-2, a third S-shaped waveguide 9-1, a fourth S-shaped waveguide 9-2, a first circular arc-shaped waveguide 13-1, a second circular arc-shaped waveguide 13-2, a third circular arc-shaped waveguide 13-3, a fourth circular arc-shaped waveguide 13-4, a first straight waveguide 14, a second straight waveguide 15 and a delayer 12, wherein the first beam splitter 4, the second beam splitter 6 and the third beam splitter 7 are 1 x 2 beam splitters with a ratio of 50: 50. The output end of the grating coupler 2 is connected with the input end of the first beam splitter 4, the first output end of the first beam splitter 4 is connected with the input end of the second beam splitter 6, and the second output end of the first beam splitter 4 is connected with the input end of the third beam splitter 7. The first output end of the second beam splitter 6 is connected with one end of a first S-shaped waveguide 8-1, the second output end of the second beam splitter 6 is connected with one end of a third S-shaped waveguide 9-1, the other end of the first S-shaped waveguide 8-1 is connected with one end of a first circular arc waveguide 13-1, the other end of the first circular arc waveguide 13-1 is connected with one end of a first straight waveguide 14, the other end of the first straight waveguide 14 is connected with one end of a second circular arc waveguide 13-2, the other end of the second circular arc waveguide 13-2 is connected with one end of a second S-shaped waveguide 8-2, and the other end of the second S-shaped waveguide 8-2 is connected with the first output end of the third beam splitter 7. The other end of the third S-shaped waveguide 9-1 is connected with one end of a third arc-shaped waveguide 13-3, the other end of the third arc-shaped waveguide 13-3 is connected with one end of a second straight waveguide 15, the other end of the second straight waveguide 15 is connected with one end of a fourth arc-shaped waveguide 13-4, the other end of the fourth arc-shaped waveguide 13-4 is connected with one end of a fourth S-shaped waveguide 9-2, and the other end of the fourth S-shaped waveguide 9-2 is connected with a second output end of the third beam splitter 7. The on-chip coupling system is integrated on the substrate 1, the two-dimensional material film 16 is a single-layer film with a second-order nonlinear effect, the two-dimensional material film 16 completely covers the first straight waveguide 14 and the second straight waveguide 15, and the frequency-doubled light excited by the two-dimensional material film 16 enters the imaging camera 18 through the convex lens 17 for imaging.
The transmission path of pulsed light in the integrated optical autocorrelator according to the first embodiment of the present invention is explained below. The pulse light is transmitted to the first beam splitter 4 through the grating coupler 2 and then divided into two branches for output, wherein the first branch pulse light is transmitted to the second beam splitter 6 through a first output end of the first beam splitter 4, and the second branch pulse light is transmitted to the third beam splitter 7 through a second output end of the first beam splitter 4.
The first branch pulse light is output by a first output end of the second beam splitter 6, sequentially passes through the first S-shaped waveguide 8-1 and the first arc-shaped waveguide 13-1, and is transmitted to one side of the first straight waveguide 14; the second branch pulse light is output by the first output end of the third beam splitter 7, sequentially passes through the second S-shaped waveguide 8-2 and the second arc-shaped waveguide 13-2, and is transmitted to the other side of the first straight waveguide 14, so that a first transmission path of the two branch pulse light is formed. In the first transmission path, after the pulsed light at two sides of the first straight waveguide 14 is merged at the first straight waveguide 14, energy of the pulsed light is coupled into the two-dimensional material film 16 through an evanescent field, so that the pulsed light is excited in a pulse overlapping region of the two-dimensional material film 16 to generate a first group of laterally emitted frequency-doubled light, the first group of frequency-doubled light is collected by the convex lens 17 and enters the imaging camera 18 for a first group of imaging, and spatial distribution of the first group of frequency-doubled light can be extracted from the first group of imaging.
The first branch pulse light is output by a second output end of the second beam splitter 6, sequentially passes through a third S-shaped waveguide 9-1 and a third arc-shaped waveguide 13-3 and then is transmitted to one side of a second straight waveguide 15; the second branch pulse light is transmitted to the other side of the second straight waveguide 15 by the second output end of the third beam splitter 7 through the fourth S-shaped waveguide 9-2 and the fourth arc-shaped waveguide 13-3 in sequence, so that a second transmission path of the two branch pulse light is formed. In the second transmission path, the pulsed light at two sides of the second straight waveguide 15 is converged at the second straight waveguide 15, and the energy of the pulsed light is coupled through an evanescent field and then enters the two-dimensional material film 16, so that the pulsed light is excited in a pulse overlapping region of the two-dimensional material film 16 to generate a second group of transversely emitted frequency doubling light, the second group of frequency doubling light is collected by the convex lens 17 and then enters the imaging camera 18 for second group imaging, and the spatial distribution of the second group of frequency doubling light can be extracted from the second group imaging.
