CN111554872A - Self-supporting antimony selenide cathode of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Self-supporting antimony selenide cathode of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN111554872A
CN111554872A CN202010439935.5A CN202010439935A CN111554872A CN 111554872 A CN111554872 A CN 111554872A CN 202010439935 A CN202010439935 A CN 202010439935A CN 111554872 A CN111554872 A CN 111554872A
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antimony selenide
negative electrode
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metal foil
supporting
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王星辉
李王阳
程树英
邓俐颖
张红
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Fuzhou University
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04Processes of manufacture in general
    • H01M4/0402Methods of deposition of the material
    • H01M4/0404Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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Abstract

The invention relates to a self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of a lithium ion battery and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: in a vacuum chamber, a metal foil is used as a substrate, antimony selenide powder is uniformly scattered on the substrate on the lower side of the metal foil to be used as an evaporation source, and the distance between the metal foil and the substrate is controlled to be 10-30 mm; and controlling the temperature difference between the substrate and the evaporation source in the vacuum chamber to enable the antimony selenide to be rapidly deposited on the metal foil, wherein the temperature difference is 290-475 ℃, the deposition time is 150-250 s, and rapidly cooling after deposition to obtain the self-supporting antimony selenide cathode. The cathode and the preparation method thereof have the advantages of simple process, good performance, low cost and easy realization.

Description

Self-supporting antimony selenide cathode of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a self-supporting antimony selenide cathode of a lithium ion battery and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The rapid development of new energy vehicles and portable electronic devices worldwide puts higher performance requirements on lithium ion batteries as power supply equipment thereof, and the development of batteries with higher energy density, safety and rate capability is the most important target in current scientific research and industry. Through the optimization of the battery and a power management system, the energy density of a lithium ion battery device is improved to some extent in recent years, but the energy density is close to the theoretical limit of the current material system. Among them, the lower theoretical specific capacities of graphite negative electrodes and lithium titanate negative electrodes (graphite: 372 mAh/g, lithium titanate: 175 mAh/g) are one of the main reasons for the above bottlenecks.
Meanwhile, rapid development in the fields of Micro-Electro-Mechanical systems (MEMS), active or semi-active radio frequency identification systems, internet of things, and the like, also puts higher demands on corresponding power supply systems. For the above systems, in order to improve power efficiency, reduce system size and noise interference, a micro-battery that can be integrated in a micro-system is required, which should have a size that can be matched with a micro-circuit device and a fabrication process that is compatible with an integrated circuit process. Meanwhile, the development of wearable equipment further requires that the battery device has the characteristics of bending resistance, small thickness and high specific capacity. Based on the above requirements, the preparation of self-supporting thin film electrodes by thin film deposition processes has been widely studied and implemented to a certain extent as an attractive solution.
Antimony selenide (Sb)2Se3) The alloy material is low in cost and has excellent physical and electrochemical properties, and when the alloy material is used as a negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery, the alloy material has a conversion and alloy two-step lithium storage mechanism, so that the alloy material can contribute to high specific capacity of 670 mAh/g. Therefore, the use of antimony selenide as a new generation lithium storage negative electrode is a very promising solution. In recent years, researchers have conducted a lot of research on antimony selenide negative electrodes, but all of them adopt a similar preparation strategy, i.e., synthesizing antimony selenide material by chemical reaction, mixing with carbon-based material, conductive agent, and binder, and coating the electrode. Although the above strategy can improve the lithium storage performance of antimony selenide to a certain extent, the following disadvantages are present: (1) the preparation process is complex and takes long time, long-time synthesis and multiple times of vacuum drying are needed, and the preparation process is difficult to be compatible with the integrated circuit process; (2) the introduction of the low-capacity carbon-based material and the additive reduces the effective content of antimony selenide, so that the capacity loss of the electrode is caused; (3) the non-conductive binder increases the internal resistance of the electrode and cannot realize high-rate charge and discharge.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of a lithium ion battery and a preparation method thereof.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: the utility model provides a lithium ion battery self-supporting antimony selenide negative pole, includes flexible mass flow body and direct growth in the negative electrode material on current collector surface, flexible mass flow body is flexible metal foil, the negative electrode material is the antimony selenide that has micron piece or micron post structure.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of the lithium ion battery, the method adopts a rapid physical vapor deposition method to directly grow antimony selenide on a metal current collector as a lithium storage negative electrode, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) cleaning the metal foil;
(2) placing a metal foil on a mask plate in a vacuum chamber, uniformly scattering antimony selenide powder with the purity higher than a set value on a substrate on the lower side of the metal foil to serve as an evaporation source, and controlling the distance between the metal foil and the antimony selenide powder to be 10-30 mm;
(3) vacuumizing the vacuum chamber until the vacuum degree meets the growth condition;
(4) heating the interior of the vacuum chamber, controlling the evaporation temperature of the antimony selenide powder to be 540-575 ℃ and the temperature of the metal foil to be 100-250 ℃, namely the temperature difference between the antimony selenide powder and the metal foil is 290-475 ℃, so that the antimony selenide powder is evaporated and rapidly deposited on the metal foil, and the deposition time is 150-250 s;
(5) and after the deposition is finished, reducing the temperature in the vacuum chamber to be below 150 ℃ to obtain the self-supporting antimony selenide cathode.
