CN111513882A - Zirconia coping based on photocuring rapid prototyping and restoration manufacturing method - Google Patents
Zirconia coping based on photocuring rapid prototyping and restoration manufacturing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111513882A CN111513882A CN202010336678.2A CN202010336678A CN111513882A CN 111513882 A CN111513882 A CN 111513882A CN 202010336678 A CN202010336678 A CN 202010336678A CN 111513882 A CN111513882 A CN 111513882A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C13/00—Dental prostheses; Making same
- A61C13/01—Palates or other bases or supports for the artificial teeth; Making same
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C13/00—Dental prostheses; Making same
- A61C13/0003—Making bridge-work, inlays, implants or the like
- A61C13/0006—Production methods
- A61C13/0013—Production methods using stereolithographic techniques
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for manufacturing a zirconia base crown and a restoration based on photocuring rapid prototyping, which comprises the following steps: acquiring three-dimensional data of an abutment of a patient; designing a basal crown according to the three-dimensional data of the abutment; designing a retention structure on the surface of the basal crown in a partition way; preparing a substrate crown by using a photocuring rapid forming tool and taking photosensitive zirconia slurry as a raw material; degreasing the prepared basal crown; performing a first sintering treatment on the substrate crown; cleaning the basal crown; and (5) stacking and molding a decorative porcelain on the surface of the substrate crown, and performing second sintering treatment. According to the invention, the combination area between the ceramic surface and the facing ceramic is increased through the fine retention shape design of the ceramic surface, so that the mechanical embedding effect is increased, a fine retention shape structure is not designed in the occlusal force bearing area, the stress concentration phenomenon is reduced, and the convex or concave retention shape is selected according to the thickness of the bottom crown and the space of the facing ceramic, so that the uniform thickness of the facing ceramic is ensured. The problems of mechanical damage caused by cutting and excessive local material loss caused by sand blasting are avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of manufacturing of dental restorations, in particular to a method for manufacturing a zirconia coping based on photocuring rapid prototyping and a method for manufacturing a zirconia restoration based on photocuring rapid prototyping.
Background
Zirconia ceramics have excellent physical and mechanical properties and biocompatibility, and are widely applied to the field of oral repair in recent years. However, because of the problems of poor transparency, single color and the like, the requirements of oral aesthetic restoration are not completely met, and a layer of decorative porcelain is usually added on the surface to improve the color and transparency so as to improve the aesthetic performance of the restoration.
The zirconia has high chemical inertness, so that the zirconia is difficult to form effective chemical combination with the facing porcelain, and the combination mode is mainly mechanical combination. Therefore, chipping and peeling of the facing porcelain become a main cause of failure in the full-ceramic repair of zirconia. Therefore, how to enhance the bonding strength between the zirconia and the facing porcelain is one of the clinical problems.
At present, in order to enhance the bonding strength between a zirconia substrate (bottom crown) and a facing porcelain clinically, a common method comprises the steps of carrying out sand blasting treatment on the zirconia surface or using a bonding porcelain provided by a porcelain powder manufacturer, and for the bonding porcelain, the possibility of interface failure is increased on the contrary by researching the addition of the surface bonding porcelain. The sand blasting is to coarsen the zirconia substrate, increase the bonding area and improve the mechanical embedding, thereby enhancing the bonding strength of the zirconia substrate and the facing porcelain, but the sand blasting can accelerate the formation of microcracks on the zirconia surface, so that the crystal phase structure of the zirconia is changed, thereby reducing the bonding strength, meanwhile, the sand blasting time, distance, direction, area and the like can influence the sand blasting effect, the sand blasting is generally manually completed by operators, the influence factors can not be accurately controlled, the partial material loss of the zirconia substrate crown is easy to cause, and the overall strength of the restoration is reduced. In addition, in the conventional CAD/CAM cutting technique, the machining of the fine retention structure is not possible due to the limitation of the skill of the needle or the technician in the machining of the substrate, and the mechanical damage of the substrate is easily caused.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: aiming at the existing problems, the method for manufacturing the zirconia bottom crown based on the photocuring rapid prototyping is provided, the bottom crown with the retention structure on the surface is manufactured through one-step prototyping, so that the problem that the retention structure cannot be cut on the surface of the substrate crown is solved, and the mechanical damage to the substrate crown caused by mechanical treatment is avoided while the bonding strength between the bottom crown and the porcelain is increased.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for manufacturing a zirconia coping based on photocuring rapid prototyping comprises the following steps:
A. acquiring three-dimensional data of an abutment of a patient;
B. designing a basal crown according to the abutment three-dimensional data;
C. designing a retention structure on the surface of the basal crown in a partition way;
D. preparing the substrate crown by using a photocuring rapid prototyping tool and taking photosensitive zirconia slurry as a raw material;