Extracting the spatial distribution of the frequency doubling light from the first group of imaging or the second group of imaging, after the spatial distribution of the frequency doubling light is subjected to Gaussian fitting, calculating the width of the pulse light entering the grating coupler 2 by utilizing the conversion relation between the spatial distribution of the frequency doubling light and the width of the pulse light shown in formula (1):
in the formula (1), T is the pulse light width, FWHM is the full width at half maximum of a curve obtained by Gaussian fitting the spatial distribution of the first group or the second group of frequency doubling light, c is the light speed in vacuum, and n isgGroup refractive index for pulsed light transmission.
ngThe relationship between the group refractive index and the effective refractive index of pulsed light transmission shown in formula (2) can be used for calculation:
in formula (2), λ represents the pulse light wavelength; n iseffThe effective refractive index of the pulsed light transmitted in the first straight waveguide or the second straight waveguide can be calculated by finite element analysis.
When the time delay difference of the pulse light at two sides of the first straight waveguide 14 is different from the time delay difference of the pulse light at two sides of the second straight waveguide 15, the first group of frequency doubling light and the second group of frequency doubling light have offset in space, therefore, ngThe conversion relationship between the amount of spatial shift of the frequency-doubled light and the group refractive index of the pulsed light transmission shown in the formula (3) and the formula (4) can also be used for calculation. Specifically, the amount of spatial shift of the first group of frequency-doubled light and the second group of frequency-doubled light can be obtained from the spatial distribution of the first group of frequency-doubled light and the second group of frequency-doubled light extracted from the first group of imaging and the second group of imaging, respectively, and further the group refractive index n for pulsed light transmission is measured and obtained by using the conversion relationship between the amount of spatial shift of frequency-doubled light and the group refractive index for pulsed light transmission shown in the formulas (3) and (4)g。
|Δτ|＝|τ1-τ2| (4)
In the formula (3) and the formula (4), τ1Is the time delay difference of pulse light at two sides of the first straight waveguide2The time delay difference of the pulse light at two sides of the second straight waveguide, and the delta tau is the time delay difference of the pulse light at two sides of the first straight waveguide and the pulse light at two sides of the second straight waveguideThe difference value of the time delay difference of (1), delta tau is not equal to 0; Δ z is the spatial offset of the first set of doubled light and the second set of doubled light.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the value of Δ τ can be adjusted by the retarder 12 by introducing a time delay to the output light of the fourth S-type waveguide 9-2 in the second transmission path using the retarder 12. In general, the delay of the delay 12 can be set to 0-2 ps according to practical situations. Specifically, referring to fig. 1, a retarder 12 is connected between the fourth circular arc waveguide 13-4 and the fourth S-shaped waveguide 9-2, wherein one end of the retarder 12 is connected to the fourth circular arc waveguide 13-4, and the other end of the retarder 12 is connected to the fourth S-shaped waveguide 9-2. At this time, the second branch pulsed light is transmitted to the other side of the second straight waveguide 15 from the second output end of the third beam splitter 7 through the fourth S-shaped waveguide 9-2, the time delay 12 and the fourth arc waveguide 13-3 in sequence, so as to form a second transmission path of the two branch pulsed light.
Therefore, the input pulse light is divided into two paths of transmission paths through the beam splitter and the waveguide in the on-chip coupling system, and the spatial distribution of the first group of frequency doubling light or the second group of frequency doubling light can be extracted by utilizing the first group of images or the second group of images obtained from the two paths of transmission paths, so that the pulse width of the pulse light is calculated. In addition, the delayer 12 is arranged in one of the transmission paths to adjust the difference value Δ τ of the delay differences of the pulse lights at two sides of the straight waveguide in the two transmission paths, so as to measure the group refractive index of the pulse light transmission. It can be seen that except for the two imaging devices, namely the convex lens 17 and the imaging camera 18, other components of the autocorrelator of the present invention can be integrated into the on-chip coupling system, especially the beam splitter and the delayer which can only be arranged outside the substrate in the prior art, and can also be arranged in the on-chip coupling system in the present invention, so that the integration level of the on-chip coupling system is greatly improved.
