CN111482144A - 用于渣油加氢反应的下置式微界面强化反应装置及方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了用于渣油加氢反应的下置式微界面强化反应装置及方法,包括悬浮床反应器、进气装置、进液装置、至少一个气泡破碎器和三相分离器。氢气和带催化剂的渣油原料经预热后进入气泡破碎器,形成微米级气泡体系,之后进入悬浮床反应器内,自下向上流动,在催化剂的作用下进行加氢反应;反应完的产物进入三相分离器中分离,气体自气相出口排出,液体自液相出口采出,固渣自固相出口排出,各自收集,进行后续处理。本发明的反应装置和方法具有加氢反应压力超低、气液比小、气液传质面积大,反应速率快,能耗低,工艺灵活和生产安全性高等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于渣油加氢反应的下置式微界面强化反应装置及方法。
背景技术
自上世纪七十年代以来,从石油中采出的原油质量开始变差,原油中的重质油含量尤其是渣油收率出现增加的趋势。渣油因原油产地、炼油工艺等的不同可分为很多种类,不同种类的理化性质各不相同。一般可分为常压渣油和减压渣油两大类。渣油的主要成分包括饱和烃、芳香烃、胶质和沥青质,在高温高压和催化剂的作用下,渣油可以深度加氢,通过开环裂化等一系列复杂的物理化学变化而获得轻质燃料油产品。
随着世界各国对轻质油品的需求日益增加,对环保的要求不断趋严,人们对渣油的加氢反应技术投入了更大的关注。传统的渣油加氢反应一般采用悬浮床加氢反应器,该反应器虽然对原料的适应性强、操作简单,但由于其受传质控制,因而加氢反应效率较低。其根本原因是反应器内的气泡尺度较大(一般为3-10mm),故气液相界传质面积小(一般在100-200m2/m3),因而限制了传质效率。因此,工程上不得不采用高温(470℃以上)和高压(20MPa以上)操作,通过增加氢的溶解度以提高传质速率,从而强化反应过程。但高温高压产生一系列副作用:能耗和生产成本高、投资强度大、设备操作周期短、故障多、本质安全性差等,从而给工业化大规模生产带来挑战。气泡直径(Sauter直径)d32是决定相界面积大小的关键参数,是决定气液反应速率的核心因素。d32逐渐减小时,体积传质系数逐渐增大;特别是当d32小于1mm 时,体积传质系数随d32的减小以类似于指数形式快速增大。因此,将d32减小到微米级能够大幅度强化气液反应。直径在1μm~1mm之间的气泡可称为微气泡,由微气泡形成的相界面称为微界面,微气泡群形成的相界面体系,称为微界面体系。根据Yang-Laplace方程,气泡的内压与其半径成反比,故微气泡也有利于提高气泡内压,提高气体的溶解度。因此气液反应过程中,微界面体系能够强化气液传质,进而加快气液反应。微气泡具有刚性特征,独立性好,不易聚并,因此微气泡体系的气液充分混合,可获得含有大量微气泡体系,并在反应器内形成较高的相界面积(≥1000m-1),进而加快反应速率。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为渣油加氢反应提供一种下置式微界面强化反应装置及方法。它包含反应器主体、气泡破碎器、三相分离器等组件。气泡破碎器可将气液体系的气泡尺度由传统的 3-10mm,破碎缩小至1μm-1mm,从而大幅度地提高体系气含率和气液传质面积,加速多相反应进程,提高气体利用率,改善过量排放造成的环境问题,并提高传质速率和加氢反应效率,以解决渣油加氢过程高温、高压、高物耗、高投资、高安全风险等问题,由此降低设备的投资成本和运行费用。
为实现上述技术目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种用于渣油加氢反应的上置式微界面强化反应装置,包括:
悬浮床反应器,顶部设有第二出料口;
进气装置,包括依次连接的氢气缓冲罐、压缩机和氢气预热器,用于原料气体输送;
进液装置,包括依次连接的渣油原料罐、进料泵和渣油预热器,用于原料液体输送;
至少一个气泡破碎器,设置于悬浮床反应器底部,所述气泡破碎器上设有气相入口、液相入口和第一出料口,所述第一出料口连接悬浮床反应器;气相入口连接进气装置的氢气预热器,液相入口连接进液装置的渣油预热器;
三相分离器,上设有第二进料口、气相出口、液相出口和固相出口;所述第二进料口连接悬浮床反应器顶部的第二出料口。
微界面强化反应装置中,由于气泡比较小,因此气液分离较慢,需在反应器后设置分离器以实现微气泡与液体、固渣分离。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述气泡破碎器为气动式气泡破碎器、液动式气泡破碎器或气液联动式气泡破碎器。气泡破碎器根据能量输入方式可为气动式、液动式和气液联动式,其中气动式破碎器采用气体驱动,输入气量远大于液体量;液动式破碎器采用液体驱动,输入气量一般小于液体量;气液联动式气泡破碎器采用气体和液体共同驱动。气泡破碎器内可形成平均直径在1μm-1mm之间的微气泡。微气泡尺度为微米级,类似于刚性小球,在微界面强化反应装置主体中不容易聚并,仅随反应过程中气泡内成分的消耗或外部压力变化而变化,因此微界面强化反应装置可使气液相界面积提高到1000m2/m3以上,从而显著减少多相反应时间,大幅降低能耗与物耗。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述气泡破碎器设有多个;气泡破碎器串联形成一个气泡破碎器组后连接悬浮床反应器,或与悬浮床反应器并联连接,或串并联混合的方式与悬浮床反应器连接。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述进料泵为柱塞泵。
