CN111595845A - Method for analyzing structure and performance of 45 steel laser remelting layer - Google Patents
Method for analyzing structure and performance of 45 steel laser remelting layer Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/2202—Preparing specimens therefor
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- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/225—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material using electron or ion
- G01N23/2251—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material using electron or ion using incident electron beams, e.g. scanning electron microscopy [SEM]
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/40—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for analyzing the structure and performance of a 45 steel laser remelting layer, which comprises the following steps: step 1, adopting 45 steel as a base material, using a laser to match with a stroke support to control the movement of an experimental sample, and respectively carrying out laser remelting treatment on the surfaces of an iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer and a thermal spraying coating by emitting pulse beams through the laser to obtain a 45 steel laser remelting layer; step 2, carrying out microstructure analysis and performance test on the 45 steel laser remelting layer; wherein the microstructure analysis comprises macroscopic morphology observation, metallographic microstructure analysis and scanning electron microscope structure analysis; the performance analysis comprises a microhardness test and a wear resistance test; and 3, based on the microstructure analysis and performance test results of the 45 steel laser remelting layer, using 45 steel laser surface fusion in the air as a reference to obtain the structure and performance characteristics of the laser remelting sample in the aqueous medium. The method can provide theoretical and experimental basis for improving the service performance of the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of laser remelting surface treatment, in particular to a method for analyzing the structure and performance of a 45 steel laser remelting layer.
Background
The steel is widely applied to the fields of electronics, machinery, communication, aviation, aerospace, energy and the like. The surface modification methods of the existing mature steel include nitriding, carburizing, laser modification and the like. The laser surface modification technology is characterized in that a high-energy-density laser beam acts on the surface of a metal material to cause the metal material to generate physical and chemical changes, so that the properties of wear resistance, corrosion resistance, thermal fatigue resistance, oxidation resistance and the like of the metal material are changed.
Laser remelting is the process of melting the surface by laser beam without adding any metal element, so as to achieve the purpose of improving the surface structure. Some castings often have oxide and sulfide inclusions, metal compounds, pores and other defects in the coarse dendritic crystals, if the defects are in the surface part, the fatigue strength, the corrosion resistance and the wear resistance are influenced, impurities, pores and compounds can be released by remelting the surface by laser, and simultaneously crystal grains are refined due to rapid cooling.
According to the related research results, the fact that the nano-crystalline grains are not obtained by directly remelting the surface in the air, the nano-crystalline grains are obtained by remelting the surface in water, and the grains tend to be more refined after remelting and recrystallization along with the increase of the distance between the water surface and the treated surface.
In order to further improve the service performance of the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer, theoretical and experimental bases are provided, the change rule of the organization structure of the water environment cooling modification layer after laser remelting treatment needs to be researched, and the hardness and the wear resistance of the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer and the remelting water environment cooling modification layer are subjected to comparative analysis.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for analyzing the structure and the performance of a 45 steel laser remelting layer, which provides theoretical and experimental basis for improving the service performance of an iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer.
The invention provides a method for analyzing the structure and performance of a 45 steel laser remelting layer, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, adopting 45 steel as a base material, using a laser to match with a stroke support to control the movement of an experimental sample, and respectively carrying out laser remelting treatment on the surfaces of an iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer and a thermal spraying coating by emitting pulse beams through the laser to obtain a 45 steel laser remelting layer;
step 2, carrying out microstructure analysis and performance test on the 45 steel laser remelting layer; wherein the microstructure analysis comprises macroscopic morphology observation, metallographic microstructure analysis and scanning electron microscope structure analysis; the performance analysis comprises a microhardness test and a wear resistance test;
and 3, based on the microstructure analysis and performance test results of the 45 steel laser remelting layer, using 45 steel laser surface fusion in the air as a reference to obtain the structure and performance characteristics of the laser remelting sample in the aqueous medium.