Further, the substrate is made of materials which can resist high temperature above 500 ℃, and the substrates comprise soda lime glass and ceramic materials.
Further, the deposition speed of the rapid deposition is more than 0.16 mg/(min cm)2)。
Further, the vacuum chamber has a vacuum degree of less than 1 Pa.
Further, the antimony selenide negative electrode does not contain additive components.
Further, the reversible mass specific capacity of the antimony selenide negative electrode is more than 500 mAh/g.
Further, the metal foil is a titanium foil, a copper foil, a molybdenum foil or a stainless steel foil with the thickness of less than 0.1 mm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the method deposits the antimony selenide film with a three-dimensional structure as a lithium storage cathode by a physical vapor deposition method, has low cost, short time consumption and easy realization, avoids the influence of additive introduction on the electrode performance by the self-supporting structure, is easy to realize microminiaturization and patterned deposition, and is compatible with an integrated circuit process. The self-supporting antimony selenide film negative electrode has high specific capacity and bending resistance, can effectively improve the energy density of the negative electrode by replacing a graphite negative electrode, has excellent multiplying power performance and cycle performance, and still keeps the specific capacity of more than 550 mAh/g after 100 cycles of circulation under the current density of 2C. Therefore, the invention has strong practicability and wide application prospect.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a surface scanning electron microscope image of a self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode prepared according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of a cross section of the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode prepared in the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a charging and discharging curve of the 1 st and 15 th circles of the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode prepared by the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 4 is a graph of the charge-discharge cycle performance of a self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode prepared according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 5 is data of rate capability test of self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 6 is a flow chart of a method implementation of an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the purpose and technical solution of the present invention clearer, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The invention provides a self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of a lithium ion battery, which comprises a flexible current collector and a negative electrode material directly growing on the surface of the current collector, wherein the flexible current collector is a flexible metal foil, and the negative electrode material is antimony selenide with a micron sheet or micron column structure.
The antimony selenide negative electrode does not contain additives such as a conductive agent, a binder and the like. The reversible mass specific capacity of the antimony selenide negative electrode is more than 500 mAh/g.
As shown in fig. 6, the invention also provides a preparation method of the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of the lithium ion battery, the method adopts a rapid physical vapor deposition method to directly grow antimony selenide on a metal current collector as a lithium storage negative electrode, and comprises the following steps:
(1) and placing the cut metal foil in a beaker, carrying out ultrasonic cleaning by sequentially using acetone, alcohol and deionized water, and blow-drying by using nitrogen for later use after cleaning.
Preferably, the metal foil is a titanium foil, a copper foil, a molybdenum foil or a stainless steel foil with the thickness of less than 0.1 mm, and the surface needs to be smooth and has no obvious oxide layer.
(2) And weighing 0.1-0.5 g of antimony selenide powder with the purity higher than 99.9% as an evaporation source, and drying and storing. The cleaned metal foil is cut to the desired shape and size.
(3) The metal foil is placed on a mask plate in a vacuum chamber, a through hole is formed in the middle of the mask plate, antimony selenide powder is uniformly spread on a substrate (soda-lime glass is adopted in the embodiment) on the lower side of the metal foil to serve as an evaporation source, and the distance between the metal foil and the antimony selenide powder is controlled to be 10-30 mm.
Preferably, the substrate is made of a material which can withstand high temperature above 500 ℃, such as soda-lime glass, ceramic materials and the like. Soda-lime glass is used in this example.
(4) And vacuumizing the vacuum chamber until the vacuum degree is less than 1 Pa, so that the growth condition is met.
Preferably, the vacuum chamber is vacuumized by a vacuumizing device with the vacuumizing speed of more than 4L/s, so that the relative stability of the air pressure in the chamber is ensured during the temperature rise and the evaporation of the antimony selenide powder.