本发明还提供了利用上述装置用于渣油加氢反应的方法,包括:
氢气和带催化剂的渣油原料经预热后分别自气相入口和液相入口进入气泡破碎器,形成微米级气泡体系,之后自气泡破碎器的第一出料口进入悬浮床反应器内,自下向上流动,在催化剂的作用下进行加氢反应;
反应完的产物进入三相分离器中分离,气体自气相出口排出,液体自液相出口采出,固渣自固相出口排出,各自收集,进行后续处理。
作为本发明的进一步改进,进入气泡破碎器的气体原料和液体原料的标准体积比为 300-2000:1。如对于渣油加氢开环反应体系,一般为300-1200:1;优选400-800:1;对于渣油加氢脱硫体系,一般为500-2000:1。
作为本发明的进一步改进,气泡破碎器内的操作压强为1-15MPa。如对于渣油加氢开环反应体系,一般为1-8MPa;优选2-5MPa;对于渣油加氢脱硫体系,一般为6-15MPa。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述催化剂选用粉末型催化剂,其粒径为100nm-1000μm;优选100nm-100μm。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述悬浮床反应器内空速控制为0.2-1.5h-1;优选0.5-1.2h-1。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述气泡破碎器内操作温度为400~480℃。如对于渣油加氢开环反应体系,一般为440~480℃;对于渣油加氢脱硫体系,一般为400~450℃。
本发明的反应体系,为保证气泡破碎器内体系进入反应器,气泡破碎器操作温度、压强略高于反应器内操作温度、压强,在气泡破碎器内气泡大小较小时,更利于反应进行,可进一步降低反应器内操作温度、压强。
本发明相较于传统悬浮床反应器的优点在于:
1.能耗低。传统的悬浮床反应器通过高压(>20MPa)来提高氢气在常压渣油中的溶解度,以加强传质。而本发明则是通过增大气液两相的相界面积,达到强化传质的效果。因此可以适当调低压力,从而降低了能耗。
2.氢油比低。传统悬浮床反应器为了保证常压渣油能充分反应,氢油比一般控制在3000:1 以上。本方法由于传质、进而反应都得到了强化,因此可大幅减小氢油比,这不但减少了氢气的物耗,同时也降低了循环压缩的能耗。
3.工艺苛刻度低,生产安全性高,吨产品成本低,市场竞争力强。
附图说明
图1为渣油加氢反应的下置式微界面强化反应系统示意图;
其中:1-气泡破碎器液相入口;2-气泡破碎器气相入口;3-气泡破碎器;4-悬浮床反应器;5-三相分离器;6-三相分离器气相出口;7-三相分离器液相出口;8-三相分离器固相出口;9-渣油原料罐;10-进料泵;11-渣油预热器;12-氢气缓冲罐;13-压缩机;14-氢气预热器。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图说明和具体实施方式进一步说明本发明的技术方案。
实施例1
本实施例具体说明本发明的装置结构,如图1所示用于渣油加氢反应的下置式微界面强化反应装置,包括:
悬浮床反应器4,顶部设有第二出料口;
进气装置,包括依次连接的氢气缓冲罐12、压缩机13和氢气预热器14,用于原料气体输送;
进液装置,包括依次连接的渣油原料罐9、进料泵10和渣油预热器11,用于原料液体输送;
至少一个气泡破碎器,设置于悬浮床反应器4底部,所述气泡破碎器上设有气相入口、液相入口和第一出料口,所述第一出料口连接悬浮床反应器;气相入口连接进气装置的氢气预热器14,液相入口连接进液装置的渣油预热器11;
气泡破碎器可为多个,气泡破碎器串联形成一个气泡破碎器组后连接悬浮床反应器,或与悬浮床反应器并联连接,或串并联混合的方式与悬浮床反应器连接。
三相分离器5,上设有第二进料口、气相出口6、液相出口7和固相出口8;所述第二进料口连接悬浮床反应器4顶部的第二出料口。
实施例2
本实施例以渣油加氢开环反应为例,具体说明本发明方法的一种实施方式。
原料渣油从渣油原料罐9采出,经柱塞泵10再经渣油预热器11后,通过液相入口1进入微气泡破碎器3中,同时原料氢气从氢气原料罐12采出,经压缩机13再经氢气预热器14后,经气相入口2从底部进入气动式气泡破碎器3,其中氢气和渣油的体积配比为1000:1,两相在微气泡破碎器3的作用下进行充分混合,并且氢气被破碎成300~500μm的气泡,以增大两相接触面积。然后混合物料进入悬浮床反应器4中,在催化剂的作用下进行加氢开环反应。
反应完的产物从第二出料口引出,进入三相分离器5中,进行气液固三相分离。未反应完的H2和反应生成的气体从中间罐5顶端的气相出口6采出,经加氢脱硫后含硫量较低的液相油品从液相出口7采出,催化剂等固渣则从最底端的固相出口8采出,各自收集,进行后续处理。
