CN111525112B - Negative electrode material of sodium ion battery - Google Patents
Negative electrode material of sodium ion battery Download PDFInfo
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- CN111525112B CN111525112B CN202010368157.5A CN202010368157A CN111525112B CN 111525112 B CN111525112 B CN 111525112B CN 202010368157 A CN202010368157 A CN 202010368157A CN 111525112 B CN111525112 B CN 111525112B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention discloses a sodium ion battery, which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a solid electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode comprises a negative electrode active substance, the negative electrode active substance is titanium dioxide, the titanium dioxide has a core-shell structure, the core is an orthorhombic titanium dioxide, the shell is anatase type titanium dioxide, silver is compounded on the outer surface of the titanium dioxide, the titanium dioxide with the core-shell structure exerts the advantage that the capacity of the orthorhombic titanium dioxide is high, the impedance between the first-order anatase type titanium dioxide and the solid electrolyte is small, the overall performance of the battery is improved by utilizing the advantages of the orthorhombic titanium dioxide and the solid electrolyte, meanwhile, the silver is compounded on the outer surface of the core-shell structure, the introduction of the silver can effectively improve the conductivity of a titanium oxide material, and the sodium storage capacity of the titanium oxide negative electrode material can be further improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of materials, and particularly relates to a sodium ion battery cathode material.
Background
Since 90 s the sony corporation released the first commercial lithium ion battery, the lithium ion battery has been widely used in 3C products, electric vehicles, and the like due to its advantages of high energy density, long cycle life, greenness, no pollution, and the like. However, the total amount of lithium ores is limited in the global scope, and researches show that the lithium ion battery is used as a power battery in the current general automobile, and the global lithium ore resource is short. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new type of replaceable lithium ion battery. Sodium resources have recently attracted much attention due to their abundant reserves and low cost, and are considered to be a next-generation commodity capable of replacing lithium ion batteries. However, the radius of the sodium ions is large, and it is difficult to find a suitable material to effectively contain the sodium ions. Graphite, which is a commonly used negative electrode material for lithium ion batteries, exhibits an extremely low capacity in sodium ion batteries, and alloy-type materials such as Na15Sn4, Na3Sb, and Na3P have been proven to be high capacity negative electrodes for sodium ion batteries, but there is a severe volume expansion phenomenon during use, and the use thereof is limited by extremely poor cycle stability.
Their properties reported that the theoretical capacity of TiO2(B) reached 335mAh/g, nearly twice that of rutile and anatase. However, the mobility of sodium ions in the titanium dioxide crystal is low and the inherent conductivity is low, so that the improvement of the specific capacity and rate capability of the titanium dioxide is limited. and Irradation the ir Microwave and Irradation and Microwave Irradation under Microwave Nanosheets Self-Assembled TiO2-B of Synthesis at present, titanium dioxide is a recognized and suitable anode material of sodium ion batteries, and the resource is abundant and is easy to obtain. Wherein, TiO2(B) is mainly derived from layered titanate, monoclinic TiO2(B) has a layered structure similar to perovskite, edges and corners share a TiO6 octahedral structure, TiO2(B) with a layered structure has an ion embedding and removing channel, and research shows that TiO2(B) can be charged and discharged under high multiplying power, and Ionic-Liquid-Assisted
At present, all the problems existing in the practical use process of titanium dioxide cannot be completely solved by the method for modifying titanium dioxide, so that the development of a novel titanium oxide sodium ion negative electrode material is very important.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the existing titanium dioxide as the cathode material of the all-solid-state sodium ion battery, the invention aims to provide the titanium dioxide for the sodium ion battery, which comprises a core-shell structure, wherein the core is the anatase titanium dioxide, and the shell is the anatase titanium dioxide; the anatase type titanium dioxide is characterized in that the anatase type titanium dioxide is a core part in a core-shell structure, so that the anatase type titanium dioxide is a shell with good interface compatibility with a solid electrolyte, the interface impedance of a negative electrode and the solid electrolyte in the battery is reduced, and the respective advantages of the anatase type titanium dioxide and the anatase type titanium dioxide are utilized to further improve the performance of the sodium ion battery.
Preferably, the inorganic substance containing silver element is compounded on the outer surface of the titanium oxide with the core-shell structure, preferably, the mass content of silver is 1-3% of that of the compound core-shell structure, and the introduction of silver can effectively improve the conductivity of the titanium oxide material and further improve the sodium storage capacity of the titanium oxide negative electrode material.
The sodium ion negative electrode of the present invention further includes a conductive agent, which is an ingredient added to improve the conductive performance of the electrode and further to achieve a high capacity and a high rate of the electrode composite material. As specific examples of the conductive agent, there may be: acetylene black, ketjen black, graphite, coke, Ni powder, Cu. It is preferable to use any of highly conductive carbon black, Ni and Cu which can exhibit excellent conductivity by adding a very small amount.