E. degreasing the prepared basal crown;
F. subjecting the coping to a first sintering treatment;
G. cleaning the coping.
According to the method for preparing the coping, the retention structure is added on the surface of the coping in a three-dimensional design and printing mode, the process is formed at one time, extra cutting operation is not needed, cutting damage possibly caused by the traditional cutting industry is avoided, and meanwhile, the problem that the strength of the prosthesis is reduced due to the fact that local materials of the zirconia substrate are lost due to the manual sand blasting process is also avoided.
According to the method, refined post-processing of the bottom crown is not needed, the operation difficulty of a technician is greatly reduced, and meanwhile, the preparation precision of the bottom crown is also greatly improved.
The process can prepare a fine retention structure on the surface of the bottom crown (the surface combined with the decorative porcelain) to increase the combination area with the decorative porcelain, thereby increasing the mechanical embedding effect and improving the combination strength between the zirconia bottom crown and the decorative porcelain.
Further, the step C includes:
in the base crown surface partition design, a non-bite force bearing area designs the retention structure. The design can be avoided in
The occlusal force bearing area such as the face and the like has stress concentration to cause the collapse of the prosthesis.
Further, the retention structure is in a dot shape, a strip shape, a net shape or a combination thereof.
Further, the retention structure is a convex structure, a concave structure or a combination thereof. The mode of evagination or indent or both can provide multiple selection under the condition of different bottom crown thickness or facing porcelain space restriction to guarantee that facing porcelain thickness is even, improves aesthetic effect and prosthesis intensity.
Further, the degreasing treatment in the step E is: carrying out low-temperature degreasing treatment at 0-600 ℃.
Further, the first sintering treatment is as follows: sintering at 1440-1550 ℃ for 2 h.
Further, the step G specifically includes: the coping was ultrasonically cleaned with ethanol for 10 minutes and dried.
In order to solve all or part of the problems, the invention also provides a method for manufacturing the zirconia restoration based on photocuring rapid prototyping, which comprises the following steps:
and (3) stacking and molding a decorative porcelain on the surface of the substrate crown, and performing second sintering treatment, wherein the substrate crown is prepared by adopting the method for preparing the zirconia substrate crown based on the photocuring rapid prototyping.
Further, the process of stacking and molding the decorative porcelain on the surface of the substrate crown comprises the following steps:
using dental zirconia feldspar porcelain powder with the coefficient of thermal expansion CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) within the range of 9-11 to stack and mould dentin porcelain on the surface of the substrate crown, and performing negative pressure vacuum-pumping treatment; and (3) stacking and molding enamel porcelain and transparent porcelain on the surface of the dentin porcelain.
Further, the second sintering treatment is: sintering at 800-1000 deg.c for 15-30 min.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the invention, the bonding area between the ceramic and the facing ceramic is increased through the fine retention shape design of the ceramic surface, so that the mechanical embedding effect is increased, and the bonding strength between the zirconia and the facing ceramic is improved.
2. In the invention, the fine position-retaining design on the surface of the bottom crown comprises convex or concave point-shaped, strip-shaped, reticular textures and the like, and the convex or concave position-retaining shape is selected according to the thickness of the bottom crown and the space of the decorative porcelain, so that the thickness uniformity of the decorative porcelain is ensured, and the ideal aesthetic effect and the strength of the restoration are achieved.
