CN111595783B - Material laser absorption rate measuring system and method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a system and a method for measuring the laser absorptivity of a material, comprising the following steps: the device comprises a laser emitting device, a laser gathering device, a scanning device, a calorimetric device, a powder table, a flat field focusing mirror, a first vibrating mirror, a second vibrating mirror, an experiment chamber, a pressure regulating valve and a control system; laser emitted by the laser emitting device is focused by a laser focusing device, and the focused laser realizes dynamic scanning of the laser in the range of the powder platform area through a scanning device and a flat field focusing mirror; the powder platform is connected with a calorimetric device, and the temperature change generated by scanning a sample with laser is monitored in real time. The invention realizes the laser absorption rate measurement in different wavelengths, different laser power ranges and different defocusing amounts; scanning of different fields of view is realized; the integration of the laser moving platform and the calorimetric platform is realized, and the laser absorption rate of the material can be measured in real time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of additive manufacturing, in particular to a system and a method for measuring laser absorptivity of a material. And more particularly, to a system and method for testing laser absorption rate of a material during a laser powder bed melting additive manufacturing process.
Background
Laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing metal parts are produced by selective laser beam zone-by-zone fusion of powder layers.
The traditional method for directly measuring the absorption rate at high temperature collects reflected light through an integrating sphere, whether the integrating sphere can absorb all the reflected light or not and the absorbed reflected light are detected after being scattered and homogenized for many times through the inner wall of the integrating sphere, and when the incident power of laser is strong, the inner wall of the integrating sphere can be damaged, the performance of equipment is influenced, and errors are caused. When the laser beam acts on the surface of an object, if the acting time of the laser beam is short and the power density is low, most incident light is absorbed, and the temperature of the material is gradually increased; if the power density of the laser is increased so that the temperature of the laser heating metal surface reaches the melting point, the material starts to melt, and a molten pool is formed. The interaction of the melt surface with the laser is then non-stationary and modulated due to the melt motion, which has an influence on the absorption rate. If the power density of the laser reaches higher intensity, the surface of the material is strongly gasified to form plasma. When the steam recoil pressure is large enough to generate a deep surface depression (keyhole) in a molten pool, light interacts with steam sprayed from the keyhole, and part of laser can be directly absorbed into steam flow or plasma through reverse radiation absorption, so that the absorption of the material to the laser is enhanced. Currently, additive manufacturing numerical simulations present a significant challenge due to the lack of direct real-time measurement of the absorptivity of the additive manufacturing process. Direct measurement of the absorption of material during a typical laser powder bed melting additive manufacturing process by a suitable device facilitates accurate modeling of the laser energy coupling and subsequent physical processes.
This patent describes a system and test method that can measure laser absorption rate in real time during powder bed melting additive manufacturing.
Patent document CN107561017A (application number: 201710806672.5) discloses a method, device and system for measuring the nonlinear absorption rate of an optical material in a micro-area, in which laser with variable light intensity is used to irradiate a fixed irradiation area of a sample to be measured, a first light intensity of the laser before irradiating the sample to be measured and a second light intensity of the transmission laser after irradiating the sample to be measured are obtained, and the nonlinear absorption rate of the sample to be measured is determined by calculation through the first light intensity and the second light intensity.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the defects in the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a system and a method for measuring the laser absorption rate of a material.
The invention provides a system for measuring the laser absorptivity of a material, which comprises:
the device comprises a laser emitting device, a laser gathering device, a scanning device, a calorimetric device, a powder table, a flat field focusing mirror, a first vibrating mirror, a second vibrating mirror, an experiment chamber, a pressure regulating valve and a control system;
laser emitted by the laser emitting device is focused by the laser gathering device, and the focused laser realizes dynamic scanning of the laser in the range of the powder table area through the scanning device and the flat field focusing mirror;
the powder table is connected with the calorimetric device, and the temperature change generated by scanning a sample with laser is monitored in real time;
the control system is connected with the laser emitting device, the laser gathering device, the scanning device, the heat measuring device, the powder table, the flat field focusing mirror and the pressure regulating valve, and controls laser emission, deflection of the first vibrating mirror and the second vibrating mirror, laser scanning speed, height of the powder table, gas pressure in the experiment chamber and processing temperature data.
Further, the laser emitting device comprises a laser and a laser controller, and the laser is connected with the laser controller;
the laser emitting device measures the absorptivity of different wavelengths, different power ranges and different defocusing amounts by changing the light source.
