CN111494649A - Graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate magnetic resonance contrast agent and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate magnetic resonance contrast agent and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111494649A CN111494649A CN201910095524.6A CN201910095524A CN111494649A CN 111494649 A CN111494649 A CN 111494649A CN 201910095524 A CN201910095524 A CN 201910095524A CN 111494649 A CN111494649 A CN 111494649A
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- A61K49/0002—General or multifunctional contrast agents, e.g. chelated agents
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/65—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing carbon
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- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
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- A61K49/08—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
- A61K49/085—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier conjugated systems
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Abstract
The invention discloses a graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate (Gd @ GQDs), belonging to the field of nano materials, wherein the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate are nano materials, and the surfaces of the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate are provided with hydrophilic groups; the preparation method comprises the steps of preparing graphene oxide by using a Hummers method, heating, oxidizing and purifying to obtain pure graphene quantum dots, and finally mixing the pure graphene quantum dots with Gd3+Chelation forms stable Gd @ GQDs. The Gd @ GQDs prepared by the method are easily dispersed in water, Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS), biological culture medium and other aqueous solution systems; has good biocompatibility and low toxicity; in a 1.5T magnetic resonance test system, excellent T is shown1Weighted contrast performance of r1The relaxation rate is as high as 72mM‑1s‑1Compared with the prior commercial T1Weighting r of magnetic resonance contrast agent Gd-DTPA1The value is twenty times higher.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate magnetic resonance contrast agent and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of new nano materials.
Background
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the most widely used diagnostic tools in clinical applications. MRI has many advantages, such as non-invasiveness, high spatial and temporal resolution, and good soft tissue contrast. Nevertheless, the inherent signal differences between tissues, particularly between diseased and normal tissues, are not as great. Therefore, the temperature of the molten metal is controlled,MRI contrast agents are typically injected prior to scanning to improve imaging quality. Classified according to the principle of action, MRI contrast agents can be classified as longitudinal relaxation contrast agents (T)1Contrast agents) and transverse relaxation contrast agents (T)2A contrast agent). Most commonly used T1The contrast agent is a gadolinium-based contrast agent, since Gd3+Can provide seven unpaired electrons, resulting in a higher longitudinal relaxation rate (r)1). However, free Gd3+Has high toxicity, Gd3+A rare disease known as Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) can be induced in the body, and is especially fatal in patients with impaired renal function. To inhibit its toxicity, various ligands and Gd are generally used3+Complexing to free Gd3+The release is minimized. Examples include Gd-DTPA (DTPA-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), gadoteric acid, Gd-DO3A butrol (DO3A-1,4, 7-tris (carboxymethyl) cyclododecane-10-azaacetamide), gadodiamine and the like. However, these gadolinium-based chelates are high in gadolinium content and practical amounts, still resulting in Gd3+Leakage in the body thus poses a biological safety problem. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a composition having extremely low Gd3+T with good content, good biological safety and high performance1The contrast agents are weighted.
The Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) are mainly formed by sp2The graphene sheet is a two-dimensional graphene sheet which is composed of hybridized carbon atoms, has the same lattice spacing as graphite, has the transverse dimension of less than 100nm and has less than 10 atomic layers. The GQDs not only have the excellent performances of graphene, such as large specific surface area, high electron mobility and good mechanical strength, but also have excellent fluorescence performance, light stability, low toxicity, good biocompatibility, easy surface modification and the like. Because of the excellent characteristics, GQDs have great application prospects in the fields of biomedical imaging, optical materials and devices, biosensing, environmental detection and the like, and especially provide a material basis for constructing a clinical application multi-mode imaging platform.
With the urgent need of early diagnosis and accurate treatment of serious diseases such as cancer, single diagnostic techniques such as MRI, fluorescence imaging and ultrasound imaging have not been able to meet the needs of people. Therefore, multimode imaging technology and materials thereof, which integrate multiple functions, are widely concerned and researched by researchers. Aiming at the problems, the invention invents GQDs and gadolinium ion chelates which have the functions of MRI and fluorescence imaging as medical developers.