Further, the step 1 comprises:
cutting a 45 steel plate into test plates with the size specification of 40mm multiplied by 100mm multiplied by 20mm by a linear cutting method, then polishing the surfaces to be welded of the test plates by abrasive paper, thoroughly removing surface oxide layers and oil stains, and then cleaning the test plates by alcohol;
polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer on a grinding machine, and then coating ink on the surface of the water environment cooling modification layer for blackening treatment so as to improve the absorption efficiency of the surface of the water environment cooling modification layer on laser beams during laser remelting;
remelting the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer by adopting set laser remelting process parameters, wherein the position of a laser beam is kept fixed in the remelting process, the lapping remelting treatment on the spray welding layer is realized by the transverse movement of a workbench, and air is adopted for protection in the whole laser remelting scanning process;
carrying out the remelting treatment process in a water tank, controlling the distance from the surface of a cooling water medium to the surface of the iron matrix material during treatment, changing water depth variables, carrying out multiple groups of experiments, repeating the experiments under the conditions that the water depth is designed to be 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 5mm and 10mm, and preparing a pulse laser remelting layer with the thickness of 45mm multiplied by 10mm on a 45 steel matrix steel plate by controlling the stroke;
cutting the remelted water environment cooling modified layer test plate into test plates with the specifications as follows by using a linear cutting method: the sample of 15mm 20mm is used for metallographic microstructure observation and wear resistance test for standby.
Further, the microstructure analysis in step 2 comprises:
observing and photographing the macro morphology of the cross-section molten pool of the iron-based alloy remelting layer by using an ultra-depth-of-field digital microscope, accurately measuring the maximum melting depth, the melting width L and the width D of a lap joint area of the cross-section molten pool by using a measuring system, and calculating the lap joint rate of the remelting water environment cooling modification layer under different laser remelting parameters according to a formula D/L multiplied by 100%;
cutting the iron-based alloy thermal spray coating, the water environment cooling modification layer, the laser remelting water environment cooling modification layer, the pulse laser remelting thermal spray coating and the aging state remelting water environment cooling modification layer into samples with the size of about 15mm multiplied by 8mm by a linear cutting method, grinding and polishing the samples, corroding the samples with hydrochloric acid alcohol to prepare metallographic samples, and observing and analyzing and taking pictures by using a metallographic microscope;
and observing and analyzing the structure of the thermal spraying (welding) layer in different treatment states by using a scanning electron microscope, and simultaneously, observing and photographing the iron-based alloy remelting water environment cooling modification layer and the fine structure morphology of the iron-based alloy remelting water environment cooling modification layer after further aging treatment by using a field emission scanning electron microscope at a high magnification.
Further, the texture and performance characteristics of the laser remelting sample in the aqueous medium in step 3 include:
the hardness of the iron-based alloy is improved after the laser remelting treatment, the surface hardness nonuniformity is also improved, the wear resistance of the iron-based alloy is improved, and the wear mechanisms of the air remelting layer and the water-cooling remelting welding layer of the iron-based alloy are abrasive wear.
The laser melting zone of the alloy cast iron mainly has a dendritic structure and consists of martensite, austenite and carbide, and crystal grains are obviously refined.
The laser melting treatment improves the microhardness, the tempering resistance and the wear resistance of the surface of the alloy cast iron sample.
By means of the scheme, theoretical and experimental basis can be provided for improving the service performance of the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer through a structure and performance analysis method of the 45 steel laser remelting layer.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present invention, and in order to make the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly understood and to implement them in accordance with the contents of the description, the following detailed description is given with reference to the preferred embodiments of the present invention and the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method for analyzing the structure and the performance of the 45 steel laser remelting layer according to the invention.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 1, the present embodiment provides a method for analyzing the structure and properties of a 45 steel laser remelted layer, comprising the following steps:
step S1, adopting 45 steel as a base material, using a laser to match with a stroke support to control the movement of an experimental sample, and respectively carrying out laser remelting treatment on the surfaces of the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer and the thermal spray coating by emitting pulse beams through the laser to obtain a 45 steel laser remelting layer;
step S2, carrying out microstructure analysis and performance test on the 45 steel laser remelting layer; wherein the microstructure analysis comprises macroscopic morphology observation, metallographic microstructure analysis and scanning electron microscope structure analysis; the performance analysis comprises a microhardness test and a wear resistance test;
and step S3, based on the microstructure analysis and performance test results of the 45 steel laser remelting layer, the structure and performance characteristics of the laser remelting sample in the water medium are obtained by taking the 45 steel laser surface melting in the air as a reference.
By the method for analyzing the structure and the performance of the 45 steel laser remelting layer, theoretical and experimental basis can be provided for improving the service performance of the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer.
The present invention is described in further detail below.
First, experimental design
1. Experimental Material
In this experiment, 45 steel was used as the base material. 45 steel is a medium carbon steel with a typical carbon content of between 0.42% and 0.5%. 45 steel is a commonly used high quality structural steel.