Furthermore, the laser gathering device comprises a laser beam expander, and the diameter of the laser beam emitted by the laser is increased through the laser beam expander, so that the focused light spot is reduced;
the laser beam expander is of the type comprising a Galilean telescope consisting of a concave lens and a convex lens.
Furthermore, the scanning device comprises a first galvanometer and a second galvanometer, the first galvanometer is an X galvanometer, the second galvanometer is a Y galvanometer, the focused laser beam realizes two-dimensional scanning of the target area through the X-Y galvanometer, namely the first galvanometer and the second galvanometer realize polarization respectively under respective driving circuits, the scanning patterns of the first galvanometer and the second galvanometer are determined by controlling the waveform of driving voltage, and the deflection angles of the first galvanometer and the second galvanometer are controlled according to the driving voltage or current, so that scanning of different fields of view and two-dimensional scanning of the target area are realized.
Further, the calorimetric device comprises a sample holder and a thermocouple;
the sample holder is made of porous alumina;
the thermocouple transmits the temperature data to a computer to obtain a typical temperature measurement curve for evaluating net energy absorption;
in a laser scanning experiment, two thermocouples are K-type thermocouples, one thermocouple is centered, the thermocouple is spot-welded to the rear side of a powder table, an aluminum oxide tube is used for insulating a wire, the temperature of two lasers when the lasers start to irradiate and the temperature of the lasers when the lasers finish irradiating are obtained according to two temperature change curves along with time, and the average values are respectively taken to determine T0 and T1;
further, the flat field focusing lens forms a uniform-sized focused light spot on the laser beam in the whole marking plane.
Further, the material laser absorption rate measurement process is performed in a laboratory chamber equipped with a set of diagnostic tools that enter the molten bath, and apply a controlled atmosphere and regulate the flow of the used shielding gas.
Further, the powder table changes the thickness of the powder layer according to requirements, and the influence rule of the powder layer thickness on the absorptivity is researched;
the height of the powder table is adjusted in real time according to the experiment requirement and is controlled by a control system;
the control system also adjusts the laser power and the laser scanning speed in real time.
Further, the pressure regulating valve regulates the gas pressure in the experiment cavity according to experiment requirements, and the absorption rates of different protective gases and different pressure environments are measured.
The method for measuring the laser absorptivity of the material provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
determining the mass of the powder used;
after setting parameters such as laser power P, scanning speed V, defocusing amount and the like, enabling each part to be in a working state;
measuring the temperature change of the powder bed caused by laser irradiation of the powder by two thermocouples to obtain two temperature change curves along with time;
obtaining the temperatures when the two lasers start to irradiate and the temperature when the laser irradiates are obtained according to the change curve of the temperature T along with the time, and respectively taking the average values as T0 and T1;
determining laser lightThe total length of the scanning track l; bonding of
Calculating the absorption rate of the powder; wherein m is the total mass of the powder and the powder table;
the control system sets and changes the laser power, the scanning speed and the defocusing amount according to requirements, the temperature measured by the calorimetric device is input into the processor in real time, the real-time absorption rate is calculated, and the real-time absorption rate which changes along with parameters is obtained.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. in the laser emitting device, the laser is connected with the laser controller, and the control of the laser wavelength, the laser power and the laser defocusing amount can be realized in the device, so that the measurement of the laser absorption rate in different wavelengths, different laser power ranges and different defocusing amounts is realized;
2. the invention controls the deflection angle of the galvanometer according to the magnitude of the driving voltage or current, thereby realizing the scanning of different fields of view;
3. the whole process of the invention realizes the integration of the laser moving platform and the calorimetric platform, and can measure the laser absorptivity of the material in real time.