The sodium ion negative electrode also comprises a binder, wherein the binder can be polypropylene carbonate, polypropylene ethylene and the like, and the selection of the binder is conventional in the field and is not described in detail herein.
The negative electrode may contain a solid electrolyte powder as needed. Therefore, the negative electrode may be a negative electrode composite material that is a composite material of the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte powder. As the solid electrolyte powder, a powder of the same material as the solid electrolyte layer can be used. By containing the solid electrolyte powder, the sodium ion conductivity in the positive electrode and at the interface between the positive electrode and the solid electrolyte layer can be improved. The average particle diameter of the solid electrolyte powder is preferably 0.01 to 15 μm, more preferably 0.05 to 10 μm, and still more preferably 0.1 to 5 μm.
It is also another object of the present invention to provide a sodium ion battery comprising a positive electrode, a solid electrolyte and the above-mentioned negative electrode, the solid electrolyte constituting the solid electrolyte layer being formed of a sodium ion conductive oxide. Such as a compound containing at least 1 selected from Al, Y, Zr, Si and P, Na and O. Or as sodium super-ion conductor type crystals, such as: na3Zr2Si2PO12, Na3.2Zr1.3Si2.2P0.8O10.5, Na3Zr1.6Ti0.4Si2PO12, Na3Hf2Si2PO12, Na3.4Zr0.9Hf1.4Al0.6Si1.2P1.8O12, Na3Zr1.7Nb0.24Si2PO12, Na3.6Ti0.2Y0.8Si2.8O9, Na3Zr1.88Y0.12Si2PO12, Na3.12Zr1.88Y0.12Si2PO12, Na3.12Zr0.12P2.12P2, Na3.12P2P2 Si2PO12, Na3.2Zr1.3Si2P0.8P0.8P0.8Si2P0.8Si2P0.12P0.8Si2P0.12P3.1yP2.12y2P3, Na3Si21212yP2.12P0.8Si2P2.8Si2P0.12P3, Na212yP0.12P2 PO 3.12y2y2P0.8Si2P3, Na2yP1.12y2y2P2 PO 3.12y2P2, Na2yP1.12y2y2y2yP2 PO 3.12yP1.8Si2y2y2y2P2, Na2yP1.8Si2y2y2y2y2y2y2P2, Na2y2y2yP3.1yP3.8Si2P2.8Si2P1.8Si2y2yP0.8Si2P3.8Si2P3.1yP3, Na2yP0.1yyyP3.1yyyyyyyyyyP1.8Si2y2y2y2y2y2y2P2.8Si2P1.8Si2y2P2, Na2y2y2P0.8Si2P2.8Si2P3, Na2P3, Na2y2P3.1y2y2yyyyy2y2yyyyP1.1y2y2P3, Na2P3, Na2y2P2.1y2P3, Na2yyy2y2P3.1yyy2P2 PO 3, Na2P2 P3.1yyy2y2yyyyyyy2yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy2P3.1yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy2P1.1yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy2P1.1yyyyyyy2P1.8Siy2P0.8, Nar3, Nar3.1yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.
Specific examples of the sodium ion conductive oxide may be β -alumina, β "-alumina. Al2O3 is the main component constituting beta-alumina and beta' -alumina. Preferably, Na2O is further included, and Na2O is a component that imparts sodium ion conductivity to the solid electrolyte. MgO and Li2O are stabilizers to stabilize the structure of beta-alumina and beta "-alumina.
The positive electrode is not particularly limited as long as it contains a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing sodium and functions as a positive electrode. The positive electrode active material can be formed by, for example, firing a positive electrode active material precursor powder such as a glass powder. By firing the positive electrode active material precursor powder, positive electrode active material crystals are precipitated, and the positive electrode active material crystals function as a positive electrode active material.
Examples of the positive electrode active material crystal that functions as the positive electrode active material include Na2FeP2O7, naffepo 4, Na3V2(PO4)3, Na2NiP2O7, Na 3.64nip 2.18(P2O7)2, Na3Ni3(PO4)2(P2O7), and the like.
The thickness of the positive electrode is preferably in the range of 3 to 300. mu.m, and preferably in the range of 10 to 150. mu.m. When the thickness of the positive electrode is too thin, the capacity of the all-solid-state sodium ion secondary battery itself becomes small, and therefore the energy density may decrease. When the thickness of the positive electrode is too large, the resistance to electron conduction increases, and thus the discharge capacity and the operating voltage tend to decrease.