3. According to the invention, the fine retention shape on the surface of the bottom crown is designed in the subarea, and the occlusion force bearing area is not designed with a fine retention shape structure, so that the stress concentration phenomenon is reduced, and the prosthesis can be effectively prevented from cracking.
4. The method directly forms the zirconia bottom crown with the surface fine undercut retention shape by the photocuring rapid prototyping technology, avoids the problem that the CAD/CAM cutting technology cannot cut undercuts, and avoids mechanical damage caused by mechanical treatment such as sand blasting and the like while increasing the bonding strength.
Drawings
The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
figure 1 is a base crown structure of conventional design.
Fig. 2 shows a base crown with a convex retention structure on the surface and a corresponding prosthesis structure.
Fig. 3 shows a base crown with a concave retention structure on the surface and a corresponding prosthesis structure.
Fig. 4 shows 6 embodiments of the retention structure.
Detailed Description
All of the features disclosed in this specification, or all of the steps in any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations of features and/or steps that are mutually exclusive.
Any feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract) may be replaced by alternative features serving equivalent or similar purposes, unless expressly stated otherwise. That is, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
Example one
The embodiment discloses a method for manufacturing a zirconia coping based on photocuring rapid prototyping, which comprises the following steps of:
A. three-dimensional data of the patient's abutment is acquired.
The three-dimensional data of the abutment is used as the basis for designing the false tooth. Obtaining three-dimensional data of the patient's abutment can be obtained in various ways, such as scanning the oral abutment with a dental scanning device (e.g., 3shape, bathing 3D dentalscan, etc.); or by scanning a patient's dental model.
B. And designing the basal crown according to the three-dimensional data of the abutment.
The basal crown is a conventional basal crown, which can be designed by dental design software (such as 3shape, exocad and other dental CAD software) as shown in fig. 1. The bottom crown is used as a key component of the restoration, the inner concave surface is an adhesive surface, and the outer surface is piled with decorative porcelain to form the final restoration.
C. The retention structure is designed on the surface of the basal crown in a partition way.
This process is the key point of the present invention. The retention structure is a key structure for increasing the bonding area with the facing porcelain, and needs to be finely processed. In the traditional sand blasting process, because of uncertainty of factors such as sand blasting time, distance, direction, area and the like, local materials of the base crown are easily lost too much, the overall strength of the restoration is reduced, and the service life is shortened; the CAD/CAM cutting industry is not able to cut fine retention features and is prone to mechanical damage to the coping. Referring to the common retention shape design in engineering application, the invention uses three-dimensional modeling software to add point-shaped retention shapes, strip-shaped retention shapes, net-shaped retention shapes and the like on the surface of a zirconia substrate crown, as shown in figure 4, wherein (a) is an external convex point-shaped retention shape, (b) is an internal concave point-shaped retention shape, (c) is an external convex strip-shaped retention shape, (d) is an internal concave strip-shaped retention shape, (e) is an external convex net-shaped retention shape, and (f) is an internal concave net-shaped retention shape. Al commonly used for reference zirconia2O3The particle size of the sand blasting particles is controlled to be 100-120 mu m in fine retention size. To avoid in
Occlusion of face and the likeThe force bearing area has stress concentration to cause the prosthesis to crack, a fine inverted concave retention shape (namely a retention structure) is designed in a partitioning mode, and the retention shape is not designed in the occlusion force bearing area. According to the thickness of the zirconia basal crown, the fine retention shape is selected to be an outward convex shape or an inward concave shape, so that the reduction of the overall strength caused by the excessive surface loss of the basal crown material is avoided, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, wherein fig. 2(a) and 3(a) are basal crowns, and fig. 2(b) and 3(b) are restorations with surface-decorated porcelain piled and molded.
D. And preparing the substrate crown by using a photocuring rapid forming tool and taking photosensitive zirconia slurry as a raw material.
After the data of the substrate crown (i.e. the simulated substrate crown with the retention structure) is scaled up in consideration of sintering shrinkage, the substrate crown is printed out by using a photocuring rapid prototyping ceramic printer and zirconia slurry.
E. And carrying out degreasing treatment on the prepared basal crown.
Specifically, the printed coping is degreased at a low temperature of 0-600 ℃ to remove organic matters and remove the support.
