CN111481225A - Phantom applied to bone density measurement of X-ray imaging equipment and X-ray imaging equipment - Google Patents
Phantom applied to bone density measurement of X-ray imaging equipment and X-ray imaging equipment Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a phantom applied to bone mineral density measurement of X-ray imaging equipment and the X-ray imaging equipment, and relates to the technical field of bone mineral density measurement. The phantom applied to the bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device comprises a phantom body; the phantom body is provided with a plurality of steps, and the distances between the top surfaces of the steps and the bottom surface of the phantom body are different. The X-ray imaging device comprises an X-ray imaging device body and a phantom applied to bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device. The technical effect that the clinical routine X-ray imaging equipment can measure the bone mineral density is achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of bone density measurement, in particular to a phantom applied to bone density measurement of an X-ray imaging device and the X-ray imaging device.
Background
Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is the most important and most commonly used quantitative index for clinical assessment of osteoporosis and bone strength, and is also the main basis for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Low bone density is a main risk factor of brittle fracture recognized at present, and the fracture risk is increased by 1.5-3.0 times when the bone density is reduced by 1 Standard Deviation (SD). The currently accepted method of bone density measurement is dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA utilizes different attenuation and absorption of two X-rays (40 kev and 80kev) with different energies after penetrating through human bones, and the content of mineral substances in the human bones is obtained after computer processing. The area BMD obtained by DXA is the gold standard of the current bone detection and is widely applied to clinical medicine and epidemiological research. DXA was first introduced by Jacobson in the 60 th of the 20 th century and became widely used through the 80 th of the 20 th century. The "gold standard" for clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis is the standard proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1994 (with the peak bone density in the normal population as the standard, and the T value < -2.5 standard deviations). DXA, the primary technique for measuring bone density (fig. 1 and 2), is simple, rapid, low-radiation, easy to operate and commercially advantageous, but requires specialized DXA bone density equipment and is expensive.
The application limit exists for medical institutions not equipped with DXA bone density instruments or certain specific groups (children, pregnant women, patients with orthopedic postoperative external fixation). At present, the domestic DXA equipment is few, and the clinical popularization and application cannot be realized. In addition, for some sick children or patients after orthopedic internal fixation surgery, if the condition of skeletal bone density or bone strength needs to be known, after the clinical routine X-ray image examination is completed, DXA bone density examination still needs to be specially performed, and the radiation hazard and the medical cost of the patients are increased.
Therefore, it is an important technical problem to be solved by those skilled in the art to provide a phantom and an X-ray imaging device for measuring bone density of an X-ray imaging device, which enables a clinical conventional X-ray imaging device to measure bone density.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a phantom applied to bone density measurement of an X-ray imaging device and the X-ray imaging device, and aims to solve the technical problem that clinical conventional X-ray imaging devices in the prior art cannot measure bone density.
In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a phantom applied to bone density measurement of an X-ray imaging device, including a phantom body;
the phantom body is provided with a plurality of steps, and the distances between the top surfaces of the steps and the bottom surface of the phantom body are different.
With reference to the first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, wherein the phantom body is stepped.
In combination with the first aspect, the present invention provides a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, wherein the thickness of each step gradually increases from the bottom to the top of the phantom body.
In combination with the first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, wherein, in a direction from the bottom to the top of the phantom body, a distance between a top surface of each layer of steps and a bottom surface of the phantom body gradually increases.
With reference to the first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, where the number of the steps is not less than two.
With reference to the first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, wherein the phantom body is made of a material equivalent to human bone density.
With reference to the first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, wherein the material of the phantom body is hydroxyapatite.
With reference to the first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, wherein the material of the phantom body is dipotassium hydrogen phosphate.
In combination with the first aspect, the embodiments of the present invention provide a possible implementation manner of the first aspect, wherein the maximum equivalent bone density value of the step on the phantom body is not less than 2.4g/cm2。
In a second aspect, the embodiment of the invention provides an X-ray imaging device, which comprises an X-ray imaging device body and the phantom applied to the bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device.
Has the advantages that:
the embodiment of the invention provides a phantom applied to bone density measurement of X-ray imaging equipment, which comprises a phantom body; the phantom body is provided with a plurality of steps, and the distances between the top surfaces of the steps and the bottom surface of the phantom body are different.
Specifically, the phantom body is matched with clinical routine X-ray image examination for use, when in use, the phantom body and a bone part to be projected are placed in the same projection field, the height of each step on the phantom body is known, quantitative calculation is carried out by utilizing the ray attenuation difference after X-rays pass through objects with different densities, the mathematical calculation relation between the X-ray attenuation and the bone density is calculated, and then the bone density of a target area is calculated, so that the bone density measurement and collection are synchronously completed when a patient carries out routine clinical image X-ray examination, and the extra X-ray examination radiation dose of the patient is not increased.
