CN111489846B - All-optical BEC preparation method based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses an all-optical BEC preparation method based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling, which comprises the following steps: step S1: preparing cold atomic groups; step S2: cooling by polarization gradient; step S3: cooling the three-dimensional Raman sidebands; a mass of atoms is cooled by a magneto-optical trap and prepared in a lower hyperfine ground state; closing the light and magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap, opening the optical lattice, loading each atom into each lattice point in an adiabatic manner, and occupying a set of vibration states according to the initial momentum of the atoms; introducing a tiny magnetic field to generate zeeman splitting between different magnetic energy level states, and cooling the atomic groups to a dark state by pumping light; step S4: loading an optical dipole well; step S5: escaping, evaporating and cooling; step S6: by continuously reducing the depth of the optical trap, an escape evaporation cooling process is realized, and the BEC is finally prepared. The invention has the advantages of simple principle, convenient operation, shortened preparation time, improved preparation efficiency and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention mainly relates to the technical field of precision measurement, in particular to an all-optical BEC preparation method based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling.
Background
In 1925, einstein promoted the statistics of the glass color to photons to a particle system with quality and discrete energy levels, and further obtained the glass color togetherThe energy statistical distribution law of the einstein distribution predicts the presence of a bose-einstein coacervate (BEC). With the development of a technique for cooling gas atoms by laser light, researchers have been provided with experimental conditions for starting to search for aggregates in ideal gas atoms. Anderson et al, 1995, observed experimentally for the first time 87 The glassy-einstein condensed state of Rb atoms. Thereafter, the Davis, bradley and Modugno et al subject groups achieved the glassy-Einstein aggregates of sodium, lithium and potassium, respectively.
At present, the following two schemes are adopted for BEC preparation:
1. after loading by a magneto-optical trap and cooling by polarization gradient, the obtained atomic group is loaded into the magnetic trap to be subjected to radio frequency evaporation cooling until BEC is prepared, and the whole process is longer than 20 seconds.
2. After loading by a magneto-optical trap and polarization gradient cooling, the obtained atomic group loading enters the magnetic trap to carry out radio frequency evaporation cooling for a certain time, after reducing a certain temperature and improving the atomic group density, the atomic group loading enters an optical dipole trap, and finally BEC is prepared by escaping evaporation cooling, wherein the whole process generally takes 10-20 seconds.
It follows that the above-described prior methods all require magnetic traps, which are time consuming. That is, the above-mentioned classical BEC preparation is realized by using a magnetic trap loading method and a radio frequency evaporation cooling method, and the solution has a high requirement on the magnetic trap, and the BEC preparation time is long (usually more than 20 s), which is unfavorable for the application in the precision measurement field.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: aiming at the technical problems existing in the prior art, the invention provides the all-optical BEC preparation method based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling, which has the advantages of simple principle, convenient operation, shortened preparation time and improved preparation efficiency.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of an all-optical BEC based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling comprises the following steps:
step S1: preparing cold atomic groups;
step S2: cooling by polarization gradient;
step S3: cooling the three-dimensional Raman sidebands; a mass of atoms is cooled by a magneto-optical trap and prepared in a lower hyperfine ground state; closing the light and magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap, opening the optical lattice, loading each atom into each lattice point in an adiabatic manner, and occupying a set of vibration states according to the initial momentum of the atoms; introducing a tiny magnetic field to generate zeeman splitting between different magnetic energy level states, and cooling the atomic groups to a dark state by pumping light;
step S4: loading an optical dipole well; at the cooling end of the Raman sideband, the power of dipole light is linearly increased, and when the power reaches an experimental state, the light of the optical lattice is closed, so that the atomic group is adiabatically loaded from the optical lattice to the optical trap;
step S5: escaping, evaporating and cooling;
step S6: by continuously reducing the depth of the optical trap, an escape evaporation cooling process is realized, and the BEC is finally prepared.