Each set of test specimens was smoothed with sandpaper before being used for observation and study, followed by polishing and etching. The polishing agent used for this process was 2.5 μm particle diamond polishing agent, followed by 5% alcoho.
2. Preparation of test specimens
In the experiment, the laser is matched with the stroke support to control the movement of the experimental sample, and the laser emits pulse beams to realize the remelting treatment of the surface.
Firstly, cutting a 45 steel plate into test plates with the size specification of 40mm multiplied by 100mm multiplied by 20mm by a linear cutting method, then polishing the surfaces to be welded of the test plates by abrasive paper, thoroughly removing surface oxide layers and oil stains, and then cleaning the test plates by alcohol. And respectively carrying out laser remelting treatment on the surfaces of the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer and the thermal spraying layer by adopting an Nd-YAG solid pulse laser with the maximum power of 500W.
Before remelting, firstly polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer on a grinding machine, and then coating ink on the surface of the water environment cooling modification layer for blackening treatment, so that the absorption efficiency of the surface of the water environment cooling modification layer on laser beams during laser remelting is improved; remelting the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer by adopting set laser remelting process parameters, wherein the position of a laser beam is kept fixed in the remelting process, the lapping remelting treatment of a spray welding layer is realized by the transverse movement of a workbench, in addition, air is adopted for protection in the whole laser remelting scanning process, and a designed experimental group is protected by using deionized water; in order to prevent microcracks from occurring in the test plate of the iron-based alloy weld overlay, a preheating treatment is performed before laser remelting.
The same experiment was carried out in a water tank, and the distance from the surface of the cooling aqueous medium to the surface of the iron base material was controlled during the experiment. The water depth variables were varied, multiple sets of experiments were performed, and the experiments were repeated with water depths of 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 5mm, 10 mm. And preparing a pulse laser remelting layer of 45mm multiplied by 10mm on a 45 steel substrate steel plate by controlling the stroke. Finally, cutting the remelted water environment cooling modification layer test plate into test plates with the specifications as follows by using a linear cutting method: the sample of 15mm 20mm is used for metallographic microstructure observation and wear resistance test for standby.
Keeping the laser power unchanged and controlling the water amount in the water tank. The water quantity is controlled by the water depth, and the melting and solidification processes of the matrix material in the laser remelting process are changed by controlling the water quantity.
3. Microstructure analysis of steel remelted layer
(1) Macroscopic topography Observation
A VHX-900 type super-depth-of-field digital microscope is adopted to observe and photograph the macro morphology of the cross-section molten pool of the iron-based alloy remelting layer, and an attached measuring system is used to accurately measure the maximum fusion depth, fusion width (L), lap zone width (D) and the like of the cross-section molten pool. And calculating the lap joint rate of the remelting water environment cooling modification layer under different laser remelting parameters according to a formula D/L multiplied by 100%.
(2) Metallographic microstructure analysis
Firstly, an iron-based alloy thermal spraying coating, a water environment cooling modification layer, a laser remelting water environment cooling modification layer, a pulse laser remelting thermal spraying coating and an aging state remelting water environment cooling modification layer are respectively cut into samples with the size of about 15mm multiplied by 8mm by a linear cutting method, and then the samples are ground and polished and then are properly corroded by hydrochloric alcohol (hydrochloric acid: absolute ethyl alcohol 1:20) to prepare metallographic samples. And observing and analyzing by using a metallographic microscope and photographing.
(3) Scanning electron microscopy tissue analysis
And observing and analyzing the structure of the hot spraying (welding) layer in different treatment states by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and simultaneously, observing and photographing the iron-based alloy remelting water environment cooling modification layer and the fine structure morphology of the iron-based alloy remelting water environment cooling modification layer after further aging treatment by using a field emission scanning electron microscope at a high magnification.
4. Analysis of 45 Steel remelted layer Properties
(1) Microhardness test
According to GB/T4340.1-1999 Metal Vickers hardness test part one: test method the vickers hardness test standard utilizes a vickers microhardness tester to measure the section and surface microhardness of a laser remelting water environment cooling modification layer and a pulse laser remelting water environment cooling modification layer. When measuring the microhardness of the laser remelting water environment cooling modification layer, a 4.9N load force is selected, the load continuous loading time is 20s, and when measuring the microhardness of the cross section, hardness points are sequentially measured every 0.1mm from the top to the base metal along the cross section of the remelting water environment cooling modification layer until the base metal is measured; the load force selected for measuring the laser remelting thermal spray coating was 1.96N, and the interval between two hardness points was 50 μm. In order to reduce the error, two rows of hardness points are respectively measured along the center of the remelted layer molten pool, and the average value is taken as the hardness of the section. For the surface hardness of the weld layers of different treatment states, five hardness points were randomly measured and averaged.