The invention provides X-ray imaging equipment, which comprises an X-ray imaging equipment body and a phantom applied to bone mineral density measurement of the X-ray imaging equipment. The X-ray imaging device has the advantages compared with the prior art, and the description is omitted here.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a phantom applied to bone density measurement of an X-ray imaging device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a phantom applied to bone density measurement of an X-ray imaging device in use according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Icon:
100-phantom body;
110-step.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "central," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "counterclockwise," "axial," "radial," "circumferential," and the like are used in the orientations and positional relationships indicated in the drawings for convenience in describing the invention and to simplify the description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the referenced device or element must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and are not to be considered limiting of the invention.
Furthermore, the terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.
In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," "secured," and the like are to be construed broadly and can, for example, be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally formed; may be a mechanical connection; either directly or indirectly through intervening media, either internally or in any other relationship. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.
The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to specific embodiments and with reference to the attached drawings.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, an embodiment of the present invention provides a phantom applied to bone density measurement of an X-ray imaging device, including a phantom body 100; the phantom body 100 has a plurality of steps 110 thereon, and the distances between the top surfaces of the steps 110 and the bottom surface of the phantom body 100 are different.
Specifically, the phantom body 100 is used in cooperation with clinical routine X-ray image examination, when the phantom body 100 and a bone part to be projected are placed in the same projection field, the height of each step 110 on the phantom body 100 is known, quantitative calculation is carried out by utilizing the ray attenuation difference after X-rays pass through objects with different densities, the mathematical calculation relation between the X-ray attenuation and the bone density is calculated, and then the bone density of a target area is calculated, so that the bone density measurement and collection are synchronously completed when a patient carries out routine clinical image X-ray examination, and the extra X-ray examination radiation dose of the patient is not increased. Meanwhile, for certain specific people, such as children or pregnant women, under the condition of radiation protection, the bone density of a specific area can be obtained if necessary, for example, certain children need to irradiate a wrist X-ray film to determine the bone age condition, for example, the bone density condition of the children can be obtained by using the phantom applied to the bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device provided by the embodiment.
Particularly, particularly for some patients after internal and external fixation in orthopedics, the phantom applied to bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device provided by the embodiment can solve clinical dilemma, for example, patients in osteotomy extension all need a metal external fixation frame as a limb extender with a stretching effect, and are affected by metal artifacts of the external fixation frame, the current bone densitometer DXA cannot evaluate the density and strength conditions of extended new bones, and when the external fixation frame is removed, the orthopedic physician is difficult, if the removal is too early, the risk of brittle fracture of the new bones exists, and if the removal is too late, the infection risk of exudation, redness and swelling and the like of nail tracts of the patients is increased, treatment failure is caused, and the pain and the inconvenience of the external fixation frame of the patients are increased, so that the bone strength evaluation of the new bones is realized, which is extremely important and necessary for improving clinical treatment. The attenuation and absorption conditions of X-rays passing through substances with different densities are quantitatively depicted by adopting a stepped hydroxyapatite density phantom, so that the function of calculating the bone density by using a digital X-ray image of single-energy rays is realized, the interference of metal artifacts is avoided, necessary qualitative and quantitative data are provided for orthopedic doctors, and the preparation of a treatment scheme, the selection of a surgical formula, the judgment of prognosis and the follow-up of curative effect are greatly facilitated.
Specifically, the X-ray passes through objects with different densities and then is attenuated, the attenuation is linearly changed for the same material, the heights of the steps 110 are known, and when the X-ray irradiates the steps 110 of the phantom body 100, the X-ray imaging device receives the attenuated X-ray, so that the mathematical calculation relationship between the X-ray attenuation and the density of the phantom body 100 can be converted, and then the mathematical calculation relationship between the X-ray attenuation and the bone density can be converted.
The density evaluation analysis method comprises the following steps of mu ROI (sigma X. rho HA + β X), wherein the equation lists parameters sigma X and β X, the mu ROI is a pixel value in a region of interest (ROI) in a reference material or an unknown material, the rho HA is the density of HA in the density equal to the ROI of a measured material, the sigma X is an imaging technology-specific parameter for defining the reaction of a digital X-ray machine to the HA, the β X is an imaging technology-specific parameter with the characteristic of X-ray attenuation absorption value measurement, and the measured pixel values are values obtained after soft tissue density shearing.
Wherein, the influence of different thickness soft tissue compositions to bone density measurement is analyzed, for the degree that the increase of standardization thickness influences bone density, adopts the organic glass board of fixed thickness as the soft tissue substitute, because of the X line passes organic glass and the ray attenuation degree of human soft tissue is the same. Placing DXA quality control phantom on organic glass plates (1cm, 2cm, 3cm, 4cm, 5cm, 6cm, 7cm, 8cm, 9cm and 10cm) with different thicknesses, taking pictures under the same conditions, placing the stepped phantom beside the glass plate and the quality control phantom, and calculating the change of bone density value of the corresponding quality control phantom.