Drawings
Other features, objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon reading of the detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the following drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for measuring laser absorption rate during a laser powder bed melting additive manufacturing process;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the scanning system of the present invention with an X-Y galvanometer mirror as a core component;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the powder table;
in the figure, 1-sample holder; 2-a thermocouple; 3-powder stage; 4-a flat field focusing mirror; 5-a first galvanometer; 6-a second galvanometer; 7-a laser beam expander; 8-a laser; 9-an experimental chamber; 10-a pressure regulating valve;
the X galvanometer vibrates around the Z axis when vibrating and controls the scanning range in the horizontal direction, and the Y galvanometer vibrates around the X axis when vibrating and controls the scanning range in the vertical direction.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The following examples will assist those skilled in the art in further understanding the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way. It should be noted that it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. All falling within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
the invention provides a system for measuring the laser absorptivity of a material, which comprises:
the device comprises a laser emitting device, a laser gathering device, a scanning device, a calorimetric device, a powder table 3, a flat field focusing mirror 4, a first vibrating mirror 5, a second vibrating mirror 6, an experimental chamber 9, a pressure regulating valve 10 and a control system;
laser emitted by the laser emitting device is focused by a laser gathering device, and the focused laser realizes dynamic scanning of the laser in the area range of the powder table 3 through the scanning device and the flat field focusing lens 4;
the powder table 3 is connected with the calorimetric device, and the temperature change generated by scanning a sample with laser is monitored in real time;
the control system is connected with the laser emitting device, the laser gathering device, the scanning device, the calorimetric device, the powder table 3, the flat field focusing mirror 4 and the pressure regulating valve 10, and controls laser emission, deflection of the first vibrating mirror 5 and the second vibrating mirror 6, laser scanning speed, height of the powder table 3, gas pressure in the experiment chamber 9 and processing temperature data.
Further, the laser emitting device comprises a laser 8 and a laser controller (not shown), wherein the laser 8 is connected with the laser controller;
the laser emitting device measures the absorptivity of different wavelengths, different power ranges and different defocusing amounts by changing the light source.
Further, the laser condensing device comprises a laser beam expander 7, and laser emitted by the laser 8 passes through the laser beam expander 7 to enlarge the diameter of a light beam and reduce a focused light spot;
the laser beam expander 7 is of the type comprising a galilean telescope consisting of a concave lens and a convex lens.
Further, the scanning device comprises a first galvanometer 5 and a second galvanometer 6, wherein the first galvanometer 5 is an X galvanometer, the second galvanometer 6 is a Y galvanometer, the focused laser beam realizes two-dimensional scanning of a target area through the X-Y galvanometer, namely the first galvanometer 5 and the second galvanometer 6 realize polarization under respective driving circuits, scanning patterns of the first galvanometer 5 and the second galvanometer 6 are determined by controlling waveforms of driving voltages, and the deflection angles of the first galvanometer 5 and the second galvanometer 6 are controlled according to the driving voltages or currents, so that scanning of different fields of view and two-dimensional scanning of the target area are realized.
Further, the calorimetric device comprises a sample holder 1 and a thermocouple 2;
the sample holder 1 is made of porous alumina;
the thermocouple 2 transmits the temperature data to a computer to obtain a typical temperature measurement curve for evaluating net energy absorption;
in the laser scanning experiment, two thermocouples 2 are K-type thermocouples, one thermocouple 2 is centered, the thermocouple 2 is spot-welded to the rear side of a powder table 3 and insulated with an alumina tube, the temperatures measured by the two thermocouples 2 are averaged to obtain a final temperature curve, and the starting temperature T is recorded0And the temperature T corresponding to equilibrium1。
Further, the flat field focusing lens 4 forms a uniform-sized focused light spot of the laser beam in the whole marking plane.
Further, the material laser absorption rate measurement process is performed in a laboratory chamber 9, the laboratory chamber 9 is equipped with a set of diagnostic tools that enter the molten bath, and a controlled atmosphere is applied and the flow of the used shielding gas is regulated.
Further, the powder table 3 changes the thickness of the powder layer according to the requirement, and the influence rule of the powder layer thickness on the absorptivity is researched;
the height of the powder table 3 is adjusted in real time according to the experiment requirement and is controlled by a control system;
the control system also adjusts the laser power and the laser scanning speed in real time.
Further, the pressure regulating valve 10 regulates the gas pressure in the experiment chamber 9 according to the experiment requirement, and measures the absorption rate of different protective gases and different pressure environments.
The method for measuring the laser absorptivity of the material provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
within the measured temperature T, from the function CP(T)＝CP，0(1+ α T) and CP，0And α gives the heat capacity as a function of temperature, CP，0Denotes the specific heat capacity at 0 ℃ and alpha is CPTemperature coefficient of (d); t is0To the starting temperature, T1The temperature corresponding to the equilibrium;
the control system sets and changes the laser power, the scanning speed and the defocusing amount according to requirements, the temperature measured by the calorimetric device is input into the processor in real time, the real-time absorption rate is calculated, and the real-time absorption rate which changes along with parameters is obtained.