And (3) carrying out hardness test on a plurality of groups of samples in different water depths, comparing the hardness of each group of experiments, and analyzing the influence of the laser remelting in the water environment on the surface performance of the matrix material. The influence of the introduction of cooling water on the surface modification effect of the material in the remelting process is improved. The purpose of controlling the modification effect of the sample is achieved by controlling the technological parameters of the cooling water environment.
(2) Abrasion resistance test
The wear resistance test was carried out according to the test standard GB12444.1-90 Metal wear test method MM type wear test. And (3) carrying out a sliding abrasion test on the prepared standard samples in different treatment states on a friction abrasion tester. The grinding roller ring is made of 9SiCr steel with the size of 40mm of outer diameter, 16mm of inner diameter and 10mm of thickness, and the hardness is 58-60 HRC. The rotation speed of the abrasion tester to the abrasion ring is 200r/min, and the loading load is 98N. And an electronic balance with the sensing quantity of 0.1mg is adopted for carrying out abrasion weight loss detection. Each sample is pre-ground for 5min, then is cleaned by acetone solution to remove oil, is cleaned by alcohol and is dried, is weighed by an electronic balance, and then is subjected to formal test, a drop of emulsion is dropped at an interval of 5s in the abrasion process to be cooled, and is cleaned and weighed at an interval of 20min, and the data of each abrasion is recorded, and the procedure is repeated for three times, wherein the abrasion is 1h in total, the abrasion rate is calculated, the width of the abrasion mark on the surface after abrasion is measured under an Olympus PME3 type metallographic microscope with a micrometer lens, and in addition, after observation and analysis are carried out under a digital field depth microscope, the image of the abrasion mark is shot.
The results of the frictional wear were analyzed, and the groups were analyzed and tested for the effect of the laser on the modification of the material surface and the depth of the remelted layer. And comprehensively analyzing the crystal structure of the remelted region by analyzing the data such as the friction coefficient of the remelted layer and combining the result of microscopic observation.
Structure and performance of laser remelting layer of second and 45 steel
1. 45 steel-based alloy laser remelting layer structure and structure
1) Steel-based alloy surface modified layer microstructure and structure
Due to rapid cooling, composition supercooling and air structure nonuniformity of laser melting, two types of dendritic structures of austenite and carbide exist in a melting area, and a microstructure consists of martensite, retained austenite and carbide. The grain refinement of martensite and carbide is the key to improve the hardness and wear resistance of the melting zone, especially the ultra-fine grain zone. Compared with the conventional treatment, the residual austenite after laser melting has larger changes in carbon content, hardness, substructure and the like, and has special influence on the mechanical properties of the surface layer of the material. More alloy carbides are dissolved in austenite in the process of fusing, so that martensite and retained austenite have higher alloying degree. Meanwhile, because of grain refinement, carbides precipitated in the high-temperature tempering process are fine and dispersed, so that the fused structure has higher tempering resistance.
Tests show that the water environment cooling modification layer is formed by distributing long-strip white carbide and a small hard phase on a substrate, and the structure of the water environment cooling modification layer also has the defects of a small amount of air holes, inclusions and the like. Analysis shows that the method is mainly determined by the water environment cooling modification layer alloy components and the water environment cooling modification process characteristics. Firstly, oxyacetylene flame energy density is relatively low, a heating area is large and heating time is long in the water environment cooling modification process, so that the time required for cooling and solidifying the molten alloy powder is long, and finally the structure of a water environment cooling modification layer is relatively thick; secondly, the water environment cooling modification technology is manually operated, process parameters are difficult to accurately control, gas generated inside an alloy spray welding layer formed in the water environment cooling modification process overflows rapidly due to the fact that the gas does not float to the surface in time, meanwhile, neutral flame is adopted in the cooling process of cooling water but protective gas is not adopted, so that the surface of high-temperature metal has some oxidation phenomena, the upper portion of a water environment cooling modification layer is prone to forming defects of a small amount of cracks, impurities and the like, the water environment cooling modification layer is uneven in structure and poor in compactness, and the use of the water environment cooling modification alloy layer is limited to a certain extent.