As a further improvement of the invention: in step S1, six beams of cooling light and pump return light in three directions of X-Y-Z are used for forming a magneto-optical trap, and a group of atoms with the number of about 10 is trapped 9 Is a radical of an (c) group.
As a further improvement of the invention: in step S2, the power of the cooling light is linearly reduced within a certain period of time, and meanwhile, the detuning of the cooling light is increased to-100 MHz, so that the polarization gradient cooling process is completed, and the cold atomic groups with the temperature of about 15 mu k are obtained, wherein the number of the atomic groups is unchanged.
As a further improvement of the invention: in step S3, the atomic group is cooled to dark state by pump light, the temperature of the atomic group is 500nK, and the number of the atomic group in the magneto-optical trap are kept unchanged and are 10 9 And each.
As a further improvement of the invention: in step S5, the power of the dipole light is linearly reduced to 10% of the initial power in 3-4 seconds, so as to reduce the well depth and realize the escape evaporation cooling process.
As a further improvement of the invention: in the above steps, cooling light, pump light, probe light, lattice light, pump light and dipole light are adopted; the wavelength of the dipole light is 1064nm, the lattice light is red detuned, and the detuning amount is more than 10GHz.
As a further improvement of the invention: five beams of light, four beams of lattice light and one beam of pumping light are adopted for cooling the three-dimensional Raman sidebands, the four beams of lattice light are linearly polarized light and distributed on two symmetrical planes of the vacuum cavity, the included angle of the two beams of lattice light on each plane is 90 degrees, and the included angle of a plane formed by the two beams of lattice light on the two planes is 90 degrees; the five beams of light are all irradiated to the center of the atomic group; the required laser wavelength of the optical dipole well is 1064nm, the beam waist radius at the atomic group is less than 200 μm, and the power of each dipole laser is more than 10W.
As a further improvement of the invention: the atoms used for cooling being Rb 87 An atom.
As a further improvement of the invention: in progress 87 When the three-dimensional raman sidebands of Rb atoms cool, 87 the hyperfine ground state selection of Rb atoms is |f=1>And adopt 5 2 S 1/2 F=1 ground state and 5 2 P 3/2 F' =0 excited state.
As a further improvement of the invention: in progress 87 When the three-dimensional Raman sidebands of Rb atoms are cooled, the pump excited state adopts one of the following two modes:
(a) Taking F' =1 as the excited state after pumping, only σ is needed + Polarized pump light;
(b) When F' =0 is used as the excited state after pumping, σ is required at the same time + And pi polarized pump light.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
the all-optical BEC preparation method based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling has the advantages of simple principle, convenient operation, shortened preparation time and improved preparation efficiency, and the three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling can generate a real dark state, so that atoms are prevented from being reheated in the transition process and reach very low cooling temperature, the process time is generally in the order of 50ms, and the magnetic field radio frequency evaporation cooling time is about 30 s.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of the method of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the structural principle of the measurement system constructed in the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows the invention in a specific example of application 87 Rb atom D 2 A line hyperfine energy level structure schematic diagram.
FIG. 4 shows the invention in a specific example of application 87 Schematic diagram of Rb atom degenerate raman sideband cooling implementation.
FIG. 5 shows the invention in a specific example of application 87 Rb atom from 5 2 S 1/2 F=1 ground state hyperfine energy level 5 2 P 3/2 Schematic diagrams of different excitation state pumping structure principles.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and the specific examples.
As shown in FIG. 1, the preparation method of the all-optical BEC based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling comprises the following steps:
step S1: and (3) preparation of cold atomic groups.
Forming a magneto-optical trap by six beams of cooling light and pump return light in three directions of X-Y-Z, and trapping a group of atoms with the number of about 10 9 The temperature of the radical is higher, about 200. Mu.K.
Step S2: and (5) cooling by polarization gradient.