Example 2:
the invention provides a system and a method for testing the laser effective absorption rate of a material in real time in the melting additive manufacturing process of a laser powder bed. As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the device comprises a laser emitting device, a laser gathering device, a scanning device, a calorimetric device, an experimental chamber 9, a pressure regulating valve 10, a powder table 3 and a control system.
The process for testing the laser absorptivity of the powder mainly comprises the following steps:
a. the laser 8 control system is started to initialize the system. Parameters such as the diameter of a laser spot, the distance between a laser 8 and a laser beam expander 7, the scanning speed, the height of the powder table 3 and the like are adjusted on a control system; by changing the laser power and the scanning speed, the influence rule of the change of the power and the speed on the absorptivity can be researched;
b. the measured sample powder is placed in a powder table 3, and the mass of the used powder is recorded; by changing the thickness of the powder layer, the influence rule of the thickness of the powder layer on the absorptivity can be researched;
c. the powder layer can be replaced by a sheet material, and the system can then measure the absorption of the sheet material during laser machining, e.g. welding and heat treatment processes;
d. and introducing protective gas according to the experiment requirement, and adjusting the gas pressure in the experiment chamber 9.
e. Setting a pattern to be simultaneously vibrated and scanned through an X, Y axis when an X-Y galvanometer type galvanometer mirror acts through computer software; and the deflection angles of the X (second galvanometer 6) and the Y (first galvanometer 5) galvanometers; and transmits the signal to an associated control system.
f. Under the action of the control system, the laser emitting device, the laser gathering device, the scanning device and the heat measuring device are in working states.
g. Laser emitted by a laser 8 penetrates through a laser beam expander 7, is scanned by an X-Y galvanometer type galvanometer, passes through a flat field focusing mirror 4 and finally irradiates on powder.
h. The temperature change of the powder bed caused by laser irradiation is measured by two thermocouples 2 and is connected with a computer through a temperature measuring instrument (as shown in figure 3), the obtained temperature is processed by software to obtain two temperature change curves along with time, and the whole system is operated completely.
i. The system realizes the integration of the laser moving platform and the calorimetric platform, can realize the real-time measurement of the absorption rate when the laser parameters (power, scanning speed and defocusing amount) change, and calculates the real-time absorption rate change rule under the specific laser parameters in real time based on the temperature result measured by the thermocouple 2 in real time.
j. Ending the process, obtaining the temperature when the two lasers start to irradiate and the temperature when the laser irradiation is ended according to the change curve of the temperature along with the time, and respectively taking the average values to determine T0And T1. Bonding of
The absorption rate of the powder was calculated.
k. Where m is the total mass of the material, P is the standard laser power, v is the scanning speed, l is the total length of the laser track, measured over the temperature range by the function Cp (T) CP，0(1+ α T) and CP，0And α gives the heat capacity as a function of temperature, CP，0Represents the specific heat capacity at 0 ℃ and α is the temperature coefficient of Cp.
In the description of the present application, it is to be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience in describing the present application and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present application.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in addition to implementing the systems, apparatus, and various modules thereof provided by the present invention in purely computer readable program code, the same procedures can be implemented entirely by logically programming method steps such that the systems, apparatus, and various modules thereof are provided in the form of logic gates, switches, application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic controllers, embedded microcontrollers and the like. Therefore, the system, the device and the modules thereof provided by the present invention can be considered as a hardware component, and the modules included in the system, the device and the modules thereof for implementing various programs can also be considered as structures in the hardware component; modules for performing various functions may also be considered to be both software programs for performing the methods and structures within hardware components.
The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention has been presented. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and that various changes or modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention. The embodiments and features of the embodiments of the present application may be combined with each other arbitrarily without conflict.