2)45 steel laser remelting layer microstructure and structure
Tests show that the defects of air holes, impurities and the like appear on the cross section of the iron-based alloy welding layer, and the defects are basically eliminated after laser remelting treatment. Analysis shows that the method can be related to the characteristics of a thermal spray welding technology and a laser remelting technology, wherein the thermal spray welding technology can prepare a spray welding layer with larger thickness, but the defects of air holes, impurities and the like inevitably occur on the structure of a condensation welding layer due to the technical limit of the thermal spray welding technology; the laser energy density is high, rapid heating and cooling can be realized, a molten pool formed in the heating process is always protected, and air holes and inclusions cannot be formed in the subsequent remelting process, so that the compactness of the surface structure of the water condensation welding layer is obviously improved after the laser remelting treatment.
The iron-based alloy matrix on the surface layer is rapidly melted under the action of laser and rapidly cooled under the protection of aqueous medium, and crystal grains on the surface of the matrix are refined. And (3) polishing by using sand paper for 50 mu m, removing the tissue of the rapid condensation layer on the surface of the material, and also obtaining a refined tissue in the remelted layer.
In an aqueous medium environment, the surface of the 45 steel is subjected to a quenching-like transformation under the action of laser. Ferrite and pearlite interlacing occurs. The form of the lamellar complex phase is a lamellar complex phase which is formed by alternately laminating a ferrite thin layer and a cementite thin layer and is also called lamellar pearlite. The symbol P indicates that the carbon content ω c is 0.77%. Ferrite accounts for 88% and cementite for 12% of pearlite, and ferrite lamellae are much thicker than cementite due to the much greater amount of ferrite than cementite. When the magnification is higher, wide-strip ferrite and narrow-strip cementite which are distributed in parallel in the pearlite can be clearly seen; when the magnification is low, only one black line can be seen by cementite in the pearlite; when the magnification is further decreased or the pearlite is thinned, the lamellar structure of the pearlite cannot be distinguished, and the pearlite becomes a black lump.
2. Surface structure expression of 45 steel under water environment cooling
The test piece is placed in a container filled with deionized water, the distance from the liquid level to the processed surface can be adjusted by adjusting the water quantity, and then the surface of the test piece is remelted by Nd: YAG laser with certain process parameters. Known research results show that, theoretically, when remelting is carried out in the air directly on the surface, nanocrystalline grains are not obtained, and when remelting is carried out in water, the nanocrystalline grains are refined and partially obtained, and meanwhile, the grains after remelting and recrystallization tend to be more refined along with the increase of the distance between the water surface and the treated surface. The reasons for this are mainly that the laser remelting part in water cools rapidly, austenite has no time to transform into martensite, and crystal grains do not have time to grow. The laser remelting in the air can form a nano-crystalline structure on the surface layer of the material as long as effective measures can be taken to improve the cooling speed. In addition, in the experiment, a part of action effect similar to laser impact and rapid cooling action can be combined to promote the generation of nano crystal grains. The tissue and the water medium treated tissue surface tissue and performance in the air are different due to the protection and cooling effect of water.
The test showed that the structure obtained in air was a lamellar pearlite structure, and ferrite, similar to the remelted layer matrix bonding section studied before the test. Under the protection of 2mm cooling water and the extremely cold action, the crystal grain solidification process is changed, and the crystal grains are refined to be particles close to nano-scale. Under the protection of cooling water and the cooling effect, the crystal grains of the test group are further refined compared with the control group in the air.
Analysis shows that the iron-based alloy welding layer is subjected to remelting treatment by using high-energy-density laser, particles which are not completely remelted in the welding layer, small blocky carbide borides and the like can be rapidly heated to high temperature to form a liquid state, so that the distribution of alloy elements in the welding layer is further homogenized, the component segregation is reduced, and the defects of air holes, inclusions and the like in the welding layer can be reduced or eliminated; secondly, the welding layer can generate great super-cooling degree by utilizing the self-excitation cooling action of the matrix in the laser remelting process, thereby increasing the nucleation rate during crystallization, refining crystal grains and obtaining an extremely fine eutectic with evenly distributed dendritic crystal solid solution and dendrites; meanwhile, the surface structure of the remelting welding layer is influenced by the movement direction of the laser beam in the laser remelting process, so that the distribution of the crystal structure has certain directionality.