And linearly reducing the power of the cooling light within a certain time (such as 20 ms), and simultaneously increasing the detuning of the cooling light to-100 MHz to finish the polarization gradient cooling process to obtain cold atomic groups with the temperature of about 15 mu k, wherein the number of the atomic groups is unchanged.
Step S3: and (5) cooling the three-dimensional Raman sidebands.
Through steps S1 and S2, a cluster of atoms is cooled and prepared in a lower hyperfine ground state by classical magneto-optical traps; at this time, the light and magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap are turned off, and the photonic crystal is turned onThe grid (directly opened to maximum power) adiabatically loads each atom into a respective grid point and occupies a set of vibrational states according to its initial momentum. In the absence of a magnetic field, the different magnetic sub-levels do not degenerate. When a small magnetic field is introduced, zeeman-splitting occurs between the states of the different magnetic sub-levels. This splitting is regulated using a magnetic field so that the vibration and magnetic splitting are the same. The atomic group is cooled to a dark state by pumping light, and the temperature of the atomic group is about 500nK, the number of the atomic group is unchanged from that of a magneto-optical trap, and the atomic group is about 10 9 And each.
Step S4: the optical dipole wells are loaded.
Because the center of the atomic group slightly moves downwards when no magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap acts, the center position of the optical dipole trap is about 100 mu m below the center of the atomic group, the power of dipole light is linearly increased at the cooling end of the Raman sideband, when the power reaches an experimental state, the optical lattice light is closed, the adiabatic loading of the atomic group from the optical lattice to the optical trap is realized, the loading number of the atomic group is closely related to the size of the optical trap, and when the power of the dipole light is more than 10W and the beam waist radius is 200 mu m, the loading number of the atomic group is not less than 10 7 The radical temperature was 500nK.
Step S5: and escaping and evaporating for cooling.
In the period of 3-4 seconds, the power of dipole light is reduced linearly to be 10% of the initial power finally, so that the well depth is reduced, and the escape evaporation cooling process is realized.
Step S6: by continuously reducing the depth of the optical trap, an effective escape evaporation cooling process is realized, and the BEC is finally prepared, wherein the size of BEC atomic groups is generally larger than 10 6 The temperature of the pure BEC is 50nK.
The Raman sideband cooling is different from the traditional atomic cooling mode, and the core idea is that a true dark state is manufactured through the selection of a ground state, an excited state and a magneton energy level state and the action of pump light in the atomic cooling process, so that the temperature can be quickly reduced while the atomic number and the density in an atomic group are unchanged. By adopting the method, the atomic groups are pre-cooled through three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling, and then are led into the optical trap for escape evaporation cooling, so that the original magnetic trap radio frequency evaporation cooling is replaced, the preparation time of BEC is greatly shortened, and the application of quantum precision measurement is facilitated.
In the above method, referring to fig. 2, the measurement system of the present invention includes a vacuum chamber, cooling light, pump-back light, probe light, lattice light, pump light, and dipole light (wherein the cooling light, pump-back light, probe light are general light of an atomic cooling system, and are the same as in the classical scheme setup, and are not shown in the figure). The wavelength of dipole light is 1064nm, lattice light is red detuned, the detuning amount is more than 10GHz, and an atomic group (with the temperature of about 15 mu k) after being subjected to polarization gradient cooling is subjected to three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling for further cooling, so that the atomic group with the temperature of less than 500nk is obtained. Finally, BEC was prepared by optical trap escape evaporative cooling.
Further, the vacuum chamber of the invention can be a glass chamber or a metal chamber, and atoms used for cooling are Rb 87 An atom. Five beams of light, four beams of lattice light and one beam of pumping light are needed for three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling, the four beams of lattice light are linearly polarized light and distributed on two symmetrical planes of a vacuum cavity, the included angle of the two beams of lattice light on each plane is 90 degrees, and the included angle of planes formed by the two lattice light on the two planes is 90 degrees. Five beams of light are irradiated to the center of the atomic group. The required laser wavelength of the optical dipole well is 1064nm, the beam waist radius at the atomic group is less than 200 μm, and the power of each dipole laser is more than 10W.