F. A first sintering treatment is performed on the coping.
Specifically, the step is to sinter the zirconia base crown at 1440-1550 ℃ for 2 hours.
G. Cleaning the coping.
Ultrasonic cleaning of the zirconia base crown: the substrate crown was ultrasonically cleaned with ethanol for 10 minutes and dried.
On the basis, the surface porcelain is piled and molded on the surface of the basal crown and sintered to obtain the complete restoration.
Example two
The embodiment discloses a method for manufacturing a zirconia restoration based on photocuring rapid prototyping, which comprises the following steps of:
A. three-dimensional data of the patient's abutment is acquired.
The three-dimensional data of the abutment is used as the basis for designing the false tooth. Obtaining three-dimensional data of the patient's abutment can be obtained in various ways, such as scanning the oral abutment with a dental scanning device (e.g., 3shape, bathing 3D dentalscan, etc.); or by scanning a patient's dental model.
B. And setting the basal crown according to the three-dimensional data of the abutment.
The basal crown is a conventional basal crown, which can be designed by dental design software (such as 3shape, exocad and other dental CAD software) as shown in fig. 1. The bottom crown is used as a key component of the restoration, the inner concave surface is an adhesive surface, and the outer surface is piled with decorative porcelain to form the final restoration.
C. The retention structure is designed on the surface of the basal crown in a partition way.
This process is the key point of the present invention. The retention structure is a key structure for increasing the bonding area with the facing porcelain, and needs to be finely processed. In the traditional sand blasting process, because of uncertainty of factors such as sand blasting time, distance, direction, area and the like, local materials of the base crown are easily lost too much, the overall strength of the restoration is reduced, and the service life is shortened; the CAD/CAM cutting industry is not able to cut fine retention features and is prone to mechanical damage to the coping. Referring to the common retention shape design in engineering application, the invention uses three-dimensional modeling software to add a dot-shaped retention shape, a strip-shaped retention shape, a mesh-shaped retention shape and the like on the surface of a zirconia substrate crown, as shown in fig. 3. Al commonly used for reference zirconia2O3The particle size of the sand blasting particles is controlled to be 100-120 mu m in fine retention size. To avoid in
Stress concentration occurs in the occlusal force bearing area such as the surface, so that the prosthesis is cracked, a fine inverted concave retention shape (namely a retention structure) is designed in a subarea mode, and the retention shape is not designed in the occlusal force bearing area. According to the thickness of the zirconia basal crown, the fine retention shape is selected to be an outward convex shape or an inward concave shape, so that the reduction of the overall strength caused by excessive surface loss of the basal crown material is avoided.
D. And preparing the substrate crown by using a photocuring rapid forming tool and taking photosensitive zirconia slurry as a raw material.
After the crown data (i.e., the crown with retention features described above) is scaled up to take into account sintering shrinkage, the crown is printed out using a photocuring rapid prototyping ceramic printer and zirconia slurry.
E. And carrying out degreasing treatment on the prepared basal crown.
Specifically, the printed coping is degreased at a low temperature of 0-600 ℃ to remove organic matters and remove the support.
F. A first sintering treatment is performed on the coping.
Specifically, the step is to sinter the zirconia base crown at 1440-1550 ℃ for 2 hours.
G. Cleaning the coping.
Ultrasonic cleaning of the zirconia base crown: the substrate crown was ultrasonically cleaned with ethanol for 10 minutes and dried.
H. And (5) stacking and molding a decorative porcelain on the surface of the substrate crown, and performing second sintering treatment.
The plastic stacking process comprises the following steps: using a coefficient of thermal expansion CTE in the range of 9-11 (10)-6K-1) Dental zirconia feldspar porcelain powder in the scope. And (3) stacking and molding the dentin porcelain on the surface of the bottom crown, and performing negative pressure vacuum-pumping treatment to facilitate the dentin porcelain to fully flow into a position-fixing shape. And (3) stacking and molding enamel porcelain and transparent porcelain on the surface of the dentin porcelain. And after the stacking and molding are finished, performing a second sintering treatment: sintering at 800-1000 ℃ for 15-30min to finally complete the manufacture of the zirconia all-ceramic restoration.