3. Remelting performance of 45 steel in cooling water environment
The structure of the aqueous medium cooling welding layer after laser remelting is refined and improved, and the hardness of the aqueous medium cooling welding layer is correspondingly improved. The surface hardness of the air water-cooling welding layer of the iron-based alloy is about 370HV, the hardness is obviously improved after laser remelting, the hardness of the remelting hot spray welding layer is as high as 470HV, and is improved by about 100HV before heavy melting, which is mainly related to the fine crystal strengthening and solid solution strengthening effects generated after the hot spray welding layer is remelted by laser. Further observation shows that the surface hardness of the water-cooling welding layer is improved after laser remelting treatment, the fluctuation of the surface hardness is reduced, and the stability is improved. The reason is that the air remelting layer has a thick and uneven surface structure, and the surface hardness is greatly improved and the uniformity of the surface hardness distribution is also greatly improved after laser remelting treatment.
Analysis shows that after the air hot spray welding layer is subjected to laser remelting treatment, defects such as air holes and inclusions on the upper surface of the spray welding layer are basically eliminated, and meanwhile, due to the fact that the air hot spray welding layer contains more C elements, after the air hot spray welding layer is rapidly heated and rapidly cooled through laser remelting, due to the fact that strong solid solution of alloy elements generates a solid solution strengthening effect, components of the hot spray welding layer are homogenized, and formed surface layer tissues are relatively uniform; in addition, some very fine eutectic iron carbon compounds are formed during rapid solidification of the molten pool, preventing coarsening of the grain structure. The combination of the above factors can greatly improve the surface hardness of the remelting thermal spray welding layer, and the hardness distribution is relatively uniform.
4. Frictional wear performance of remelted layer under 45-degree steel medium cooling
The test shows that after the laser remelting treatment, the width of the grinding scar and the abrasion weight loss of the iron-based alloy water-cooling welding layer are both obviously reduced, and the abrasion weight loss of the air remelting layer is 255 × 10-4g, the remelting water-cooling welding layer is 129 × 10-4And g, the wear resistance of the hot-spray welding layer is improved by about 49 percent compared with that of an air remelting layer, and the test result shows that the wear resistance of the hot-spray welding layer is also greatly improved after laser remelting treatment. Analysis shows that the wear resistance of the water-cooled welding layer after laser remelting treatment is mainly related to the improvement and strengthening of the structure. According to the characteristics of rapid heating and cooling of laser, after the water-cooled welding layer is subjected to laser remelting treatment, the structure is improved, and the comprehensive effects of fine grain strengthening and solid solution strengthening are enhanced, so that a foundation is laid for improving the wear resistance of the water-cooled welding layer.
Tests show that after the air remelting welding layer and the remelting hot water cooling layer are abraded under the same condition, the typical furrows are formed on the surfaces of the air remelting welding layer and the remelting hot water cooling layer, the abrasion mechanism is abrasive particle abrasion, but the abrasion mark on the surface of the remelting hot welding layer is shallow and narrow, and the abrasion resistance of the welding layer is improved after the welding layer is remelted by laser.
Analysis shows that the texture of the air remelting welding layer is thicker and poorer in texture uniformity, however, after laser remelting treatment, solid solution strengthening and fine grain strengthening are enhanced, so that the particles which are ploughed off from the surface of the remelting hot-spraying welding layer are smaller, and in addition, formed fine boride, carbide and the like are dispersed and distributed among the fine columnar dendrites which are formed in advance, and the ploughing effect in the abrasion process is greatly hindered, so that the abrasion mark on the surface of the remelting hot-spraying welding layer is shallow and fine, and better abrasion resistance is shown.
In this example, the laser surface fusion of 45 steel in air is used as a contrast to reveal the structure and properties of a laser-remelted sample in an aqueous medium, which specifically includes:
(1) the hardness of the iron-based alloy after the laser remelting treatment is greatly improved, the surface hardness nonuniformity is also greatly improved, and the wear resistance of the iron-based alloy is greatly improved. The wear mechanisms of the air remelting layer and the water-cooling remelting welding layer of the iron-based alloy are abrasive wear.
(2) The laser melting zone of the alloy cast iron mainly has a dendritic structure and consists of martensite, austenite and carbide, and crystal grains are obviously refined.