Prior art related to the present invention: documents of complexes of carbon quantum dots and gadolinium as magnetic resonance contrast agents have been published in international academic journals Advanced Materials 2014,26, 6761-6766 and Advanced Materials2018, 1802748. The work is to utilize organic micromolecules to complex with gadolinium ions or utilize the existing commercial gadolinium-based contrast agent to synthesize a compound of a carbon quantum dot and gadolinium through a water/solvothermal method, and then the compound is used for magnetic resonance imaging. The method has the disadvantages that the cost of raw materials is high, the structure of the obtained compound of the carbon quantum dots and gadolinium is not clear, the gadolinium content and the using amount during contrast are high, and the later stage can cause great influence on organisms. More importantly, the longitudinal relaxation rate r of the contrast agent1Is much smaller than r of the contrast agent of the invention1Thus T thereof1The weighted contrast effect is far less than the patented technology.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate which has good biocompatibility and low toxicity, can be applied to magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence imaging, and has excellent T1Weighting contrast effects and high efficiency fluorescence function.
The invention also provides a preparation method and application of the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate.
In order to achieve the purpose, the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate are adopted, and the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate are a nano material and have the characteristics of large specific surface area, stable optical property, hydrophilic groups on the surface and the like.
In addition, the invention also provides a preparation method of the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate, graphene oxide is prepared by using a Hummers method, pure graphene quantum dots are obtained by heating and oxidizing, and finally, the pure graphene quantum dots and Gd are mixed3+And (4) chelating to form a stable graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate.
As an improvement, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) preparing graphene oxide by using a Hummers method;
2) weighing the prepared graphene oxide, dissolving the graphene oxide in deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment, and adding a certain amount of strong oxidant for full dissolution;
3) adding 400-1000 mu L alkali compound into the solution, and then refluxing for 7-12h at 70-120 ℃;
4) after the reflux is finished, purifying and drying to obtain the graphene quantum dots, wherein the graphene quantum dots have the characteristics of two-dimensional regular morphology, uniform size, transverse size of 3-6nm, thickness of 1-2nm, non-excitation light dependent luminescence and the like;
5) preparing pure graphene quantum dots into a solution with a certain concentration, and then adding a certain amount of gadolinium chloride solution to perform chelation reaction under a certain condition;
6) and purifying and drying the solution after reaction to obtain the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate.
As a modification, the ultrasonic power in the step 2) is 500-800W.
As a modification, the strong oxidant in the step 2) adopts one or more of potassium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid and hypochlorous acid.
As an improvement, the mass ratio of the graphene oxide to the strong oxidant in the step 2) is (1-3): (1000-3000); the mass ratio of the graphene oxide to the deionized water is (1-3): (1000-3000).
The alkaline compound in the step 3) is one or more of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, ammonia water, hydrazine hydrate, ethylenediamine and hydroxylamine.
As a modification, the purification in the step 4) and the step 6) is any one or more of suction filtration, chromatography, dialysis, filtration, extraction and distillation fractionation; the drying in the step 4) and the step 6) is any one or more of vacuum drying, freeze drying and high-temperature drying.
As an improvement, the concentration of the solution prepared by the graphene quantum dots in the step 5) is 0.05-0.4mg m L-1The concentration of the gadolinium chloride solution is 0.1-0.5mmol L-1。
As an improvement, the chelation reaction in the step 5) can be any one of conventional water bath heating, hydrothermal reaction, solution dialysis and normal temperature treatment, but the chelation time of the normal temperature treatment is relatively longer.
Finally, the invention also provides an application of the chelate or the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate obtained by the preparation method as a medical image developer.
As an improvement, the medical image developer comprises a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent and a developer for fluorescence imaging.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate (Gd @ GQDs) prepared by the method are nano materials, the surface of the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate is provided with hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino, and the sample is uniform in size, has stable optical performance and is easy to perform surface modification.
2) The Gd @ GQDs prepared by the method are easily dispersed in water, Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS), biological culture medium and other aqueous solution systems.
3) The cytotoxicity of Gd @ GQDs prepared by the method is tested by an MTT method, and the test result shows that the survival rate of cells is still maintained to be over 90 percent after MCF-7 and CHO cells are co-cultured with Gd @ GQDs with different concentrations and DMEM medium solutions for 24 hours, which indicates that the Gd @ GQDs prepared by the method have very low toxicity.
4) The Gd @ GQDs prepared by the method have excellent fluorescence performance, and the fluorescence of the Gd @ GQDs has the non-excitation light wavelength dependence of standard graphene quantum dots. The fluorescent material can show blue, green and red fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet light, blue light and green light respectively, and can be applied to a fluorescence imaging technology.