(5) Heating the inside of the vacuum chamber, controlling the evaporation temperature of the antimony selenide powder to be 540-575 ℃ and the temperature of the metal foil to be 100-250 ℃, namely the temperature difference between the antimony selenide powder and the metal foil is 290-475 ℃, so that the antimony selenide powder is evaporated and rapidly deposited on the metal foil, and the deposition speed is more than 0.16 mg/(min cm)2) The deposition time is 150-250 s;
(6) and after the deposition is finished, rapidly reducing the temperature in the vacuum chamber to be below 150 ℃ to obtain the self-supporting antimony selenide cathode.
Compared with a lithium intercalation mechanism of a conventional graphite cathode, the antimony selenide cathode has nearly one time of improvement of mass specific capacity through a lithium storage mechanism of conversion and alloy reaction, the problem of low mass specific capacity of the graphite cathode can be effectively solved, and the self-supporting electrode structure can avoid the damage of the introduction of additives to the electrode performance. Meanwhile, the rapid physical vapor deposition method is used as a film preparation process, has high deposition speed and low cost, and can carry out patterned deposition, thereby being beneficial to realizing the miniaturization and integrated design of the lithium ion battery.
The preparation process of the present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples.
Example 1:
(1) putting a titanium foil with the length and width of 2 cm and the thickness of 0.1 mm into a beaker, and ultrasonically cleaning for 15min by sequentially using a cleaning agent, acetone and alcohol; putting a soda-lime glass substrate with the length and the width of 3.5 cm into a beaker, sequentially using a cleaning agent, acetone, isopropanol and deionized water for ultrasonic treatment for 15min, and then blowing the soda-lime glass substrate and the deionized water to dry by using nitrogen.
(2) Cutting the cleaned titanium foil into squares with the side length of 1 cm, and weighing by using a hundred-thousand-position balance respectively; 0.25 g of antimony selenide powder with the purity of 99.999 percent is weighed at the same time.
(3) Uniformly spreading antimony selenide powder on the cleaned soda-lime glass, putting the cleaned soda-lime-silica-alumina glass into the bottom of a vacuum chamber to serve as an evaporation source, sequentially and separately placing the weighed titanium foils right above the powder, and enabling the flat surfaces of the titanium foils to face downwards.
(4) And (3) vacuumizing the cavity by using a mechanical pump with the pumping speed of 8L/s, starting to heat the cavity after the air pressure in the cavity is less than 1 Pa, controlling the temperature of the antimony selenide powder evaporation source to be 565 ℃, controlling the temperature of the titanium foil to be 200 ℃, and maintaining the temperature for 180 s.
(5) After deposition is finished, naturally cooling the chamber to below 150 ℃, then taking out the titanium foil and weighing in sequence, subtracting the weighed mass from the mass before deposition to obtain the mass of the antimony selenide deposited on the titanium foil, and calculating the average load capacity of 0.7mg/cm2
The surface of the deposited antimony selenide was observed using a scanning electron microscope, as shown in fig. 1. The surface of the antimony selenide is of a micron-scale sheet-shaped and columnar structure, and the micron sheet and the micron column are larger in size and longer than 3 microns as seen from a section electron microscope image.
The result of the X-ray diffraction pattern test of the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode is shown in figure 2. It can be seen that the diffraction peaks of the sample antimony selenide are in good agreement with the standard contrast card of antimony selenide (JCPDS 15-0861), with multiple orientations on the surface including (221), (230), and (211).
And putting the obtained self-supporting antimony selenide cathode into a glove box to assemble the CR2032 button cell. The half cell adopts a lithium sheet as a counter electrode, and the electrolyte comprises LiPF6(1M) was dissolved in ethylene carbonate/methyl ethyl carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (1:1:1 vol%) and 5% fluoroethylene carbonate was added. And (4) assembling all the button cells in an argon atmosphere of the glove box, and testing the charge-discharge cycle performance by using a cell tester after the assembly is finished. Fig. 3 is a charging and discharging curve of the first and 15 th circles of the battery, in which two obvious antimony selenide discharging platforms can be seen, which respectively correspond to the conversion and the alloy reaction, and the electrode has an obvious activation process in the first 15 circles, so that the capacity is continuously increased. Fig. 4 shows the results of the battery cycle performance test, and it can be seen that the capacity still remains above 590 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a current density of 2C (1C = 670 mA/g). Fig. 5 is a battery rate test result, and the battery device exhibits continuous charge and discharge capability at an extremely high current density (16C).
