CN111597747A - Multipoint-triggering ternary lithium power battery module thermal runaway simulation and prediction method - Google Patents

Multipoint-triggering ternary lithium power battery module thermal runaway simulation and prediction method Download PDF

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CN111597747A
CN111597747A CN202010417278.4A CN202010417278A CN111597747A CN 111597747 A CN111597747 A CN 111597747A CN 202010417278 A CN202010417278 A CN 202010417278A CN 111597747 A CN111597747 A CN 111597747A
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刘桂雄
张瑜
李远茂
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South China University of Technology SCUT
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Abstract

The invention discloses a multipoint-triggered thermal runaway simulation and prediction method for a ternary lithium power battery module, which comprises the following steps: establishing a three-dimensional model of a power battery module, and selecting a thermal runaway multipoint triggering position in the battery module; the method comprises the steps of introducing a three-dimensional model of a battery module into finite element software, establishing a battery heat generation model for a battery pack according to a heat abuse model, applying a thermal runaway trigger heat source Q to a battery at a selected multi-point trigger position, dividing a battery domain into quadrangles to form a main free grid, setting heat exchange modes among batteries as convection and conduction, and performing thermal runaway simulation to obtain temperature, trigger points, heat sources and thermal runaway time data of the battery module; acquiring the number n of different trigger points and the average value t of thermal runaway time triggered by a thermal runaway trigger heat source Q, fitting a relational expression of the time t, the thermal runaway heat source Q and the number n of the trigger points by a nonlinear least square method, and predicting the thermal runaway time of the battery module; and calculating the overall thermal runaway prediction relation of the battery module, and calculating the overall thermal runaway time of the module.

Description

Multipoint-triggering ternary lithium power battery module thermal runaway simulation and prediction method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of power batteries of electric vehicles, in particular to a multipoint-trigger-based thermal runaway simulation and prediction method for a ternary lithium power battery module.
Background
The power battery is used as a core component of the electric automobile, and the safety of the power battery has an important influence on the development of the electric automobile. The power battery is easy to generate a thermal runaway condition under mechanical abuse, electrical abuse and thermal abuse, which causes serious damage to electric automobiles and personnel safety, and a large amount of heat generated by the mechanical abuse and the electrical abuse can cause the battery temperature to be overhigh, so that the thermal abuse is caused, and further the thermal runaway condition is generated, namely the thermal abuse is a root cause for the thermal runaway of the power battery. The power battery module is used as an important component of a power battery system and has important significance for the research on the safety of the power battery module, so that a simulation and prediction method for generating multi-point triggering on the power battery module under different collision working conditions to cause the thermal runaway condition of the module is needed.
At present, when the thermal runaway safety test is carried out on the power lithium battery in China, a method for carrying out the safety test on a power battery monomer is mostly adopted, although the method can carry out the safety control on the battery, the safety of a power battery module existing in an electric automobile in a module form in practical application is not considered, and the condition that the thermal runaway of the power battery is caused due to the fact that the electric automobile is overheated at multiple points generated when meeting various collision working conditions in practical running is not considered.
1) In a paper published by Liu gently (2018) of the university of fertilizer combining industry, a central point heating mode is adopted for a nickel-cobalt-manganese-lithium ion power battery module with a 3X 3 structure in the research on thermal runaway and expansion characteristics of the battery under a heating condition, and the thermal runaway rule of the power battery module at different intervals and in different heat exchange modes is explored. The battery at the center of the battery module is heated in the literature to cause thermal runaway of the power battery module, although the thermal runaway law among the battery modules can be visually observed by adopting the method, the situation that multiple points in the battery module are overheated when an electric automobile collides and the like in the actual working condition is not considered, and the method is ideal. According to the invention, on the premise of considering different collision working conditions to cause overheating at different positions in the battery module, the ternary lithium battery with high energy density is adopted as a research object to search and research the overall thermal runaway rule of the power battery module, so that the method has more practical applicability, parameters can be flexibly changed according to different battery materials, and the overall thermal runaway time prediction of the power battery module under different collision working conditions is realized.
