CN111567698B

CN111567698B - Feed additive, nutrition-enhanced feed, utilization method of nutrition-enhanced feed and nutrition-enhanced poultry eggs

Info

Publication number: CN111567698B
Application number: CN202010529336.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 张敏; 武书庚; 杨瑞鹏
Original assignee: Miller Shanghai Technology Co ltd; Mire Dairy Shanghai Co ltd; Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Miller Shanghai Technology Co ltd; Mire Dairy Shanghai Co ltd; Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2020-06-11
Filing date: 2020-06-11
Publication date: 2023-07-04
Anticipated expiration: 2040-06-11
Also published as: CN111567698A

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a nutrient-fortified avian egg, a feed additive for producing nutrient-fortified avian eggs, a nutrient-fortified feed containing the feed additive, and a method of producing nutrient-fortified avian eggs by feeding poultry with the nutrient-fortified feed. The feed additive disclosed by the disclosure is simple and easy to obtain, and eggs fed to poultry are rich in various functional lipids.

Description

Feed additive, nutrition-enhanced feed, utilization method of nutrition-enhanced feed and nutrition-enhanced poultry eggs

Technical Field

The present invention relates to the field of biotechnology and feed processing, further to animal feed or animal feed additives, to methods of improving the nutritional characteristics of avian products by optimization of the feed, and to the nutrient-fortified avian eggs thus obtained.

Background

The functional lipid is a generic term of fatty acid, concomitant substance and derivative with special physiological function, and has physiological function and certain health care function to human body.

Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an essential omega-6 series long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, LCPUFA) in human body, has important effects in regulating lipid metabolism, biological process and immune reaction and other physiological processes, has important influence on the development of brain and nervous system of infants, and can improve cognitive dysfunction and improve memory when being taken by adults. Because the carbon chain elongase and desaturase content in human body is limited, the conversion efficiency of ARA is only about 3%, and the requirements of specific groups such as infants and the like are difficult to meet.

alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an omega-3 essential fatty acid that serves as a structural and metabolic regulatory substance, both for structural and regulatory function.

Docosapentaenoic acid (docosapentaenoic acid, DPA) is an omega-3 series long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, which is a main component of human brain tissue and nerve cells, and is mainly present in marine mammal oil. DPA has the function of promoting and improving the immunity of the human body, is absorbed more rapidly than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and is very important for the development of infants.

Docosahexaenoic acid (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) is a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid of omega-3 series, and is the main functional substance in brain. DHA has effects of ensuring normal physiological function of cells, promoting retina and brain development, delaying brain aging, preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, resisting tumor, preventing cancer, etc., and can regulate organism immunity and inhibit inflammatory reaction, so it has positive effects on growth and production performance of human animals.

Squalene is 2,6,10,15,19, 23-hexamethyl-2, 6,10,14,18, 22-twenty-four hexaene, and is an open-chain triterpene lipoid unsaponifiable matter. Squalene is an important chemical active substance, and is widely applied to the fields of medicines, foods, cosmetics and the like because of having various physiological functions such as anti-tumor, anti-aging, antivirus and the like. But the expensive price of squalene limits its use and popularity. At present, squalene mainly comes from deep sea sharks, however, the deep sea sharks belong to scarce resources, and are very important for maintaining the balance of marine ecological environment, and the higher production cost of squalene and the safety and sanitation problems of the sharks are solved, so that the search of new sources of squalene is very urgent.

Although the lipids such as ARA, DPA, DHA and squalene have important physiological functions, the lipids are easy to oxidize due to the inherent characteristics of unsaturated carbon chains, and are unfavorable for production and storage. In addition, if the plant extract is directly prepared into a health care product, the problem of low bioavailability is also faced.

The fowl eggs are nutritious and contain high-quality proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, etc. The components and structural characteristics of the egg provide a good carrier for developing functional eggs. At present, the research on the functional poultry eggs for improving the fatty acid components mainly utilizes nutrition-enriched feed to feed poultry such as laying hens, so as to improve the functional fatty acid content of the poultry eggs.

However, there are some drawbacks to the prior art approaches for producing functional avian eggs.

For example, chinese patent publication CN109392831a provides a nutrition-enriched chicken feed, and eggs obtained by feeding laying hens with the feed. However, the patent discloses that the eggs are only enriched with DHA and ARA, other forms of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are not involved, and the added feed nutrition enhancer clostridium thermocellum dry powder is difficult to prepare, contains ethanol and organic acid, and is unfavorable for the growth of laying hens.