The time resolution M of the inventive autocorrelator can be calculated using equation (5):
formula (5) Where R is the resolution of the imaging device, c is the speed of light in vacuum, ngGroup refractive index for pulsed light transmission.
The following description will be given with specific examples. In this example, the waveguides used in the two transmission paths are silicon waveguides having a width of 400nm and a thickness of 220nm, and the working wavelength of the autocorrelator is 1550 nm. Referring to fig. 2, as a first embodiment of the present invention, the effective refractive index n for pulsed light transmission is calculated by finite element analysiseffThe group refractive index n of the pulsed light transmitted in the first straight waveguide 14 or the second straight waveguide 15 is obtained by the formula (2)g. As shown in FIG. 2, when the working wavelength of the autocorrelator is 1550nm, the group refractive index n of the pulse light transmissiongWas 4.6. The convex lens 17 and the imaging camera 18 are commonly used as imaging means, and their resolution R is typically 400 nm. Thus, the time resolution M of the autocorrelator of the present example is calculated to be 10fs according to equation (5). Compared with the prior art in which the time resolution of the autocorrelator is higher by 50fs, the time resolution M of the autocorrelator of the present invention is further improved to 10 fs.
The first beam splitter 4, the second beam splitter 6 and the third beam splitter 7 are all 1 x 2 beam splitters with a ratio of 50:50, the structure is simple and compact, equal-proportion beam splitting of pulse light can be achieved by integrating the first beam splitter, the second beam splitter and the third beam splitter on the substrate 1, and the integration level is greatly improved. In addition, the 1 × 2 beam splitter of 50:50 can enable the pulse light power on two sides of the first straight waveguide 14 to be equal, and the pulse light power on two sides of the second straight waveguide 15 to be equal, so that high accuracy of conversion between the spatial distribution and the pulse light width of the first group of frequency doubling light and the second group of frequency doubling light is guaranteed, and the measurement accuracy of the integrated optical autocorrelator is further improved.
Referring to fig. 1, as a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to reduce the connection or insertion loss between the third S-shaped waveguide 9-1 and the third arc-shaped waveguide 13-3, the on-chip coupling system may further include a third straight waveguide 11, whereby one end of the third S-shaped waveguide 9-1 is connected to the second output end of the second beam splitter 6, and the other end of the third S-shaped waveguide 9-1 is connected to one end of the third arc-shaped waveguide 13-3 through the third straight waveguide 11. Specifically, the other end of the third S-shaped waveguide 9-1 is connected to one end of a third straight waveguide 11, and the other end of the third straight waveguide 11 is connected to one end of a third circular arc waveguide 13-3.
Similarly, referring to fig. 1, as a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to reduce the connection or insertion loss between the grating coupler 2 and the first beam splitter 4, the on-chip coupling system may further include a fourth straight waveguide 3, whereby the output end of the grating coupler 2 is connected to the input end of the first beam splitter 4 through the fourth straight waveguide 3, wherein the output end of the grating coupler 2 is connected to one end of the fourth straight waveguide 3, and the other end of the fourth straight waveguide 3 is connected to the input end of the first beam splitter 4.
Similarly, referring to fig. 1, as a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to reduce the connection or insertion loss between the first beam splitter 4 and the second beam splitter 6, and the connection or insertion loss between the first beam splitter 4 and the third beam splitter 7, the on-chip coupling system may further include a fifth S-shaped waveguide 5-1 and a sixth S-shaped waveguide 5-2, whereby the first output end of the first beam splitter 4 is connected to the input end of the second beam splitter 6 through the fifth S-shaped waveguide 5-1, and the second output end of the first beam splitter 4 is connected to the input end of the third beam splitter 7 through the sixth S-shaped waveguide 5-2. Specifically, a first output end of the first beam splitter 4 is connected with one end of a fifth S-shaped waveguide 5-1, and the other end of the fifth S-shaped waveguide 5-1 is connected with an input end of a second beam splitter 6; the second output end of the first beam splitter 4 is connected with one end of a sixth S-shaped waveguide 5-2, and the other end of the sixth S-shaped waveguide 5-2 is connected with the input end of a third beam splitter 7.