2) And the patent number CN110911772A, namely an early warning method for thermal runaway of a power lithium ion battery. The invention provides an early warning method for thermal runaway of a power lithium ion battery, which is characterized in that a three-layer power lithium battery thermal runaway warning mechanism is constructed by respectively detecting temperature, smoke and characteristic gas through sensors, and the problems of simple monitoring and warning form and single mode in the prior art are solved. The thermal runaway prediction method provided by the invention adopts simulation as a main means, can be flexibly set according to batteries made of different materials, and has the advantages of low cost and high accuracy.
3) The Changan university Tuaoqiang and Huangqing are published in 2018 in the NCM ternary lithium power battery thermal runaway research on the date 5 of the university of Jia wood, journal of 36, and the article is based on a thermal abuse model to perform thermal runaway behavior research on an NCM ternary lithium square battery monomer. The literature researches the thermal runaway time of the ternary lithium square power battery monomer under different heating furnace temperatures and different heat dissipation conditions, but the considered object is only limited to the battery monomer, the thermal runaway triggering mode of the battery monomer is environmental high-temperature heating, and the battery monomer is uniformly heated. The invention carries out thermal runaway simulation on the NCM ternary lithium power battery module formed by the most common cylindrical batteries on the market, adopts the heat source to accurately heat the battery in the thermal runaway triggering mode, better accords with the condition that the battery is unevenly heated in practical application, considers the heat influence of different heated positions of the battery on the whole module under different collision working conditions, and ensures that the simulation condition better accords with the practical application condition and has higher reliability.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention aims to provide a multipoint-trigger-based ternary lithium power battery module thermal runaway simulation and prediction method.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a thermal runaway simulation and prediction method for a ternary lithium power battery module based on multipoint triggering comprises the following steps:
s1, establishing a three-dimensional model of the power battery module according to the size, shape and arrangement structure of the sample batteries, and selecting a thermal runaway multipoint triggering position in the power battery module according to different collision working conditions;
s2, importing a three-dimensional model of a power battery module into finite element software, establishing a battery heat generation model for the power battery pack according to a heat abuse model, applying a thermal runaway trigger heat source Q to batteries at a selected multi-point trigger position, dividing a battery domain into quadrilateral-based free grids, setting a heat exchange mode among the batteries as convection and conduction, and performing thermal runaway simulation to obtain temperature, trigger points, heat sources and thermal runaway time data of the battery module;
s3 collecting the average value of the time when the thermal runaway of the whole thermal runaway in the module is triggered by the number n of different trigger points and the thermal runaway trigger heat source Q under different collision working conditions
Figure BDA0002495549090000031
Time is calculated by fitting with a non-linear least square method
Figure BDA0002495549090000032
Predicting the time when the power battery module is subjected to thermal runaway integrally according to a relational expression of a thermal runaway heat source Q and the number n of trigger points;
s4, calculating the overall thermal runaway time of the power battery module caused by different trigger positions and heat sources under different collision conditions according to the overall thermal runaway prediction relational expression of the power battery module calculated under different collision conditions.
One or more embodiments of the present invention may have the following advantages over the prior art:
the method can simulate the condition that the power battery module generates overall thermal runaway due to multi-point overheating caused by different collision working conditions, and predict the time for the power battery module to generate the overall thermal runaway at the position, thereby providing a reliable basis for a thermal runaway blocking method and safety design of the power battery.