5) The Gd @ GQDs prepared by the invention shows excellent T in a 1.5T magnetic resonance testing system1Weighted contrast performance of r1The relaxation rate is as high as 72mM-1s-1Is a composite contrast agent r of carbon quantum dots and gadolinium reported in the above documents15-12 times of the prior commercial T1Weighting r of magnetic resonance contrast agent Gd-DTPA1The value (3.0 to 4.0 mM)-1s-1) More than twenty times of the total weight of the product. More importantly, in practical application, Gd in Gd @ GQDs3+The injection dosage of (A) is gadolinium-based T in the above-mentioned document1Contrast agents and general commercial gadolinium-based T1One fiftieth of the contrast agent. In addition, Gd in the Gd @ GQDs material of the invention3+Although only gadolinium-based T is present in the above-mentioned documents1Between one fourth and one third of the contrast agent, but still achieving a good magnetic resonance contrast, which makes Gd avoided from the source3+A large number of leakage hazards. Therefore, the Gd @ GQDs magnetic resonance contrast agent has good application prospect clinically.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a transmission electron microscope image of Gd @ GQDs of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a Fourier transform infrared spectrum of Gd @ GQDs prepared according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows the results of MTT cytotoxicity assay of Gd @ GQDs prepared according to the invention (Gd @ GQDs at different concentrations were co-cultured with CHO and MCF-7 cells for 24 h).
FIG. 4 shows an aqueous solution of Gd @ GQDs of the present invention prepared in a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging system1And r2Relaxation Rate (R in the figure)2To fit the correlation coefficient).
FIG. 5 shows that the cells of Gd @ GQDs, gadolinium chloride, Gd-DTPA and MCF-7 prepared by the invention are co-cultured and then T is processed in a 1.5T magnetic resonance radiography system1The magnetic resonance image is weighted.
FIG. 6 shows fluorescence microscope images (scale: 50 μm) of Gd @ GQDs prepared according to the present invention for cell visualization, which are bright field (top left), blue fluorescence (top right), green fluorescence (bottom left), and red fluorescence (bottom right), in that order.
Detailed Description
The following examples are further illustrative of the present invention as to the technical content of the present invention, but the essence of the present invention is not limited to the following examples, and one of ordinary skill in the art can and should understand that any simple changes or substitutions based on the essence of the present invention should fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A preparation method of a graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate specifically comprises the following steps:
1) graphene oxide was prepared using Hummers method (this method is cited from the literature: ACS Nano,2010,4(8), 4806-;
2) weighing 20mg of the graphene oxide, dissolving the graphene oxide in 60g of deionized water, treating with the ultrasonic power of 500W, and then adding 60g of hydrogen peroxide for full dissolution;
3) adding 1000 mu L hydrazine hydrate solution into the solution, transferring the solution into a round-bottom flask, and refluxing for 8 hours in an oil bath at 100 ℃;
4) after the reflux reaction is finished, filtering and purifying the solution to remove large-block impurities, and then drying at high temperature (80 ℃) to obtain GQDs which have the characteristics of two-dimensional regular morphology, uniform size, transverse size of 3-6nm, thickness of 1-2nm, non-excitation light dependent luminescence and the like;
5) the GQDs prepared above was formulated to a concentration of 0.35mg m L-1Adding gadolinium chloride into the solution, and controlling the concentration of the gadolinium chloride solution to be 0.45mmol L-1Carrying out chelation reaction in a hydrothermal reaction kettle at 120 ℃;
6) and (3) carrying out rotary evaporation and freeze-drying treatment on the solution after the reaction to obtain Gd @ GQDs.
Performance tests were performed on Gd @ GQDs prepared in example 1.
FIG. 1 is a transmission electron microscope image of the Gd @ GQDs. It can be found that after gadolinium ions are added, GQDs have self-assembly behavior, and have the characteristics of large specific surface area, stable optical property, hydrophilic groups on the surface and the like.
FIG. 2 is a Fourier transform infrared spectrogram of Gd @ GQDs prepared by the invention. Wherein 3398cm-1Is the hydroxyl group stretching vibration peak, 2948cm-1Is a secondary amino group N-H stretching vibration peak, 1725cm-1Is C ═ O asymmetric stretching vibration peak, 1600cm-1The Gd @ GQDs prepared by the method have a large number of hydrophilic groups and simultaneously keep a certain graphene structure.