In progress 87 When the three-dimensional Raman sidebands of Rb atoms are cooled, a specific set of energy levels is first selected for use. The choice of energy level determines the desired laser frequency, pump light and magnetic field. FIG. 3 shows 87 Rb atom D 2 Hyperfine energy level structure level diagram of line. F represents a ground state, F' represents an excited state, m F Representing the state of the magnetic sub-energy level. For 87Rb atoms, the best choice for the hyperfine ground state is |f=1>Since this reduces the m that needs to be considered during raman transitions F The magnetic energy level state, and further simplifying the scheme design of the experimental system.
When |f=1 is selected>When the state is taken as the hyperfine ground state of Raman sideband cooling, the corresponding dark state is |F=1, m F ＝1>. The pump light is freely chosen, the only limitation being that the spontaneous emission of atoms can be brought back to the dark state |f=1, m F ＝1>. Pumping atoms to |f' =0 by pump light>Is most simple and meets the requirements of the cooling loop when in an excited state. At this time, |f=1, m F ＝1>State pair sigma + And pi polarized light are both in a dark state, so that radicals can be free at |f=1, m F ＝-1,0>→|F′＝0,m F ＝0>The transition between states is performed without fear of the atoms of the excited state being accidentally detached from the dark state upon spontaneous emission. In fact, this is a classical rule of thumb in sideband cooling: setting the pump transition to |F as much as possible>→|F′＝F-1>At this point, more efficient cooling will occur. This rule of thumb is very convenient for the rubidium atom to implement and can limit the 3 different states of magnetic energy levels, making the cooling more stable.
As shown in FIG. 4, the present invention is presented in an adjusted 87Rb atomic sideband cooling scheme in which 5 is used 2 S 1/2 F=1 ground state and 5 2 P 3/2 F' =0 excited state. Arrow I shows a different im F ,v>Degenerate Raman transitions between states, while arrow II shows the pumping of atoms to the excited state by the pumping light, arrow III shows the spontaneous emission of atoms back to |m F ＝1>A state. M is different from F The states require pumping using sigma + and pi polarized light, otherwise atoms would be trapped in |m F ＝0,v＝1>In a state such that the atoms cannot be cooled further. The recoil energy is insufficient to change the vibrational state of the atoms so that the final spontaneous radiative decay is inhibited by conservation of momentum, thereby making the linewidth of the transition narrower.
The pump light acts as the last piece of the side band cooling, which is of paramount importance, as it determines the operation of the cooling system. The cooling effect of the hyperfine energy level of ground state f=1 depends on g F It determines the required polarization (here σ+) of the pump light. This is opposite at the other ground state hyperfine level (f=2), where g F Represented by the opposite sign, so that atoms at that energy level will be heated rather than cooled. From |f' =0 according to the law of conservation of angular momentum>→|F＝2>Is forbidden, which is one reason that the present invention selects F' =0 as the pump excited state.
As shown in fig. 5, two possible pump light schemes are given in this example.
In fig. 5 (a), F' =1 is used as the excited state after pumping, and only σ is needed + Polarized pump light.