Claims (8)
1. A system for measuring laser absorption of a material, comprising:
the device comprises a laser emitting device, a laser gathering device, a scanning device, a calorimetric device, a powder table, a flat field focusing mirror, an experimental chamber, a pressure regulating valve and a control system;
the scanning device comprises a first galvanometer and a second galvanometer;
laser emitted by the laser emitting device is focused by the laser gathering device, and the focused laser realizes dynamic scanning of the laser in the range of the powder table area through the scanning device and the flat field focusing mirror;
the powder table is connected with the calorimetric device, and the temperature change generated by scanning a sample with laser is monitored in real time;
the control system is connected with the laser emitting device, the laser gathering device, the scanning device, the calorimetric device, the powder table, the flat field focusing mirror and the pressure regulating valve, and is used for controlling laser emission, deflection of the first vibrating mirror and the second vibrating mirror, laser scanning speed, height of the powder table, gas pressure in the experimental chamber and processing temperature data;
the laser emitting device comprises a laser and a laser controller, and the laser is connected with the laser controller;
the laser emitting device measures the absorptivity of different wavelengths, different power ranges and different defocusing amounts by changing a light source;
the first galvanometer and the second galvanometer respectively realize polarization under respective driving circuits, scanning patterns of the first galvanometer and the second galvanometer are determined by controlling waveforms of driving voltage, and deflection angles of the first galvanometer and the second galvanometer are controlled according to the magnitude of the driving voltage or current, so that scanning of different fields of view and two-dimensional scanning of a target area are realized.
2. The system for measuring the laser absorptivity of the material according to claim 1, wherein the laser gathering device comprises a laser beam expander, and the laser emitted by the laser passes through the laser beam expander to enlarge the diameter of a light beam and reduce a focused light spot;
the laser beam expander is of the type comprising a Galilean telescope consisting of a concave lens and a convex lens.
3. The material laser absorptivity measurement system of claim 1, wherein the calorimetric device comprises a sample holder and a thermocouple;
the sample holder is made of porous alumina;
the thermocouple transmits the temperature data to a computer to obtain a typical temperature measurement curve for evaluating net energy absorption;
in the laser scanning experiment, two thermocouples are K-type thermocouples, one thermocouple is arranged in the middle, the thermocouple is spot-welded to the rear side of the powder table, an alumina tube is used for insulating a wire, the measured temperatures of the two thermocouples are averaged to obtain a final temperature curve, and the initial temperature T is recorded0And the temperature T corresponding to equilibrium1。
4. The system for measuring laser absorption of materials according to claim 1 wherein the flat field focusing mirror forms the laser beam into a focused spot of uniform size across the marking plane.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the laser absorptance measurement of the material is performed in a laboratory chamber equipped with a set of diagnostic tools that enter the molten bath, apply a controlled atmosphere, and regulate the flow of shielding gas used.
6. The system for measuring the laser absorptivity of the material according to claim 1, wherein the powder table changes the thickness of a powder layer according to requirements, and the influence rule of the thickness of the powder layer on the absorptivity is researched;
the height of the powder table is adjusted in real time according to the experiment requirement and is controlled by a control system;
the control system also adjusts the laser power and the laser scanning speed in real time.
7. The system for measuring the laser absorptivity of the material according to claim 1, wherein the pressure regulating valve regulates the gas pressure in the experimental chamber according to experimental requirements, and the absorptivity of different protective gases in different pressure environments is measured.
8. A method for measuring laser absorptivity of a material, using a system for measuring laser absorptivity of a material according to any one or more of claims 1 through 7, comprising:
determining the mass of the powder used;
setting the laser power P, the scanning speed V and the defocusing amount to enable all parts to be in a working state;
measuring the temperature change of the powder bed caused by laser irradiation of the powder by two thermocouples to obtain two temperature change curves along with time;
obtaining the temperatures when the two lasers start to irradiate and the temperature when the lasers finish irradiating according to the change curve of the temperature T along with the time, and respectively taking the average values as T0 and T1;
determining the total length l of a laser scanning track; bonding of
Calculating the absorption rate of the powder; wherein m is the total mass of the powder and the powder table;
the control system sets and changes the laser power, the scanning speed and the defocusing amount according to requirements, the temperature measured by the calorimetric device is input into the processor in real time, the real-time absorption rate is calculated, and the real-time absorption rate which changes along with parameters is obtained.
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| CN112067658A (en) * | 2020-10-10 | 2020-12-11 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Laser absorption rate measuring device for metal material changing with temperature |
| CN112326580A (en) * | 2020-10-30 | 2021-02-05 | 深圳大学 | Material photodynamic performance test system and application |
| CN112557321B (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2022-10-14 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | Method, device and system for measuring light energy absorption rate of substance |
| CN113652627B (en) * | 2021-08-12 | 2023-03-21 | 西北大学 | Method and device for preparing steel part anti-rust film by laser based on specular reflectivity measurement |
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