EXAMPLE III
The embodiment discloses a method for manufacturing a zirconia coping based on photocuring rapid prototyping, which comprises the following steps of:
1. the patient's abutment is scanned using a dental optical scanning device or the like, and abutment three-dimensional data in STL format is acquired.
2. The STL file is imported into dental CAD software to design a coping as shown in fig. 1.
3. Adding a fine inverted concave retention shape design on the surface of a zirconia substrate crown in a partition manner: referring to the common retention shape design in engineering application, a three-dimensional modeling software is used to add a dot-shaped retention shape, a strip-shaped retention shape, a mesh-shaped retention shape and the like on the surface of a zirconia substrate crown, as shown in fig. 4, wherein (a) is an outward convex dot-shaped retention shape, (b) is an inward concave dot-shaped retention shape, (c) is an outward convex strip-shaped retention shape, (d) is an inward concave strip-shaped retention shape, (e) is an outward convex mesh-shaped retention shape, and (f) is an inward concave mesh-shaped retention shapeThe shape is retained. Al commonly used for reference zirconia2O3The particle size of the sand blasting particles is controlled to be 100-120 mu m in fine retention size. In order to avoid the fracture of the prosthesis caused by stress concentration in the occlusal force bearing area such as the surface and the like, the fine inverted concave retention shape is designed in a subarea mode, and the retention shape is not designed in the occlusal force bearing area. According to the thickness of the zirconia basal crown, the fine position-retaining shape is selected to be an outward convex shape or an inward concave shape, so that the reduction of the overall strength caused by the excessive loss of the surface of the basal crown material is avoided, the outward convex position-retaining structure is shown in an attached drawing 2, and the inward concave position-retaining structure is shown in an attached drawing 3.
4. Photocuring rapid prototyping printing substrate crown: after the data of the substrate crown is scaled up in consideration of sintering shrinkage, the substrate crown is printed out using a photocuring rapid prototyping ceramic printer and zirconia slurry.
5. And (3) degreasing the substrate crown at a low temperature of 0-600 ℃, removing organic matters in the zirconia slurry, and removing the support.
6. Final sintering of the zirconia base crown: 1440 ℃ and 1550 ℃ for 2 hours.
7. Ultrasonic cleaning of a zirconia substrate crown: ultrasonically cleaning with ethanol for 10min and drying.
Example four
The embodiment discloses a method for manufacturing a zirconia restoration based on photocuring rapid prototyping, which comprises the following steps of:
1. the patient's abutment is scanned using a dental optical scanning device or the like, and abutment three-dimensional data in STL format is acquired.
2. The STL file is imported into dental CAD software to design a coping as shown in fig. 1.
3. Adding a fine inverted concave retention shape design on the surface of a zirconia substrate crown in a partition manner: referring to the common retention shape design in engineering application, a three-dimensional modeling software is used to add a dot-shaped retention shape, a strip-shaped retention shape, a mesh-shaped retention shape and the like on the surface of a zirconia substrate crown, as shown in fig. 4, wherein (a) is an outward convex dot-shaped retention shape, (b) is an inward concave dot-shaped retention shape, (c) is an outward convex strip-shaped retention shape, (d) is an inward concave strip-shaped retention shape, (e) is an outward convex mesh-shaped retention shape, and (f) is an inward concave mesh-shaped retention shape. Al commonly used for reference zirconia2O3The particle size of the sand blasting particles is controlled to be 100-120 mu m in fine retention size. To avoid in
Stress concentration occurs in the occlusal force bearing area such as the surface, so that the prosthesis is cracked, the fine inverted concave retention shape is designed in a subarea mode, and the retention shape is not designed in the occlusal force bearing area. According to the thickness of the zirconia basal crown, the fine position-retaining shape is selected to be an outward convex shape or an inward concave shape, so that the reduction of the overall strength caused by the excessive loss of the surface of the basal crown material is avoided, the outward convex position-retaining structure is shown in an attached drawing 2, and the inward concave position-retaining structure is shown in an attached drawing 3.