Example 2:
(1) electrochemically etching a molybdenum foil with the length and the width of 2 cm and the thickness of 0.08 mm in an acid bath to remove surface oxides; putting a soda-lime glass substrate with the length and the width of 3.5 cm into a beaker, sequentially using a cleaning agent, acetone, isopropanol and deionized water for ultrasonic treatment for 15min, and then blowing the soda-lime glass substrate and the deionized water to dry by using nitrogen.
(2) Cutting the cleaned molybdenum foil into squares with the side length of 1 cm, and weighing the squares by using a hundred-thousand-position balance respectively; 0.2 g of antimony selenide powder with the purity of 99.999 percent is weighed at the same time.
(3) Uniformly spreading antimony selenide powder on the cleaned soda-lime glass, putting the cleaned soda-lime-silica-alumina powder into the bottom of a vacuum chamber to serve as an evaporation source, sequentially and separately placing the weighed molybdenum foils right above the powder, and enabling the flat surfaces of the molybdenum foils to face downwards.
(4) And (3) vacuumizing the cavity by using a mechanical pump with the pumping speed of 8L/s, starting to heat the cavity after the air pressure in the cavity is less than 0.8 Pa, controlling the temperature of the antimony selenide powder evaporation source to be 555 ℃, controlling the temperature of the molybdenum foil to be 190 ℃ and maintaining the temperature for 200 s.
(5) After deposition is finished, the chamber is naturally cooled to below 150 ℃, then the molybdenum foil is taken out and weighed in sequence, the mass obtained by weighing is subtracted from the mass before deposition to obtain the mass of the antimony selenide deposited on the molybdenum foil, and the average loading capacity is calculated to be about 0.8mg/cm2
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical concept and features of the present invention, and the purpose thereof is to enable those skilled in the art to understand the content of the present invention and to implement the present invention, and not to limit the present invention, and any modification, equivalent replacement, and improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. The self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of the lithium ion battery is characterized by comprising a flexible current collector and a negative electrode material directly growing on the surface of the current collector, wherein the flexible current collector is a flexible metal foil, and the negative electrode material is antimony selenide with a micron sheet or micron column structure.
2. The method for preparing the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of the lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the method adopts a rapid physical vapor deposition method to directly grow antimony selenide on a metal current collector to serve as a lithium storage negative electrode, and comprises the following steps:
(1) cleaning the metal foil;
(2) placing a metal foil on a mask plate in a vacuum chamber, uniformly scattering antimony selenide powder with the purity higher than a set value on a substrate on the lower side of the metal foil to serve as an evaporation source, and controlling the distance between the metal foil and the antimony selenide powder to be 10-30 mm;
(3) vacuumizing the vacuum chamber until the vacuum degree meets the growth condition;
(4) heating the interior of the vacuum chamber, controlling the evaporation temperature of the antimony selenide powder to be 540-575 ℃ and the temperature of the metal foil to be 100-250 ℃, namely the temperature difference between the antimony selenide powder and the metal foil is 290-475 ℃, so that the antimony selenide powder is evaporated and rapidly deposited on the metal foil, and the deposition time is 150-250 s;
(5) and after the deposition is finished, reducing the temperature in the vacuum chamber to be below 150 ℃ to obtain the self-supporting antimony selenide cathode.
3. The method for preparing the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of the lithium ion battery as claimed in claim 2, wherein the substrate is made of a material capable of withstanding high temperatures of more than 500 ℃, and the material comprises soda-lime glass and a ceramic material.
4. The method for preparing the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of the lithium ion battery as claimed in claim 2, wherein the deposition speed of the rapid deposition is more than 0.16 mg/(min-cm)2)。
5. The method for preparing the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of the lithium ion battery as claimed in claim 2, wherein the vacuum chamber has a vacuum degree of less than 1 Pa.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein the antimony selenide negative electrode is free of additive components.
7. The method for preparing the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of the lithium ion battery as claimed in claim 2, wherein the reversible specific mass capacity of the antimony selenide negative electrode is more than 500 mAh/g.
8. The method for preparing the self-supporting antimony selenide negative electrode of the lithium ion battery as claimed in claim 2, wherein the metal foil is a titanium foil, a copper foil, a molybdenum foil or a stainless steel foil with the thickness of less than 0.1 mm.
CN202010439935.5A 2020-05-22 2020-05-22 Self-supporting antimony selenide cathode of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof Pending CN111554872A (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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Application publication date: 20200818