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FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for simulating and predicting thermal runaway of a ternary lithium power battery module based on multi-point triggering;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a process of a method for simulating and predicting thermal runaway of a ternary lithium power battery module based on multi-point triggering;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating calculation of thermal runaway trigger point selection in a thermal runaway simulation and prediction method for a ternary lithium power battery module based on multi-point triggering;
FIG. 4 is a three-dimensional schematic view of a ternary lithium power battery module;
FIG. 5 shows that n is 3 and heat source Q is 1e7(W/m3) When t is 0(s) and t is 12(s), the three-dimensional temperature cloud graph of the battery module is obtained;
FIGS. 6a and 6b show that n is 3 and heat source Q is 1e7(W/m3) A time battery module temperature probe diagram;
fig. 7 and 8 are schematic diagrams of fitting data using a non-linear least squares method.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following embodiments and accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, a workflow of a multipoint triggered thermal runaway simulation method for a power battery module includes: constructing a three-dimensional model of the power battery module, selecting a multi-point trigger position, constructing the model by using a quadrilateral free grid, and applying heatCalculating a battery thermal field by a source, acquiring data, and performing fitting calculation to obtain the overall thermal runaway time of the power battery module
Figure BDA0002495549090000043
And (4) a relational expression. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 10, establishing a three-dimensional model of the power battery module according to the size, the shape and the arrangement structure of the sample batteries, and selecting a thermal runaway multipoint triggering position in the power battery module according to different collision working conditions (rear-end collision, side collision, bottom collision, corner collision and the like), wherein the specific method comprises the following steps:
as shown in fig. 3, a rectangular coordinate system is constructed by the corners of the power battery module, distances from the center of the battery cell to the x axis and the y axis are dl and dh respectively, and when the hot trigger point is selected according to different collision conditions, the battery at the position corresponding to the number n of the trigger points should satisfy:
Figure BDA0002495549090000041
fig. 4 shows a three-dimensional model of a power battery module constructed for a sample battery ternary lithium cylindrical battery according to the present invention, wherein the battery size values are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
Single point pool radius r (unit: mm) Single point pool height h (unit: mm) Battery spacing d (unit: mm)
16 65 10
Taking the corner impact condition as an example, when the power battery module is impacted by a corner, it may cause n batteries in the power battery module to generate thermal runaway. When 3 batteries generate thermal runaway, the positions of the 3 batteries respectively meet the requirement according to the thermal runaway position calculation method
Figure BDA0002495549090000042
Therefore, when n is 3 for battery No. 1, battery No. 2, and battery No. 5 shown in fig. 4, the multi-point thermal trigger battery is selected.
Step 20, the established three-dimensional model is led into finite element software, a battery heat production model is established for the power battery module according to the heat abuse model, a thermal runaway trigger heat source Q is applied to the battery at the selected multi-point trigger position, the battery domain is divided into quadrangles which are taken as main free grids, the heat exchange mode among the batteries is set as convection and conduction, thermal runaway simulation is carried out, and data such as the temperature, the trigger point, the heat source, the thermal runaway time and the like of the battery module are obtained;
the index for judging the thermal runaway of the power battery is as follows:
the battery monomer: temperature of monitoring point>TCritical temperature
The battery module: temperature of each cell in the module>TCritical temperature
The selection method for collecting the temperature position of the battery monomer in the power lithium battery module comprises the following steps:
as shown in fig. 5, the battery is equivalent to a cylinder with a height h and a radius r under a cylindrical coordinate system, and is generated on the surface of the battery by a monte carlo method (h)i,θi) N, where hi∈(0,h),θi∈ (0,360 degree), let Delta T be the difference between the temperature of the monitoring point and the surface temperature of the battery monomer, Delta T be the difference between the thermal trigger time of the monitoring point and the surface trigger time of the battery monomer, T0For the battery thermal trigger start time, trThe maximum temperature of the battery thermal runaway corresponds to the time.
For ∑ Delta T (h)ii)、Δt(hii) Two indexes are normalizedCarrying out standardization treatment:
Figure BDA0002495549090000051
Figure BDA0002495549090000052
the two indexes are summed, and the position (h) at i corresponding to the minimum valuei,θi) Namely the positions of the selected battery surface temperature monitoring points:
Figure BDA0002495549090000053
average value of thermal runaway time of other batteries in module triggered by multipoint thermal runaway
Figure BDA0002495549090000054
The calculation method is as follows:
defining the time t for the 1 st battery in the power battery module to generate thermal runaway caused by the heat source1The thermal runaway time of the other batteries is t2,t3…tn. The average time for the thermal runaway of the power battery module caused by the thermal runaway battery is as follows:
Figure BDA0002495549090000061
under the corner striking operating mode, get trigger point number n and become 3 (No. 1, No. 2, No. 5 battery), set up the trigger heat source Q and become 1e7(W/m3),TCritical temperatureThe battery surface temperature cloud graph and each battery temperature probe graph obtained by performing thermal runaway simulation on the power battery module by using simulation software are shown in fig. 5, 6a and 6b, wherein the temperature cloud graph is 200 ℃. It can be seen from the figure that the battery module absorbs heat under the influence of the high temperature of the thermal runaway trigger battery, and the temperature rises, so that the overall thermal runaway of the module is triggered.