The positive electrode may contain a solid electrolyte powder as needed. Therefore, the positive electrode may be a positive electrode composite material that is a composite material of the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte powder. As the solid electrolyte powder, a powder of the same material as the solid electrolyte layer described above can be used. By containing the solid electrolyte powder, the sodium ion conductivity in the positive electrode and at the interface between the positive electrode and the solid electrolyte layer can be improved. The average particle diameter of the solid electrolyte powder is preferably 0.01 to 15 μm, more preferably 0.05 to 10 μm, and still more preferably 0.1 to 5 μm.
The positive electrode may contain a conductive aid such as carbon powder or a binder as necessary. The internal resistance of the positive electrode can be reduced by containing the conductive additive.
As the binder, polypropylene carbonate (PPC) which decomposes at low temperature in an inert atmosphere is preferable. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) having excellent sodium ion conductivity is also preferable.
The invention also aims to provide a preparation method of titanium dioxide for the cathode of the solid sodium-ion battery, which comprises the following steps: it includes:
preparing titanium oxide with a core-shell structure, wherein the core is an orthorhombic titanium dioxide, and the shell is an anatase titanium dioxide;
and secondly, compounding silver on the outer surface of the titanium dioxide with the core-shell structure.
In the step (one), the method for preparing titanium oxide with a core-shell structure comprises the steps of adding 3% by mass of sodium dodecyl sulfate into sodium titanate, performing ball milling and crushing to obtain powder with D50 of 300 nanometers, adding deionized water, reacting at 40 ℃ and 10MPa for 24 hours, adding a hydrochloric acid solution, adjusting the pH to be =1-3, filtering, drying, and treating at 300-600 ℃ for 2-4 hours to obtain titanium dioxide particles with an orthorhombic core and an anatase shell.
In the step (II), the method for compounding silver on the outer surface of the titanium dioxide with the core-shell structure comprises the following steps; dissolving a silver precursor in an organic solvent to form a dispersion solution, adding the titanium dioxide with the core-shell structure prepared in the step (I) into the solution, stirring for 5-24h, washing, filtering, and calcining under an inert gas atmosphere, wherein the sintering temperature is the same as that in the step (I);
the calcination temperature is the same, so that the titanium oxide crystal form with the core-shell structure obtained in the step one can be prevented from changing, and the temperature control in the step two is particularly important because the transition temperature of the titanium oxide crystal form is sensitive within the range of 500-600 ℃.
The precursor of the silver is silver trifluoroacetate;
the specific implementation mode is as follows:
example 1
Adding sodium dodecyl sulfate with the mass percent of 3% into sodium titanate, performing ball milling and crushing to obtain powder with the D50 of 300 nanometers, adding deionized water, reacting for 24 hours at 40 ℃ and 10MPa, adding hydrochloric acid solution, adjusting the pH to be =1, filtering, drying, and processing for 3 hours at 450 ℃ to obtain titanium dioxide particles with an orthorhombic core and an anatase shell.
Dissolving silver trifluoroacetate in ethanol to form a dispersion solution, stirring the prepared titanium dioxide with the core-shell structure in the solution for 6 hours, washing and filtering, and calcining for 3 hours at 450 ℃ under the argon atmosphere to obtain the titanium dioxide material with the core-shell structure and the surface compounded with silver.
Preparing a battery:
taking 70wt% of the prepared titanium dioxide material, 10wt% of polypropylene ethylene as a binder and 20wt% of a conductive agent, adding a proper amount of NMP, uniformly stirring to prepare a negative electrode slurry, coating the negative electrode slurry on the surface of copper foil, and drying to obtain the negative electrode.
Taking 70wt% of Na2FeP2O7, 10wt% of carboxymethyl cellulose and 20wt% of conductive agent, adding a proper amount of NMP, uniformly stirring to prepare anode slurry, coating the anode slurry on the surface of an aluminum foil, and drying to obtain the anode.
And laminating the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the solid electrolyte, wherein the solid electrolyte is Na3Zr2Si2PO12, so as to obtain the sodium-ion battery.
Example 2
The titanium dioxide material for negative electrode was the same as in example 1 except that silver was not compounded.
Comparative example 1
The carbon dioxide material for the negative electrode is anatase titanium dioxide without a core-shell structure, silver is not compounded on the surface of the anatase titanium dioxide, and the rest is the same as that in the embodiment 1;
the preparation method of the titanium dioxide without the core-shell structure comprises the following steps: adding water which is 10 times of the mass of powder into potassium tetratitanate serving as a raw material, reacting for 0.5 hour at 40 ℃ and 2MPa, adding a nitric acid solution to adjust the pH to be =4, filtering, drying, and treating for 10 hours at 700 ℃ to obtain anatase-type titanium dioxide particles.
Comparative example 2
The carbon dioxide material for the negative electrode was anatase titanium dioxide having no core-shell structure and silver was composited on the surface, and the other points were the same as in example 1.