Similarly, referring to fig. 1, as a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to reduce the connection or insertion loss between the first S-shaped waveguide 8-1 and the first circular-arc-shaped waveguide 13-1, the connection or insertion loss between the second circular-arc-shaped waveguide 13-2 and the second S-shaped waveguide 8-2 is reduced. The on-chip coupling system may further comprise a fifth straight waveguide 10-1 and a sixth straight waveguide 10-2. Therefore, one end of the first S-shaped waveguide 8-1 is connected with the first output end of the second beam splitter 6, and the other end of the first S-shaped waveguide 8-1 is connected with one end of the first circular arc waveguide 13-1 through the fifth straight waveguide 10-1; one end of the second circular arc waveguide 13-2 is connected to the first straight waveguide 14, and the other end of the second circular arc waveguide 13-2 is connected to one end of the second S-shaped waveguide 8-2 through the sixth straight waveguide 10-2. Specifically, the other end of the first S-shaped waveguide 8-1 is connected with one end of a fifth straight waveguide 10-1, and the other end of the fifth straight waveguide 10-1 is connected with one end of a first circular arc waveguide 13-1; the other end of the second circular arc waveguide 13-2 is connected with one end of a sixth straight waveguide 10-2, and the other end of the sixth straight waveguide 10-2 is connected with one end of a second S-shaped waveguide 8-2.
As a more preferable embodiment of the present invention, the mirror symmetry distribution is designed such that the delay difference of the pulsed light on both sides of the first straight waveguide 14 is 0, and the delay difference of the pulsed light on both sides of the second straight waveguide 15 is equal to the delay introduced by the delay 12, thereby further improving the measurement accuracy of the autocorrelator of the present invention. Specifically, referring to fig. 1, the second splitter 6 and the third splitter 7 may be arranged in a mirror symmetry, the first S-shaped waveguide 8-1 and the second S-shaped waveguide 8-2 may be arranged in a mirror symmetry, the third S-shaped waveguide 9-1 and the fourth S-shaped waveguide 9-2 may be arranged in a mirror symmetry, the first circular arc-shaped waveguide 13-1 and the second circular arc-shaped waveguide 13-2 may be arranged in a mirror symmetry, the third circular arc-shaped waveguide 13-3 and the fourth circular arc-shaped waveguide 13-4 may be arranged in a mirror symmetry, the fifth S-shaped waveguide 5-1 and the sixth S-shaped waveguide 5-2 may be arranged in a mirror symmetry, and the fifth straight waveguide 10-1 and the sixth straight waveguide 10-2 may be arranged in a mirror symmetry.
The time domain field intensity distribution of the pulsed light transmitted from the output end of the grating coupler 2 to both sides and the center position of the first straight waveguide 14 is explained below. Referring to fig. 3, as a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pulse light time delay difference on both sides of the first straight waveguide 14 is 0. Fig. 3(a) is a time domain field intensity distribution diagram of the pulsed light which is output from the output end of the grating coupler 2 and then sequentially transmitted to one side of the first straight waveguide 14 through the first beam splitter 4, the fifth S-shaped waveguide 5-1, the second beam splitter 6, the first S-shaped waveguide 8-1, the fifth straight waveguide 10-1 and the first arc-shaped waveguide 13-1; fig. 3(b) is a time domain field intensity distribution diagram of the pulsed light which is output from the output end of the grating coupler 2 and then sequentially transmitted to the other side of the first straight waveguide 14 through the first beam splitter 4, the sixth S-shaped waveguide 5-2, the third beam splitter 7, the second S-shaped waveguide 8-2, the sixth straight waveguide 10-2 and the second arc-shaped waveguide 13-2; fig. 3(c) is a time domain field intensity distribution diagram of the first branch pulse light and the second branch pulse light output by the first beam splitter 4 after the pulse light is output from the output end of the grating coupler 2, which are transmitted to the center position of the first straight waveguide 14 by the first transmission path. As can be seen from fig. 3(a) and 3(b), the time for transmitting the pulsed light to both sides of the first straight waveguide 14 after being output from the output end of the grating coupler 2 is 2.7ps, the time delay difference of the pulsed light on both sides of the first straight waveguide 14 is 0, the field strengths are equal and respectively account for 20% of the total field strength, and it is ensured that the spatial distribution of the first group of frequency-doubled light and the pulse width conversion relationship of the pulsed light have high accuracy. As shown in fig. 3(c), the pulsed light is output from the output end of the grating coupler 2, after 3.2ps, and meets and completely overlaps at the center position of the first straight waveguide 14, so when the two-dimensional material film 16 completely covers the first straight waveguide 14, the energy of the pulsed light is coupled into the two-dimensional material film 16 through the evanescent field, and thus the pulsed light is excited in the pulse overlapping region of the two-dimensional material film 16 to generate the first group of frequency-doubled light emitted laterally.