For another example, chinese patent publication CN106578413a discloses a chicken feed and a preparation method thereof, wherein eggs laid by chickens fed the feed are rich in DHA and alpha-linolenic acid. This disclosure is not directed to enriching other forms of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

For another example, chinese patent publication CN106489833a provides a feed additive composed of squid egg powder, shell powder, soybean powder phospholipid and sodium chloride, the squid egg powder contains rich phospholipid-type DHA which can enter into quail eggs in a short time, and the additive does not cause a decrease in the egg yield of quails. This patent publication does not relate to other forms of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Therefore, the improvement of the functional lipid component of the poultry eggs in the prior art is concentrated on a few long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, the types of the long-chain unsaturated fatty acids are limited, and the problems of simultaneous demands and special demands of special groups such as infants, pregnant women and the like on various polyunsaturated fatty acids can not be met; the prior art also has the problems of inconvenient preparation of the reinforced feed, low absorption and conversion efficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acid components in the feed after the feed is taken by poultry, negative influence of the feed on the growth of the poultry, high overall production cost of functional poultry eggs and the like.

Disclosure of Invention

Problems to be solved by the invention

The existing poultry feed for producing the nutrition-enhanced poultry eggs has the problems of inconvenient preparation, poor tolerance of poultry to feed additives, low availability of feed additive components and the like, and the types, the proportions and the contents of the functional lipids in the existing nutrition-enhanced poultry egg products are insufficient, so that the simultaneous demands of consumers, particularly infants and pregnant women, on various functional lipids can not be met.

Solution for solving the problem

In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present disclosure provides a nutrient-fortified avian egg that contains squalene.

In further embodiments of the present disclosure, there are provided nutrient-fortified avian eggs comprising ARA, DPA, DHA and squalene.

In the nutrient-enriched eggs provided by the further embodiment of the disclosure, the content of ARA in the nutrient-enriched eggs is more than 200 mg/piece, the content of DPA is more than 50 mg/piece, the content of DHA is more than 200 mg/piece, and the content of squalene is more than 3.5 mg/piece.

In further embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a nutrient-fortified avian egg having a ratio of DHA to ARA of from 1:1.5 to 1:2.

The present disclosure also provides a feed additive for producing the nutrient-fortified avian eggs of the present disclosure, the feed additive comprising one or more components selected from the group consisting of mortierella, thraustochytrium, chlorella, marine chlorella, schizochytrium, wuken chytrium, crypthecodinium cohnii.

A further embodiment of the present disclosure provides a feed additive consisting of mortierella, thraustochytrium and schizochytrium.

Further embodiments of the present disclosure provide a feed additive consisting of Mortierella, haematococcus and Schizochytrium.

Further embodiments of the present disclosure provide a feed additive comprising Mortierella, thraustochytrium and schizochytrium at a rate of 0.5-2.5:0.5-1.5: mixing at a dry weight ratio of 0.5-1.5.

Further embodiments of the present disclosure provide a feed additive comprising Mortierella, haematococcus and Schizochytrium at a ratio of 0.5-2.5:0.5-1.5: mixing at a dry weight ratio of 0.5-1.5.

The present disclosure also provides a nutrient enrichment feed obtained by adding the feed additive of the present disclosure to a basal poultry feed.

In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, a nutrient-enriched feed is provided wherein the feed additive comprises 5% to 15% by weight of the nutrient-enriched feed.

The present disclosure also provides a method of producing a nutrient-fortified avian egg, the method comprising:

feeding poultry continuously for more than 15 days with the nutrition-enriched feed of the present disclosure;

collecting the eggs produced by the poultry.

ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION

The present disclosure solves one or more problems of the prior art by providing an improved poultry feed composition and method of feeding poultry that results in eggs that contain multiple polyunsaturated fatty acids and other healthy lipids (e.g., squalene). The present disclosure achieves the following advantageous technical effects:

1) The feed additive is simple and easy to obtain, the cost is low, and the method for preparing the nutrition-enriched feed by using the feed additive is simple, convenient and easy to implement;

2) Poultry are easily adapted to be fed with the nutrition-fortified feed of the present disclosure, and no adverse effect of the nutrition-fortified feed of the present disclosure on poultry was found;

3) The invention provides the poultry egg containing the squalene for the first time, and the squalene is combined with the egg yolk lecithin, so that the oxidation stability is high, the bioavailability is good, and the problems of unstable squalene components and low utilization rate in the existing health care product containing the squalene are solved;

4) The poultry eggs provided by the disclosure contain a plurality of polyunsaturated fatty acids with important physiological functions, and have the advantages of high content, stable existence form and high bioavailability;

5) The poultry eggs provided by the disclosure are rich in various healthy lipids, solve the problems of scarcity of functional lipid sources and inconvenient ingestion, can realize reasonable proportioning of DHA and ARA, and are suitable for being eaten by a wide group of people including infants, pregnant women and lying-in women.