(3) The laser melting treatment can obviously improve the microhardness, the tempering resistance and the abrasion resistance of the surface of the alloy cast iron sample.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, many modifications and variations can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and variations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for analyzing the structure and the performance of a 45 steel laser remelting layer is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, adopting 45 steel as a base material, using a laser to match with a stroke support to control the movement of an experimental sample, and respectively carrying out laser remelting treatment on the surfaces of an iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer and a thermal spraying coating by emitting pulse beams through the laser to obtain a 45 steel laser remelting layer;
step 2, carrying out microstructure analysis and performance test on the 45 steel laser remelting layer; wherein the microstructure analysis comprises macroscopic morphology observation, metallographic microstructure analysis and scanning electron microscope structure analysis; the performance analysis comprises a microhardness test and a wear resistance test;
and 3, based on the microstructure analysis and performance test results of the 45 steel laser remelting layer, using 45 steel laser surface fusion in the air as a reference to obtain the structure and performance characteristics of the laser remelting sample in the aqueous medium.
2. The method for analyzing the structure and the performance of the 45 steel laser remelting layer according to claim 1, wherein the step 1 comprises:
cutting a 45 steel plate into test plates with the size specification of 40mm multiplied by 100mm multiplied by 20mm by a linear cutting method, then polishing the surfaces to be welded of the test plates by abrasive paper, thoroughly removing surface oxide layers and oil stains, and then cleaning the test plates by alcohol;
polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer on a grinding machine, and then coating ink on the surface of the water environment cooling modification layer for blackening treatment so as to improve the absorption efficiency of the surface of the water environment cooling modification layer on laser beams during laser remelting;
remelting the iron-based alloy water environment cooling modification layer by adopting set laser remelting process parameters, wherein the position of a laser beam is kept fixed in the remelting process, the lapping remelting treatment on the spray welding layer is realized by the transverse movement of a workbench, and air is adopted for protection in the whole laser remelting scanning process;
carrying out the remelting treatment process in a water tank, controlling the distance from the surface of a cooling water medium to the surface of the iron matrix material during treatment, changing water depth variables, carrying out multiple groups of experiments, repeating the experiments under the conditions that the water depth is designed to be 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 5mm and 10mm, and preparing a pulse laser remelting layer with the thickness of 45mm multiplied by 10mm on a 45 steel matrix steel plate by controlling the stroke;
cutting the remelted water environment cooling modified layer test plate into test plates with the specifications as follows by using a linear cutting method: the sample of 15mm 20mm is used for metallographic microstructure observation and wear resistance test for standby.
3. The method for analyzing the structure and the performance of the 45 steel laser remelting layer according to claim 1, wherein the microstructure analysis in step 2 comprises:
observing and photographing the macro morphology of the cross-section molten pool of the iron-based alloy remelting layer by using an ultra-depth-of-field digital microscope, accurately measuring the maximum melting depth, the melting width L and the width D of a lap joint area of the cross-section molten pool by using a measuring system, and calculating the lap joint rate of the remelting water environment cooling modification layer under different laser remelting parameters according to a formula D/L multiplied by 100%;
cutting the iron-based alloy thermal spray coating, the water environment cooling modification layer, the laser remelting water environment cooling modification layer, the pulse laser remelting thermal spray coating and the aging state remelting water environment cooling modification layer into samples with the size of about 15mm multiplied by 8mm by a linear cutting method, grinding and polishing the samples, corroding the samples with hydrochloric acid alcohol to prepare metallographic samples, and observing and analyzing and taking pictures by using a metallographic microscope;
and observing and analyzing the structure of the thermal spraying (welding) layer in different treatment states by using a scanning electron microscope, and simultaneously, observing and photographing the iron-based alloy remelting water environment cooling modification layer and the fine structure morphology of the iron-based alloy remelting water environment cooling modification layer after further aging treatment by using a field emission scanning electron microscope at a high magnification.
4. The method for analyzing the structure and the performance of the 45 steel laser remelting layer according to claim 3, wherein the structure and the performance characteristics of the laser remelting sample in the aqueous medium in the step 3 comprise:
the hardness of the iron-based alloy is improved after the laser remelting treatment, the surface hardness nonuniformity is also improved, the wear resistance of the iron-based alloy is improved, and the wear mechanisms of the air remelting layer and the water-cooling remelting welding layer of the iron-based alloy are abrasive wear.
The laser melting zone of the alloy cast iron mainly has a dendritic structure and consists of martensite, austenite and carbide, and crystal grains are obviously refined.
The laser melting treatment improves the microhardness, the tempering resistance and the wear resistance of the surface of the alloy cast iron sample.
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