The time domain field intensity distribution of the pulsed light transmitted from the output end of the grating coupler 2 to both sides of the second straight waveguide 15 is explained below. Referring to fig. 4, as a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the delay difference of the pulse light at both sides of the second straight waveguide 15 is equal to the delay introduced by the delay 12. Fig. 4(a) is a time domain field intensity distribution diagram of the pulsed light which is output from the output end of the grating coupler 2 and then sequentially transmitted to one side of the second straight waveguide 15 through the first beam splitter 4, the fifth S-shaped waveguide 5-1, the second beam splitter 6, the third S-shaped waveguide 9-1, the third straight waveguide 11 and the third arc-shaped waveguide 13-3; fig. 4(b) is a time domain field intensity distribution diagram of the pulsed light which is output from the output end of the grating coupler 2 and then sequentially transmitted to the other side of the second straight waveguide 15 through the first beam splitter 4, the sixth S-shaped waveguide 5-2, the third beam splitter 7, the fourth S-shaped waveguide 9-2, the delayer 12 and the fourth arc-shaped waveguide 13-4. As can be seen from fig. 4(a) and 4(b), the time for transmitting the pulsed light from the output end of the grating coupler 2 to both sides of the second straight waveguide 15 is 2.6ps and 3.7ps, and the delay difference of the pulsed light introduced by the delay 12 to both sides of the second straight waveguide 15 is 1.1 ps. When the two-dimensional material film 16 completely covers the second straight waveguide 15, pulse light energy at two sides of the second straight waveguide 15 is coupled into the two-dimensional material film 16 through an evanescent field, the pulse light is excited in a pulse overlapping region of the two-dimensional material film 16 to generate a second group of transversely emitted frequency doubling light, the pulse light field intensities at two sides of the second straight waveguide 15 are equal and respectively account for 20% of the total field intensity, and high accuracy of the spatial distribution of the second group of frequency doubling light and the pulse light pulse width conversion relation is ensured.
Claims (10)
1. An integrated optical autocorrelator based on the two-dimensional material transverse double frequency effect, comprising: the device comprises a substrate (1), an on-chip coupling system, a two-dimensional material film (16), a convex lens (17) and an imaging camera (18); the on-chip coupling system comprises a grating coupler (2), a first beam splitter (4), a second beam splitter (6), a third beam splitter (7), a first S-shaped waveguide (8-1), a second S-shaped waveguide (8-2), a third S-shaped waveguide (9-1), a fourth S-shaped waveguide (9-2), a first arc-shaped waveguide (13-1), a second arc-shaped waveguide (13-2), a third arc-shaped waveguide (13-3), a fourth arc-shaped waveguide (13-4), a first straight waveguide (14) and a second straight waveguide (15), wherein the first beam splitter (4), the second beam splitter (6) and the third beam splitter (7) are 50:50 1 x 2 beam splitters;
the output end of the grating coupler (2) is connected with the input end of the first beam splitter (4), the first output end of the first beam splitter (4) is connected with the input end of the second beam splitter (6), and the second output end of the first beam splitter (4) is connected with the input end of the third beam splitter (7);
the first output end of the second beam splitter (6) is connected with one end of a first S-shaped waveguide (8-1), the second output end of the second beam splitter (6) is connected with one end of a third S-shaped waveguide (9-1), the other end of the first S-shaped waveguide (8-1) is connected with one end of a first circular arc waveguide (13-1), the other end of the first circular arc waveguide (13-1) is connected with one end of a first straight waveguide (14), the other end of the first straight waveguide (14) is connected with one end of a second circular arc waveguide (13-2), the other end of the second circular arc waveguide (13-2) is connected with one end of a second S-shaped waveguide (8-2), and the other end of the second S-shaped waveguide (8-2) is connected with the first output end of a third beam splitter (7);
the other end of the third S-shaped waveguide (9-1) is connected with one end of a third arc-shaped waveguide (13-3), the other end of the third arc-shaped waveguide (13-3) is connected with one end of a second straight waveguide (15), the other end of the second straight waveguide (15) is connected with one end of a fourth arc-shaped waveguide (13-4), the other end of the fourth arc-shaped waveguide (13-4) is connected with one end of a fourth S-shaped waveguide (9-2), and the other end of the fourth S-shaped waveguide (9-2) is connected with a second output end of a third beam splitter (7);
the on-chip coupling system is integrated on a substrate (1), the two-dimensional material film (16) is a single-layer film with a second-order nonlinear effect, the two-dimensional material film (16) completely covers the first straight waveguide (14) and the second straight waveguide (15), and frequency doubling light excited by the two-dimensional material film (16) enters an imaging camera (18) through a convex lens (17) to be imaged.