Detailed Description

The present disclosure provides a feed additive for addition to conventional basal poultry feed to form a nutrient fortified feed for feeding poultry. The feed additives provide a source of a variety of functional lipids that, upon ingestion by poultry of a nutrient-fortified feed containing the feed additives, produce nutrient-fortified avian eggs via absorption and/or metabolism.

Wherein the feed additive provides a source of functional lipids (e.g., ARA, DPA, squalene, DHA). Specifically, the feed additive comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of Mortierella (Mortierella alpina), thraustochytrid (thraustochytrid), chlorella (Cycloella), marine ball algae (Emiliania), schizochytrium (Schizochytrium), uken's chytrium (Ulkenia amoeboida), crypthecodinium cohnii (Crypthecodinium cohnii); preferably, the feed additive consists of one or more components selected from the group consisting of Mortierella, thraustochytrium, chlorella, haematococcus, schizochytrium, ukenella, crypthecodinium cohnii. From the viewpoints of improving the convenience of production, improving the stability of the product and the like, it is preferable that the form of the starting materials of Mortierella, thraustochytrium, chlorella, marine ball algae, schizochytrium limacinum, uken chytrid are dry powders obtained by fermentation, separation, drying.

Preferably, the feed additive consists of mortierella, thraustochytrium and schizochytrium, or the feed additive consists of mortierella, marine ball algae and schizochytrium.

If the feed additive consists of Mortierella, thraustochytrium and schizochytrium, the weight ratio of Mortierella, thraustochytrium and schizochytrium (based on the dry weight of the ingredients) is preferably 0.5-2.5:0.5-1.5:0.5 to 1.5, more preferably 0.8 to 2:0.8-1.2:0.8-1.2;

if the feed additive consists of Mortierella, marine ball algae and schizochytrium, the weight ratio of Mortierella, marine ball algae and schizochytrium (based on dry weight of each ingredient) is preferably 0.5-2.5:0.5-1.5:0.5 to 1.5, more preferably 0.8 to 1.8:0.8-1.2:0.8-1.2.

The kind of the basic poultry feed is not particularly limited, and a conventional basic feed may be selected according to the variety of the poultry. The feed additive is added into basic poultry feed to prepare the nutrition-enhanced feed, and the addition amount of the feed additive is preferably 5-15 percent (in percentage by weight) of the prepared nutrition-enhanced feed. The preferable addition amount can effectively utilize the functional lipid and the precursor thereof contained in the feed additive, and simultaneously does not obviously change the character of the basic feed, so that the poultry is easy to adapt.

After the nutrition-enriched feed is prepared, the nutrition-enriched feed is used for feeding egg-laying poultry, so that the poultry can produce the nutrition-enriched eggs. Preferably, the nutrient enrichment feed is used for feeding the poultry for more than 15 continuous days, so that the quality of the nutrient enrichment poultry eggs produced by the poultry can be controlled, and the content of the functional lipid can reach the standard stably.

The type of egg-laying poultry is not particularly limited, and from the standpoint of production economy, laying hens are preferred, including, but not limited to, roman laying hens, sea-sky laying hens, and the like.

After the nutrient enrichment feed disclosed by the disclosure is ingested by the laying poultry, the nutrient enrichment poultry eggs are produced through absorption and/or metabolism of the nutrient enrichment components in the feed. In terms of nutrient components of the nutrient-fortified avian eggs:

the nutrient-enriched eggs of the present disclosure contain squalene;

preferably, the nutrient-fortified avian eggs of the present disclosure contain ARA, DPA, DHA and squalene;

more preferably, the nutrient-enriched eggs of the present disclosure comprise ARA, DPA, DHA and squalene in the following amounts: the ARA content is more than 200 mg/piece, the DPA content is more than 50 mg/piece, the squalene content is more than 3.5 mg/piece, and the DHA content is more than 200 mg/piece.