Calculating the time of the whole thermal runaway of the power battery module to heat source Q (W/m)3) Is divided intoRespectively take 0.5e7、0.6e7、0.75e7、0.9e7、1e7、1.25e7N is 1-6 respectively, and the average time value of thermal runaway of other batteries in the module is initiated
Figure BDA0002495549090000067
The data were calculated and the data obtained are shown in table 2 below.
TABLE 2
Figure BDA0002495549090000062
Step 30, collecting the average value of the overall thermal runaway time of the thermal runaway triggering module group in different triggering point numbers n and the thermal runaway triggering heat source Q under different collision working conditions
Figure BDA0002495549090000063
Time is calculated by fitting with nonlinear least square method
Figure BDA0002495549090000064
Predicting the time when the power battery module is subjected to thermal runaway integrally according to a relational expression of a thermal runaway heat source Q and the number n of trigger points;
calculating time
Figure BDA0002495549090000065
The method of the relation between the heat source Q and the number n of the trigger points is as follows:
defining the time average value for inducing the thermal runaway of other batteries in the power battery module
Figure BDA0002495549090000066
For predicting the system output in thermal runaway, the trigger point n and the heat source Q are system inputs, a, b, c and d are parameters, and data (n) obtained by x times of experiments are obtained1,Q1,t1),(n2,Q2,t2)…(nx,Qx,tx) The following relations are obtained after fitting by a nonlinear least square method:
Figure BDA0002495549090000071
due to f [ (n)x,Qx),(a,b,c,e))]The target function is a nonlinear function, so that an iterative algorithm is adopted to solve the target function, the sum of squared errors is minimum, namely when the target function is minimum, the obtained parameter value is the solution of the target function, and the heat source Q, the number n of trigger points and the predicted overall thermal runaway time of the battery module in the power battery module can be obtained
Figure BDA0002495549090000072
The relationship is as follows:
Figure BDA0002495549090000073
wherein a, b, c, d, f and g are coefficients and are obtained by nonlinear least square fitting.
And (3) performing nonlinear least square fitting on the data of the table 2 according to the fitting method, and finally solving the relation of the overall thermal runaway time of the power lithium battery module through fitting as shown in fig. 7 and 8:
Figure BDA0002495549090000074
and step 40, calculating the integral thermal runaway prediction relation of the power battery module according to the calculated integral thermal runaway prediction relation under different collision working conditions, wherein the integral thermal runaway time of the module is triggered by different trigger positions and heat sources under each collision working condition.
The above-mentioned calculation is gained under corner collision operating mode, and by the whole thermal runaway time relational expression of the whole thermal runaway time of the prediction power lithium battery module that thermal runaway trigger point number n and heat source Q fit gained, when trigger point number n equals 7, heat source Q equals 1e7(W/m3) Then the power battery module will be at
Figure BDA0002495549090000075
Thermal runaway occurs overall.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the above descriptions are only for the convenience of understanding the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (7)

1. A multipoint-triggered thermal runaway simulation and prediction method for a ternary lithium power battery module is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, establishing a three-dimensional model of the power battery module according to the size, shape and arrangement structure of the sample batteries, and selecting a thermal runaway multipoint triggering position in the power battery module according to different collision working conditions;
s2, importing a three-dimensional model of a power battery module into finite element software, establishing a battery heat generation model for the power battery pack according to a heat abuse model, applying a thermal runaway trigger heat source Q to batteries at a selected multi-point trigger position, dividing a battery domain into quadrangles as main free grids, setting a heat exchange mode among the batteries as convection and conduction, and performing thermal runaway simulation to obtain temperature, trigger points, heat sources and thermal runaway time data of the battery module;
s3 collecting the average value of the time when the thermal runaway of the whole thermal runaway in the module is triggered by the number n of different trigger points and the thermal runaway trigger heat source Q under different collision working conditions
Figure FDA0002495549080000011
Calculating time by nonlinear least square method
Figure FDA0002495549080000012
Predicting the time when the power battery module is subjected to thermal runaway integrally according to a relational expression of a thermal runaway heat source Q and the number n of trigger points;
s4, calculating the integral thermal runaway time of the power battery module caused by different trigger positions and heat sources under different collision conditions according to the calculated integral thermal runaway prediction relational expression of the power battery module under different collision conditions.