4. Photocuring rapid prototyping printing substrate crown: after the data of the substrate crown is scaled up in consideration of sintering shrinkage, the substrate crown is printed out using a photocuring rapid prototyping ceramic printer and zirconia slurry.
5. And (3) degreasing the substrate crown at a low temperature of 0-600 ℃, removing organic matters in the zirconia slurry, and removing the support.
6. Final sintering of the zirconia base crown: 1440 ℃ and 1550 ℃ for 2 hours.
7. Ultrasonic cleaning of a zirconia substrate crown: ultrasonically cleaning with ethanol for 10min and drying.
8. Stacking and molding a facing porcelain on the surface of the zirconia base crown: using a coefficient of thermal expansion CTE in the range of 9-11 (10)-6K-1) Dental zirconia feldspar porcelain powders (dentin porcelain, enamel porcelain and vitreous porcelain) within the scope. And (3) stacking and molding the dentin porcelain on the surface of the bottom crown, and performing negative pressure vacuum-pumping treatment to facilitate the dentin porcelain to fully flow into a position-fixing shape. And (3) plastic-stacking enamel porcelain and transparent porcelain on the surface of the dentin porcelain, and sintering at 800-1000 ℃ for 15-30min to finally finish the manufacture of the zirconia all-porcelain restoration.
The invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiments. The invention extends to any novel feature or any novel combination of features disclosed in this specification and any novel method or process steps or any novel combination of features disclosed.
Claims (10)
1. A method for manufacturing a zirconia coping based on photocuring rapid prototyping is characterized by comprising the following steps:
A. acquiring three-dimensional data of an abutment of a patient;
B. designing a basal crown according to the abutment three-dimensional data;
C. designing a retention structure on the surface of the basal crown in a partition way;
D. preparing the substrate crown by using a photocuring rapid prototyping tool and taking photosensitive zirconia slurry as a raw material;
E. degreasing the prepared basal crown;
F. subjecting the coping to a first sintering treatment;
G. cleaning the coping.
2. The method for making a zirconia coping as recited in claim 1, wherein said step C comprises:
in the base crown surface zoning setting, the retention structure is arranged in the non-occlusal force bearing zone.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the retention structure is in the form of dots, stripes, mesh, or a combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the retention structure is a convex structure, a concave structure, or a combination thereof.
5. The method for manufacturing a zirconia coping as recited in claim 1, wherein the degreasing treatment in the step E is: carrying out low-temperature degreasing treatment at 0-600 ℃.
6. The method for making a zirconia coping of claim 1, wherein the first sintering treatment is: sintering at 1440-1550 ℃ for 2 h.
7. The method for manufacturing a zirconia coping as recited in claim 1, wherein said step G specifically is: the coping was ultrasonically cleaned with ethanol for 10 minutes and dried.
8. A zirconia restoration body manufacturing method based on photocuring rapid prototyping is characterized by comprising the following steps:
and (3) stacking and molding a decorative porcelain on the surface of the base crown, and performing second sintering treatment, wherein the base crown is prepared by the method for manufacturing the zirconia base crown based on the photocuring rapid prototyping as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7.
9. The zirconia prosthesis manufacturing method of claim 8, wherein the process of laminating a veneer porcelain on the surface of the base crown comprises:
using dental zirconia feldspar porcelain powder with the coefficient of thermal expansion CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) within the range of 9-11 to stack and mould dentin porcelain on the surface of the substrate crown, and performing negative pressure vacuum-pumping treatment; and (3) stacking and molding enamel porcelain and transparent porcelain on the surface of the dentin porcelain.
10. The zirconia prosthesis manufacturing method of claim 9, wherein the second sintering treatment is: sintering at 800-1000 deg.c for 15-30 min.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113061028A (en) * | 2021-05-15 | 2021-07-02 | 江苏京科智镕新材料科技有限公司 | Preparation method of 3Y-TZP ceramic paste and preparation process of full-mouth planting and fixing prosthesis |
| CN114305763A (en) * | 2021-12-16 | 2022-04-12 | 东莞定远陶齿制品有限公司 | Denture outer crown retention method |
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