Performance testing
The cells were assembled in a glove box for electrochemical testing at room temperature with a 1C charge and a 1C discharge.
From the electrochemical performance analysis, for the traditional titanium dioxide, the effect of compounding silver on the surface on the performance of the whole battery is not great, but for the titanium dioxide with the core-shell structure, because the impedance between the anatase titanium oxide and the solid electrolyte is large, the conductivity of the material is not satisfactory, and therefore, after the silver is compounded on the titanium dioxide with the core-shell structure, the improvement on the performance of the battery is obvious.
In terms of internal resistance of the battery, for a common battery taking titanium dioxide as a negative electrode material, the effect of silver compounding on reduction of the internal resistance of the battery is very small, but for titanium dioxide with a core-shell structure, the effect of silver compounding on reduction of the internal resistance of the battery is very obvious.
From the first-turn efficiency and the capacity retention rate of 20 turns, the sodium storage performance of the cathode is greatly improved after the silver is compounded on the surface of the core-shell structure, and the improvement of the sodium storage performance is limited when the silver is compounded on the surface of the titanium oxide of the non-core-shell structure.
Claims (5)
1. A sodium ion battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a solid electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode comprises a negative electrode active substance, and is characterized in that the negative electrode active substance is titanium dioxide, the titanium dioxide has a core-shell structure, the core is an orthorhombic titanium dioxide, the shell is anatase type titanium dioxide, and the outer surface of the titanium dioxide is compounded with silver;
the mass content of the silver is 1-3% of the composite core-shell structure;
the preparation method of the titanium dioxide comprises the following steps:
preparing titanium dioxide with a core-shell structure, wherein the core is an orthorhombic titanium dioxide, and the shell is an anatase titanium dioxide;
adding 3 mass percent of sodium dodecyl sulfate into sodium titanate, performing ball milling and crushing to obtain powder with D50 of 300 nanometers, adding deionized water, reacting for 24 hours at 40 ℃ and 10MPa, adding a hydrochloric acid solution, adjusting the pH to be 1-3, filtering, drying, and calcining for 2-4 hours at 300-600 ℃ to obtain titanium dioxide particles with an orthorhombic core and an anatase shell;
compounding silver on the outer surface of the titanium dioxide with the core-shell structure;
the method for compounding silver on the surface of the titanium dioxide with the core-shell structure comprises the following steps: dissolving a silver precursor in an organic solvent to form a dispersion solution, adding the titanium dioxide with the core-shell structure prepared in the step (I) into the solution, stirring for 5-24h, washing, filtering, and calcining under an inert gas atmosphere.
2. The sodium-ion battery of claim 1, wherein the sodium-ion solid electrolyte is Na3Zr2Si2PO12、Na3.2Zr1.3Si2.2P0.8O10.5、Na3Zr1.6Ti0.4Si2PO12、Na3Hf2Si2PO12、Na3.4Zr0.9Hf1.4Al0.6Si1.2P1.8O12、Na3Zr1.7Nb0.24Si2PO12、Na3.6Ti0.2Y0.8Si2.8O9、Na3Zr1.88Y0.12Si2PO12、Na3.12Zr1.88Y0.12Si2PO12、Na3.6Zr0.13Yb1.67Si0.11P2.9O12、Na3Zr2Si2PO12、Na3.2Zr1.3Si2.2P0.8O10.5、Na3Zr1.6Ti0.4Si2PO12、Na3Hf2Si2PO12、Na3.4Zr0.9Hf1.4Al0.6Si1.2P1.8O12、Na3Zr1.7Nb0.24Si2PO12、Na3.6Ti0.2Y0.8Si2.8O9、Na3Zr1.88Y0.12Si2PO12、Na3.12Zr1.88Y0.12Si2PO12、Na3.6Zr0.13Yb1.67Si0.11P2.9O12At least one of (1).
3. The sodium ion battery of claim 1, wherein the negative electrode further comprises a conductive agent.
4. The sodium-ion battery according to claim 3, wherein the conductive agent is at least one of acetylene black, ketjen black, graphite, coke, Ni powder, and Cu.
5. The sodium ion battery of claim 1, wherein the calcination temperature in step two is the same as the calcination temperature in step one.
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| CN114792793B (en) * | 2021-01-25 | 2024-01-26 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | Sodium ion battery additive and high-power sodium ion battery |
| CN114613954A (en) * | 2021-06-26 | 2022-06-10 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | Positive electrode active material, electrochemical device, and electronic device |
| CN114388740A (en) * | 2022-01-13 | 2022-04-22 | 江西安驰新能源科技有限公司 | Composite positive electrode for all-solid-state lithium ion battery and preparation method of pole piece of composite positive electrode |
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