Further preferably, the content of ARA, DPA, DHA and squalene in the nutrient-enriched eggs of the present disclosure is: the ARA content is more than 200 mg/piece, the DPA content is more than 50 mg/piece, the squalene content is more than 5 mg/piece, and the DHA content is more than 200 mg/piece.

The invention is illustrated below by way of exemplary comparative examples and examples.

The general test methods for the ARA, DPA, squalene, DHA content of poultry eggs in the comparative and examples are as follows:

(1) Fat extraction and fatty acid methyl esterification: taking 10g of egg yolk sample, adding 100mL of chloroform-methanol mixed solution (2:1, V/V), homogenizing and mixing at low speed, standing for 1h, filtering, adding 20mL of saturated NaCl solution into the filtrate, shaking and mixing, standing for layering, taking the supernatant, and concentrating with a vacuum rotary evaporator under water bath at 45 ℃ to obtain a lipid sample. Adding 2mL of benzene-petroleum ether mixed solution (1:1, V/V) into a test tube, slightly shaking, adding 2mL of 14% boron trifluoride-methanol solution, uniformly mixing, reacting in a water bath at 45 ℃ for 30min, sequentially adding 1mL of normal hexane and a proper amount of saturated NaCl solution, lifting all organic phases to the upper part of the test tube, clarifying, taking supernatant, filtering with a 0.22 mu m filter membrane, and filling filtrate into a sample bottle for detection.

(2) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combination: HP-5MS capillary chromatographic column (30 m×0.25mm×0.25 pm), carrier gas He, flow rate 1.0mL/min, no split, 7.6522psi constant pressure, sample inlet temperature 250 ℃. Heating program: the initial column temperature was 50℃for 2min,8℃per minute up to 140℃for 5min,2℃per minute up to 150℃and 10℃per minute up to 230℃for 10min. The detection temperature was 250 ℃. Mass spectrometry conditions: ion source temperature 200.C, ionization mode EI, electron energy 70eV, filament current 150 muA, scanning mass range 35-400m/z.

Comparative example 1

In this example, poultry is raised on a basal poultry diet (without the addition of special nutritional supplements) to produce poultry eggs.

The composition (weight percent) of the basic poultry ration is as follows:

corn, 60.5%;

21.4% of bean pulp;

cottonseed meal, 5%;

3% of rapeseed meal;

stone powder: 8.3%;

calcium hydrogen phosphate: 1.5%;

salt: 0.3%.

The test selects 450 layers of 150-day-old Luo Manbai laying hens with similar weight and laying rate. Three-layer three-dimensional cage culture of half-open henhouse is adopted, two connected cages (15 45cm multiplied by 30cm hencoops) in each row are taken as 1 repeated group, and 3 chickens are in each hencoop.

The feeding mode is as follows: the daily feed feeding amount is 120-150g per chicken; each of 8:00 and 14:30 feeds were fed once per day.

Eggs produced after 15 days of continuous feeding with basal poultry feed were collected, 60 per group. The collected eggs were tested and the results (averaged) were as follows:

TABLE 1 analysis results of ingredients of feeds used in comparative example 1 and eggs obtained

Conclusion: the poultry eggs obtained by feeding the laying hens with the conventional basic poultry ration have extremely low ARA, DHA and DPA content in yolk phospholipids and no squalene.

Comparative example 2

In this example, a premix feed for feeding laying hens was prepared by adding various polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich feed additives to a basic poultry diet based on the same formulation as in comparative example 1. The other test conditions and methods of comparative example 2 were the same as those of comparative example 1, except that the feeds used were different.

The collected eggs were tested and the results were as follows (percentages in the following table refer to the weight percent of each component of the feed additive in the premix):

TABLE 2 analysis of the ingredients of the feeds used in comparative example 2 and the eggs obtained

Conclusion: in comparative example 2, although the additive rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid was added to the basic poultry ration, the unsaturated fatty acid added to the feed was not fully utilized by the layer chicken, the DPA content in the produced eggs was still low, the ARA, DHA content were also low, the ratio of DHA to ARA was unbalanced, and the eggs containing squalene in the yolk phospholipids could not be obtained.

Example 1

In this example, dried Mortierella pulchella powder, thraustochytrium powder and schizochytrium powder were mixed at a ratio of 1:1:1 to prepare the feed additive of example 1. The basic poultry ration with the same formula as that of comparative example 1 is used as a basis, and a feed additive is added into the basic poultry ration to prepare the nutrition-enriched feed for feeding laying hens. The other test conditions and methods of example 1 were the same as those of comparative example 1, except that the feeds used were different.