FIG. 3 shows the cytotoxicity of Gd @ GQDs prepared by MTT assay. The MTT method is a common method for detecting cell survival and growth, and the detection principle is as follows: succinate dehydrogenase in mitochondria of living cells can reduce exogenous MTT (thiazole blue) to water-insoluble blue-purple crystalline formazan to deposit in cells, dead cells do not have the function, then formazan in cells is dissolved out by DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), and absorbance is measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detector under the condition of 540nm or 720nm wavelength, so that the number of living cells is reflected by the indirect effect.
The results of the MTT cytotoxicity test show that: after human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and Chinese hamster ovary Cells (CHO) (both provided by the institute of Life sciences of Anhui university) are co-cultured with Gd @ GQDs for 24 hours, the survival rate of the cells is still maintained above 90%, which indicates that the prepared Gd @ GQDs have very low toxicity.
FIG. 4 shows the r of Gd @ GQDs prepared by the invention in a 1.5T magnetic resonance testing system1And r2The relaxation rate indicates that Gd @ GQDs has extremely high r1The relaxation rate.
FIG. 5 shows Gd @ GQDs (0.2mg m L) prepared by the present invention-1，Gd3+The content of L is 0.2mmol-1) Graphene quantum dots (0.2mg m L)-1) Gadolinium chloride (0.2mmol L)-1) And Gd-DTPA (0.2mmol L)-1) T in 1.5T magnetic resonance test System after co-culture in MCF-7 cells, respectively1And the weighted magnetic resonance image shows that Gd @ GQDs have excellent contrast effect in the aspect of cell magnetic resonance imaging.
FIG. 6 shows that Gd @ GQDs of the present invention were used for cell fluorescence imaging, and the results show that MCF-7 cells did not fluoresce under a fluorescence microscope without the addition of Gd @ GQDs prepared in the present invention. After the Gd @ GQDs prepared by the invention is added, MCF-7 cells show blue fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope when excited by 405nm light, MCF-7 cells show green fluorescence under the fluorescence microscope when excited by 488nm light, and MCF-7 cells show red fluorescence under the fluorescence microscope when excited by 543nm light.
Example 2
A preparation method of a graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate specifically comprises the following steps:
1) preparing graphene oxide by using a Hummers method;
2) weighing 60mg of the graphene oxide, dissolving the graphene oxide in 60g of deionized water, treating with the ultrasonic power of 800W, and then adding 60g of the graphene oxide with the concentration of 1 mol. L-1The potassium persulfate solution is fully dissolved;
3) adding 800 mu L ammonia solution into the solution, transferring the solution into a round-bottom flask, and refluxing for 12 hours in an oil bath at 70 ℃;
4) after the reflux reaction is finished, carrying out chromatographic purification treatment on the solution to remove large-block impurities, and then carrying out freeze drying treatment to obtain GQDs;
5) the GQDs prepared above was formulated to a concentration of 0.2mg m L-1Then gadolinium chloride is added into the solution, and the concentration of the gadolinium chloride solution is controlled to be 0.2mmol L-1Carrying out chelation reaction at normal temperature;
6) dialyzing the solution after the reaction, and then drying at high temperature (100 ℃) to prepare Gd @ GQDs.
Example 3
A preparation method of a graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate specifically comprises the following steps:
1) preparing graphene oxide by using a Hummers method;
2) weighing 60mg of the graphene oxide, dissolving the graphene oxide in 60g of deionized water, treating with the ultrasonic power of 600W, and then adding 20g of mixed solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid for full dissolution;
3) 400 mu L, 1mol L was added to the above solution-1Then transferring the solution into a round-bottom flask, and refluxing for 10 hours in an oil bath kettle at the temperature of 80 ℃;
4) after the reflux reaction is finished, carrying out suction filtration and purification treatment on the solution to remove large-block impurities, and then carrying out vacuum drying treatment to obtain GQDs;
5) the GQDs prepared above was formulated to a concentration of 0.05mg m L-1Then gadolinium chloride is added into the solution, and the concentration of the solution is controlled to be 0.1mmol L-1Carrying out chelation reaction in a water bath kettle at 60 ℃;
6) and distilling and drying the solution after the reaction to prepare Gd @ GQDs.