气泡破碎器内反应压力8MPa,反应温度450℃。采用碳载铁系催化剂,粒径为100nm-1000μm,空速控制为1.0。轻油收率为80%,该收率与传统的悬浮床反应器在18MPa、480℃时的收率基本相同。
实施例3
本实施例和实施例2的不同之处在于,氢气和渣油的体积配比为300:1,两相在气泡破碎器3的作用下进行充分混合,并且氢气被破碎成500μm-1mm的气泡。
气泡破碎器内反应压力为1MPa,反应温度为480℃。悬浮床反应器4内采用碳载铁系催化剂,粒径为100nm-1000μm。空速控制为1.5h-1。轻油收率为79%。
实施例4
本实施例以渣油加氢脱硫反应为例,具体说明本发明方法的一种实施方式。
原料渣油从渣油原料罐9采出,经柱塞泵10再经渣油预热器11后,通过液相入口1进入气液联动式气泡破碎器3中,同时原料氢气从氢气原料罐12采出,经压缩机13再经氢气预热器14后,经气相入口2从底部进入气液联动式气泡破碎器3,其中氢气和渣油的体积配比为 800:1,两相在气液联动式气泡破碎器3的作用下进行充分混合,并且氢气被破碎成200~300μm 的气泡,以增大两相接触面积。然后混合物料进入悬浮床反应器4中,在催化剂的作用下进行加氢脱硫反应。
反应完的产物从第二出料口引出,进入三相分离器5中,进行气液固三相分离。未反应完的H2和反应生成的H2S等气体从三相分离器5顶端的气相出口6采出,经加氢脱硫后含硫量较低的液相油品从液相出口7采出,催化剂等固渣则从最底端的固相出口8采出,各自收集,进行后续处理。
气泡破碎器内反应压力为8MPa,反应温度为440℃。悬浮床反应器4内采用碳载铁系催化剂,空速控制为0.6h-1。原料渣油中硫含量为0.4wt.%,经过本加氢脱硫的反应流程处理之后,降为0.04wt.%。
实施例5
本实施例与实施例4的不同之处在于,进入气液联动式气泡破碎器3的新鲜氢气和渣油标准体积比为2000:1;氢气被破碎成平均直径1~200μm的微气泡。
气泡破碎器内反应压力为15MPa,反应温度为400℃。悬浮床反应器4内采用碳载铁系催化剂,粒径为100nm-1000μm。空速控制为0.2h-1。原料渣油中硫含量为0.5wt.%,经处理后降为0.06wt.%。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于渣油加氢反应的下置式微界面强化反应装置,其特征在于,包括:
悬浮床反应器,顶部设有第二出料口;
进气装置,包括依次连接的氢气缓冲罐、压缩机和氢气预热器,用于原料气体输送;
进液装置,包括依次连接的渣油原料罐、进料泵和渣油预热器,用于原料液体输送;
至少一个气泡破碎器,设置于悬浮床反应器底部,所述气泡破碎器上设有气相入口、液相入口和第一出料口,所述第一出料口连接悬浮床反应器;气相入口连接进气装置的氢气预热器,液相入口连接进液装置的渣油预热器;
三相分离器,上设有第二进料口、气相出口、液相出口和固相出口;所述第二进料口连接悬浮床反应器顶部的第二出料口。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述气泡破碎器为气动式气泡破碎器、液动式气泡破碎器或气液联动式气泡破碎器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述气泡破碎器设有多个;气泡破碎器串联形成一个气泡破碎器组后连接悬浮床反应器,或与悬浮床反应器并联连接,或串并联混合的方式与悬浮床反应器连接。
4.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述进料泵为柱塞泵。
5.权利要求1~4任一项所述装置用于渣油加氢反应的方法,其特征在于,包括:
氢气和带催化剂的渣油原料经预热后分别自气相入口和液相入口进入气泡破碎器,形成微米级气泡体系,之后自气泡破碎器的第一出料口进入悬浮床反应器内,自下向上流动,在催化剂的作用下进行加氢反应;
反应完的产物进入三相分离器中分离,气体自气相出口排出,液体自液相出口采出,固渣自固相出口排出,各自收集,进行后续处理。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,进入气泡破碎器的气体原料和液体原料的标准体积比为300-2000:1。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,气泡破碎器内的操作压强为1-15MPa。
8.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述催化剂选用粉末型催化剂,其粒径为100nm-1000μm。
9.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述悬浮床反应器内空速控制为0.2-1.5h-1。
10.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述气泡破碎器内操作温度为400-480℃。
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