The collected eggs were tested and the results were as follows (the percentages in the following table refer to the weight percent of feed additive in the nutrition fortified feed):

TABLE 3 analysis of the ingredients of the feeds used in example 1 and the eggs obtained

Conclusion: in the embodiment 1, the feed additive disclosed by the invention is added into basic poultry daily ration according to different proportions to prepare the nutrition-enriched feed, the laying hens are fed with the nutrition-enriched feed, the absorption/conversion efficiency of the laying hens on lipid components in the feed is high, the polyunsaturated fatty acids ARA, DPA and DHA in the obtained poultry eggs are rich, and in particular, the feed additive contains squalene, so that the health efficacy of the poultry eggs is improved.

Example 2

In this example, dry Mortierella pulchella powder, thraustochytrium powder or marine chlorella powder, and schizochytrium limacinum powder were mixed in various combinations and proportions to make four different formulations of feed additives. The basic poultry ration with the same formula as that of comparative example 1 is used as a basis, and a feed additive is added into the basic poultry ration to prepare the nutrition-enriched feed for feeding laying hens. The other test conditions and methods of example 1 were the same as those of comparative example 1, except that the feeds used were different.

The collected eggs were tested and the results were as follows (percentages in the following table refer to the weight percent of each component of the feed additive in the feed for nutrition fortification):

TABLE 4 analysis of the feed used in example 2 and the composition of the resulting eggs

Conclusion: in the embodiment 2, the feed additive disclosed by the invention is added into basic poultry daily ration according to different formulas and proportions to prepare the nutrition-enriched feed, the laying hens are fed with the nutrition-enriched feed, the absorption/conversion efficiency of the laying hens on lipid components in the feed is high, the obtained eggs are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids ARA, DPA and DHA, the proportion of DHA and ARA is in the range of 1:1.5 to 1:2, the proportion is particularly suitable for infants, pregnant women and lying-in women and other crowds, in addition, squalene is particularly contained in the eggs, and the health efficacy of the eggs is improved.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as ARA, DPA, DHA and the like which are beneficial to human health are enriched in the poultry eggs prepared in the examples 1 and 2, and the fact that squalene with stronger biological activity to human bodies is contained in the poultry eggs is realized for the first time. The problem of scarcity of functional lipid sources is solved by producing the eggs rich in functional lipids, and the eggs are low in production cost and easy to popularize. In addition, functional lipid in the poultry eggs is combined with egg yolk lecithin, so that the oxidation stability and bioavailability of the lipid are effectively improved, and great convenience is provided for storage and people to take.

The foregoing description of the embodiments of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the various embodiments described. The terminology used herein was chosen in order to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application, or the technical improvements in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method of producing a nutrient-fortified egg, the method comprising:

continuously feeding the laying hens with the following nutrition-enriched feed for more than 15 days;

collecting eggs laid by the laying hens;

the nutrition-enhanced feed is characterized in that the nutrition-enhanced feed is obtained by adding a feed additive into basic layer feed;

the feed additive is prepared from Mortierella, thraustochytrium and schizochytrium at a ratio of 0.5-2.5:0.5-1.5:0.5-1.5, or the feed additive is prepared by mixing Mortierella, marine ball algae and schizochytrium limacinum at a dry weight ratio of 0.5-2.5:0.5-1.5: mixing at a dry weight ratio of 0.5-1.5;

and the weight of the feed additive accounts for 5-15% of the weight of the nutrition-enriched feed.

2. A feed additive for use in the method of producing a nutrition fortified egg of claim 1, the feed additive comprising mortierella, thraustochytrium and schizochytrium at a rate of 0.5-2.5:0.5-1.5:0.5-1.5, or the feed additive is prepared by mixing Mortierella, marine ball algae and schizochytrium limacinum at a dry weight ratio of 0.5-2.5:0.5-1.5: mixing at a dry weight ratio of 0.5-1.5;

3. The use of the feed additive according to claim 2 for increasing the squalene content in eggs,

characterized in that the eggs contain ARA, DPA, DHA and squalene; and, in addition, the processing unit,

the content of ARA in the eggs is more than 200 mg/piece, the content of DPA is more than 50 mg/piece, the content of DHA is more than 200 mg/piece, and the content of squalene is more than 3.5 mg/piece.

4. Use according to claim 3, wherein the ratio of DHA to ARA in the eggs is 1:1.5-1:2.