2. The multi-point triggered thermal runaway simulation and prediction method for ternary lithium power battery modules according to claim 1, wherein in step S1:
the battery is cylindrical in shape;
different collision conditions include rear-end collision, side collision, bottom collision and corner collision.
3. The method for simulating and predicting the thermal runaway of the multi-point triggering ternary lithium power battery module as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step S1: the method for selecting the thermal runaway multipoint trigger position comprises the following steps: with power battery module corner construction rectangular coordinate system, battery monomer center is dl, dh to x and y axle distance respectively, and when then selecting hot trigger point according to different collision operating mode, trigger point number n corresponds position department battery and should satisfy:
Figure FDA0002495549080000013
4. the method for simulating and predicting the thermal runaway of the multi-point triggering ternary lithium power battery module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the index for determining the thermal runaway of the power battery in the step S2 is as follows: battery monomer and battery module, wherein:
the battery monomer: temperature of monitoring point>TCritical temperature
The battery module: temperature of each cell in the module>TCritical temperature
5. The method for simulating and predicting thermal runaway of a multi-point triggering ternary lithium power battery module according to claim 1, wherein the step S2 further comprises: the selection method for collecting the temperature position of the battery monomer in the power battery module comprises the following steps:
under a cylindrical coordinate system, the battery is equivalent to a cylinder, the height of the cylinder is h, the radius of the cylinder is r, and the cylinder is generated on the surface of the battery by a Monte Carlo method(hi,θi) N, where hi∈(0,h),θi∈ (0,360 degree), let Δ T be the difference between the temperature of the monitoring point and the surface temperature of the battery cell, Δ T be the difference between the thermal trigger time of the monitoring point and the surface trigger time of the battery cell, T0For the battery thermal trigger start time, trThe time corresponds to the maximum thermal runaway temperature of the battery;
for ∑ Delta T (h)ii)、Δt(hii) And carrying out normalization treatment on the two indexes:
Figure FDA0002495549080000021
Figure FDA0002495549080000022
the two indexes are summed, and the position (h) at i corresponding to the minimum valuei,θi) Namely the position of the selected battery surface temperature monitoring point:
Figure FDA0002495549080000023
6. the method for simulating and predicting thermal runaway of a multi-point triggered ternary lithium power battery module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thermal runaway time average of other batteries in the multi-point thermal runaway initiating module in the step S3 is
Figure FDA0002495549080000024
The calculation method is as follows:
defining the time t for the 1 st battery in the power battery module to generate thermal runaway caused by the heat source1The thermal runaway time of the other batteries is t2,t3…tn. The average time for the thermal runaway of the power battery module caused by the thermal runaway battery is as follows:
Figure FDA0002495549080000025
7. the method for simulating and predicting thermal runaway of a multi-point triggered ternary lithium power battery module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the time calculated in step S3 is
Figure FDA0002495549080000026
The method of the relation between the heat source Q and the number n of the trigger points is as follows:
defining the time average value for inducing the thermal runaway of other batteries in the power battery module
Figure FDA0002495549080000031
For predicting the system output in thermal runaway, the trigger point n and the heat source Q are system inputs, a, b, c and d are parameters, and data (n) obtained by x times of experiments are obtained1,Q1,t1),(n2,Q2,t2)…(nx,Qx,tx) The following relations are obtained after fitting by a nonlinear least square method:
Figure FDA0002495549080000032
due to f [ (n)x,Qx),(a,b,c,d))]The target function is a nonlinear function, so that an iterative algorithm is adopted to solve the target function, the sum of squared errors is minimum, namely when the sum is minimum, the solved parameter value is the solution of the target function, and the heat source Q, the number n of trigger points and the overall thermal runaway time of the prediction battery module in the power battery module can be obtained
Figure FDA0002495549080000033
The relationship is as follows:
Figure FDA0002495549080000034
wherein a, b, c, d, f and g are coefficients and are obtained by nonlinear least square fitting.
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