In fig. 5 (b), when F' =0 is used as the excited state after pumping, σ is required at the same time + And pi polarized pump light. This is due to the fact that the glass vacuum chamber causes a certain phase shift, e.g. no pure sigma is obtained + Polarized light, and light pair |m of pi component F ＝1>The atoms in the state are resonant, so that when F' =0 is selected as the excited state after pumping, a purer dark state |m can be obtained F ＝1>. Due to |m F ＝1>State pair sigma + And pi polarized pump light are shown in the dark state and are therefore not affected by the optical phase shift of the vacuum cavity when pumped to F' =0.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the above examples, and all technical solutions belonging to the concept of the present invention belong to the protection scope of the present invention. It should be noted that modifications and adaptations to the invention without departing from the principles thereof are intended to be within the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of the all-optical BEC based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S1: preparing cold atomic groups;
step S2: cooling by polarization gradient;
step S3: cooling the three-dimensional Raman sidebands; a mass of atoms is cooled by a magneto-optical trap and prepared in a hyperfine ground state; closing the light and magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap, opening the optical lattice, loading each atom into each lattice point in an adiabatic manner, and occupying a set of vibration states according to the initial momentum of the atoms; introducing a tiny magnetic field to generate zeeman splitting between different magnetic energy level states, and cooling the atomic groups to a dark state by pumping light;
step S4: loading an optical dipole well; at the cooling end of the Raman sideband, the power of dipole light is linearly increased, and when the power reaches an experimental state, the light of the optical lattice is closed, so that the atomic group is adiabatically loaded from the optical lattice to the optical trap;
step S5: escaping, evaporating and cooling;
step S6: by continuously reducing the depth of the optical trap, an escape evaporation cooling process is realized, and the BEC is finally prepared.
2. The method for preparing an all-optical BEC based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling according to claim 1, wherein in step S1, a magneto-optical trap is formed by six beams of cooling light in three directions of X-Y-Z and back pumping light, and a group of atoms with the number of atoms of about 10 is trapped 9 Is a radical of an (c) group.
3. The method for preparing all-optical BEC based on three-dimensional raman sideband cooling according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, the power of the cooling light is linearly reduced within a certain period of time, and the detuning of the cooling light is increased to-100 MHz at the same time, so as to complete the polarization gradient cooling process, and obtain cold radicals with a temperature of about 15 μk, wherein the number of radicals is unchanged.
4. The method for preparing an all-optical BEC based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, the atomic group is cooled to a dark state by pumping light, and the atomic group temperature is 500nK, and the atomic group number and the atomic trap time remain unchanged, 10 9 And each.
5. The method for preparing the all-optical BEC based on the three-dimensional raman sideband cooling according to claim 1, wherein in step S5, the power of dipole light is linearly reduced to be finally reduced to 10% of the initial power in 3-4 seconds, so as to reduce the well depth, and the escape evaporative cooling process is realized.
6. The method for preparing an all-optical BEC based on three-dimensional raman sideband cooling according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that in the above steps, cooling light, pump light, probe light, lattice light, pump light and dipole light are used; the wavelength of the dipole light is 1064nm, the lattice light is red detuned, and the detuning amount is more than 10GHz.
7. The preparation method of the all-optical BEC based on the three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling according to claim 6, wherein the three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling adopts five beams of light, four beams of lattice light and one beam of pump light, the four beams of lattice light are linearly polarized light, the four beams of lattice light are distributed on two symmetrical planes of a vacuum cavity, the included angle of the two beams of lattice light on each plane is 90 degrees, and the included angle of a plane formed by the two beams of lattice light on the two planes is 90 degrees; the five beams of light are all irradiated to the center of the atomic group; the required laser wavelength of the optical dipole well is 1064nm, the beam waist radius at the atomic group is less than 200 μm, and the power of each dipole laser is more than 10W.
8. The method for preparing an all-optical BEC based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the atoms used for cooling are Rb 87 An atom.
9. The method for preparing the all-optical BEC based on three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling according to claim 8, wherein the steps of 87 When the three-dimensional raman sidebands of Rb atoms cool, 87 the hyperfine ground state selection of Rb atoms is
And adopts
Ground state and +.>
An excited state; wherein F represents a ground state and F' represents an excited state.
10. Three-based according to claim 8A method for preparing all-optical BEC by using Viraman sideband cooling is characterized in that 87 When the three-dimensional Raman sidebands of Rb atoms are cooled, the pump excited state adopts one of the following two modes:
(a) Will be
As an excited state after pumping, only +.>
Polarized pump light; wherein F' represents an excited state;
(b) Will be
When the pump is used as the excited state, the pump needs to be in the same time +.>
And->
Polarized pump light. />
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