2. The integrated optical autocorrelator of claim 1, wherein: the optical waveguide module further comprises a delayer (12), the other end of the fourth arc-shaped waveguide (13-4) is connected with one end of the fourth S-shaped waveguide (9-2) through the delayer (12), the other end of the fourth arc-shaped waveguide (13-4) is connected with one end of the delayer (12), and the other end of the delayer (12) is connected with one end of the fourth S-shaped waveguide (9-2).
3. An integrated optical autocorrelator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the second beam splitter (6) and the third beam splitter (7) are in mirror symmetry distribution, the first S-shaped waveguide (8-1) and the second S-shaped waveguide (8-2) are in mirror symmetry distribution, the third S-shaped waveguide (9-1) and the fourth S-shaped waveguide (9-2) are in mirror symmetry distribution, the first arc-shaped waveguide (13-1) and the second arc-shaped waveguide (13-2) are in mirror symmetry distribution, and the third arc-shaped waveguide (13-3) and the fourth arc-shaped waveguide (13-4) are in mirror symmetry distribution.
4. An integrated optical autocorrelator according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the on-chip coupling system further comprises a third straight waveguide (11), the other end of the third S-shaped waveguide (9-1) is connected with one end of a third arc-shaped waveguide (13-3) through the third straight waveguide (11), the other end of the third S-shaped waveguide (9-1) is connected with one end of the third straight waveguide (11), and the other end of the third straight waveguide (11) is connected with one end of the third arc-shaped waveguide (13-3).
5. An integrated optical autocorrelator according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: the on-chip coupling system further comprises a fourth straight waveguide (3), the output end of the grating coupler (2) is connected with the input end of the first beam splitter (4) through the fourth straight waveguide (3), the output end of the grating coupler (2) is connected with one end of the fourth straight waveguide (3), and the other end of the fourth straight waveguide (3) is connected with the input end of the first beam splitter (4).
6. An integrated optical autocorrelator according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: the on-chip coupling system further comprises a fifth S-shaped waveguide (5-1) and a sixth S-shaped waveguide (5-2), wherein the first output end of the first beam splitter (4) is connected with the input end of the second beam splitter (6) through the fifth S-shaped waveguide (5-1), the first output end of the first beam splitter (4) is connected with one end of the fifth S-shaped waveguide (5-1), and the other end of the fifth S-shaped waveguide (5-1) is connected with the input end of the second beam splitter (6); the second output end of the first beam splitter (4) is connected with the input end of a third beam splitter (7) through a sixth S-shaped waveguide (5-2), wherein the second output end of the first beam splitter (4) is connected with one end of the sixth S-shaped waveguide (5-2), and the other end of the sixth S-shaped waveguide (5-2) is connected with the input end of the third beam splitter (7).
7. The integrated optical autocorrelator of claim 6, wherein: the fifth S-shaped waveguide (5-1) and the sixth S-shaped waveguide (5-2) are distributed in mirror symmetry.
8. An integrated optical autocorrelator according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: the on-chip coupling system further comprises a fifth straight waveguide (10-1) and a sixth straight waveguide (10-2), the other end of the first S-shaped waveguide (8-1) is connected with one end of the first arc-shaped waveguide (13-1) through the fifth straight waveguide (10-1), the other end of the first S-shaped waveguide (8-1) is connected with one end of the fifth straight waveguide (10-1), and the other end of the fifth straight waveguide (10-1) is connected with one end of the first arc-shaped waveguide (13-1); the other end of the second circular arc waveguide (13-2) is connected with one end of the second S-shaped waveguide (8-2) through a sixth straight waveguide (10-2), wherein the other end of the second circular arc waveguide (13-2) is connected with one end of the sixth straight waveguide (10-2), and the other end of the sixth straight waveguide (10-2) is connected with one end of the second S-shaped waveguide (8-2).
9. The integrated optical autocorrelator of claim 8, wherein: the fifth straight waveguide (10-1) and the sixth straight waveguide (10-2) are distributed in mirror symmetry.
10. An integrated optical autocorrelator according to any one of claims 2 to 9, wherein: the time delay of the time delay device (12) is 0-2 ps.
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