The graphene quantum dots prepared by the method and gadolinium ion chelates (Gd @ GQDs) are used according to the same operation steps of the commercial contrast agent. Can be used as magnetic resonance contrast agent and fluorescence imaging developer.
The Gd @ GQDs prepared by the method are easily dispersed in water, Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS), biological culture medium and other aqueous solution systems; has good biocompatibility and low toxicity; in a 1.5T magnetic resonance test system, excellent T is shown1Weighted contrast performance of r1The relaxation rate is as high as 72mM-1s-1Compared with the prior commercial T1Weighting r of magnetic resonance contrast agent Gd-DTPA1The value is twenty times higher. In practical application, Gd in Gd @ GQDs3+The injection dosage of (A) is gadolinium-based T in the above-mentioned document1Contrast agents and general commercial gadolinium-based T1One fiftieth of the contrast agent. In addition, Gd in the Gd @ GQDs material of the invention3+Although only gadolinium-based T is present in the above-mentioned documents1Between one fourth and one third of the contrast agent, but still achieving a good magnetic resonance contrast, which makes Gd avoided from the source3+A large number of leakage hazards. The Gd @ GQDs can be used as a medical image developer and has good application prospect clinically.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents or improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (12)
1. The graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate is characterized in that the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate are nano materials.
2. The method for preparing the chelate of the graphene quantum dot and the gadolinium ion according to claim 1, wherein graphene oxide is prepared by a Hummers method, and then the graphene oxide is heated and oxidized to obtain the graphene quantum dot, and finally the graphene quantum dot and Gd are mixed to obtain the graphene quantum dot3+And (4) chelating to form a stable graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate.
3. The preparation method of the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate of claim 2, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) preparing graphene oxide by using a Hummers method;
2) weighing the prepared graphene oxide, dissolving the graphene oxide in deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment, and adding a certain amount of strong oxidant for full dissolution;
3) adding 400-1000 mu L alkali compound into the solution, and then refluxing for 7-12h at 70-120 ℃;
4) after the reflux is finished, purifying and drying to obtain graphene quantum dots;
5) preparing pure graphene quantum dots into a solution with a certain concentration, and then adding a certain amount of gadolinium chloride solution to perform chelation reaction under a certain condition;
6) and purifying and drying the solution after reaction to obtain the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate.
4. The method for preparing the chelate of the graphene quantum dot and the gadolinium ion according to claim 3, wherein the ultrasonic power in the step 2) is 500-800W.
5. The method for preparing the chelate of the graphene quantum dot and the gadolinium ion according to claim 3, wherein the strong oxidant in the step 2) is one or more of potassium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid and hypochlorous acid.
6. The method for preparing the chelate of the graphene quantum dot and the gadolinium ion according to claim 3 or 5, wherein the mass ratio of the graphene oxide to the strong oxidant in the step 2) is (1-3): (1000-3000); the mass ratio of the graphene oxide to the deionized water is (1-3): (1000-3000).
7. The method for preparing the graphene quantum dot and gadolinium ion chelate according to claim 3, wherein the alkaline compound in step 3) is one or more of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, ammonia water, hydrazine hydrate, ethylenediamine and hydroxylamine.
8. The method for preparing the chelate of the graphene quantum dot and the gadolinium ion according to claim 3, wherein the purification in the steps 4) and 6) is any one or more of suction filtration, chromatography, dialysis, filtration, extraction and distillation fractionation; the drying in the step 4) and the step 6) is any one or more of vacuum drying, freeze drying and high-temperature drying.
9. The method for preparing the chelate of the graphene quantum dot and the gadolinium ion according to claim 3, wherein the concentration of the solution prepared from the graphene quantum dot in the step 5) is 0.05-0.4mg m L-1The concentration of the gadolinium chloride solution is 0.1-0.5mmol L-1。
10. The method for preparing the chelate of the graphene quantum dot and the gadolinium ion according to claim 3, wherein the chelation reaction in the step 5) is any one of water bath heating, hydrothermal reaction, solution dialysis and normal temperature treatment.
11. Use of the chelate according to claim 1 or the chelate of graphene quanta and gadolinium ions obtained by the preparation method according to any one of claims 2 to 10 as a developer for medical images.
12. The use of claim 11, wherein the medical image imaging agent comprises a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent and a fluorescence imaging contrast agent.
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