For example, the accuracy of the mathematical calculation relationship between the X-ray attenuation and the density of the phantom body 100 can be improved by calculating with the lowest step 110 and the highest step 110, the first conversion coefficient between the distance of the phantom body 100 between the lowest step 110 and the highest step 110 and the X-ray attenuation can be obtained, the calculation with the lowest step 110 and the next highest step 110 can be obtained, the second conversion coefficient between the distance of the phantom body 100 between the lowest step 110 and the next highest step 110 and the X-ray attenuation can be obtained, and so on, therefore, the more the number of the steps 110, the more the conversion coefficients, and the more accurate the finally obtained conversion system. Then, the mathematical calculation relationship quantitatively calculated from the relationship between the density and thickness of the phantom body 100 and the X-ray attenuation is used as an objective reference, and the bone density conversion can be performed by measuring the pixel density value (i.e., the X-ray attenuation absorption value) of the corresponding human bone part.
Note that the "height of the step 110" in the present embodiment refers to: the distance between the upper surface of the step 110 and the bottom surface of the phantom body 100; the "thickness of the step 110" in the present embodiment means: the distance between the top surface of the step 110 and the top surface of the next lower step 110.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, in an alternative to this embodiment, the phantom body 100 is stepped.
Specifically, the distance between the top surface of each step 110 and the bottom surface of the phantom body 100 gradually increases from the bottom to the top of the phantom body 100.
Specifically, the phantom body 100 is arranged in a step shape, so that the use of medical staff is facilitated, and the X-ray attenuation conditions of different equivalent bone densities of the phantom body 100 can be known at a glance during use.
Specifically, on the X-ray film, the lower the equivalent bone density of the phantom body 100 is, the darker the equivalent bone density is, the higher the equivalent bone density is, the brighter the equivalent bone density is.
The rectangular blocks with different brightness on the right side in fig. 2 are images of the X-ray passing through the phantom body 100, and the brighter places indicate that the thickness of the phantom body 100 is larger.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, in an alternative of the present embodiment, the thickness of each step 110 gradually increases from the bottom of the phantom body 100 to the top.
Specifically, the thickness of each layer of step 110 is gradually increased from bottom to top to eliminate the interference of air between the light source of the X-ray imaging device and each layer of step 110, the thickness of each layer of step 110 is increased to make the thickness of the air between the light source of each layer of step 110 and the X-ray imaging device equivalent, and after the thickness of each layer of step 110 is removed from the equivalent air, the height of each layer of step 110 is an integral multiple of the height of the first layer of step 110, so as to facilitate subsequent calculation.
Specifically, the height of the first step 110 is H1, the height of the second step 110 is 2H1+ a1, the height of the third step 110 is 3H1+ a2, and so on, where a1 and a2 … are the increment of each step 110, so as to eliminate the interference of air between the light source of the X-ray imaging apparatus and each step 110, so as to ensure that the attenuation of air between each step 110 and the light source of the X-ray imaging apparatus is equivalent.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, in an alternative of the present embodiment, the number of steps 110 is not less than two.
Specifically, the number of the steps 110 may be three, four, five, or the like, and the more the number of the steps 110 is, the more accurate the measurement result is.
In an alternative of this embodiment, the phantom body 100 is made of a material equivalent to the bone density of a human body.
Specifically, the oil extraction of the phantom body 100 selects a material equivalent to the bone density of the human body, so that the density of the phantom body 100 is close to or equal to the bone density of the human body.
In an alternative of this embodiment, the material of the phantom body 100 is hydroxyapatite.
In particular, the phantom body 100 may be made of hydroxyapatite.
In an alternative embodiment, the phantom body 100 is made of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate.
In particular, the phantom body 100 may be made of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate.
In an alternative of this embodiment, the maximum equivalent bone density value of the step on the phantom body 100 is not less than 2.4g/cm2。
In particular, the method comprises the following steps of,the maximum equivalent bone density value of the step 110 on the phantom body 100 is not less than 2.4g/cm2The accuracy of calculation can be ensured, and the accuracy of the obtained human body bone mineral density numerical value is ensured.
If the number is not set, when the maximum bone density value of the human skeleton to be detected is greater than the maximum equivalent bone density value of the phantom body 100, the maximum bone density value of the human skeleton to be detected has no actual reference value, and whether the maximum bone density value of the human skeleton to be detected accords with the calculation formula of the phantom body 100 cannot be determined, so that the accuracy cannot be ensured.
Currently, the conventional clinical X-ray equipment mainly includes a digital Radiography (CR) technology and a Direct Radiography (DR) technology, and emits a single-energy X-ray through a bulb of an X-ray machine, and different black and white images with different contrast are formed on a screen or an X-ray film by using different tissues of a human body to absorb the X-ray and different attenuation, however, due to an X-ray scattering effect, bones cannot be accurately and quantitatively measured, and in addition, the influence of soft tissues on bone density measurement cannot be eliminated. The phantom applied to bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging equipment, which is provided by the embodiment, provides a reference for bone density measurement by designing a ladder with fixed height and a uniform material of equivalent hydroxyapatite bone density, and realizes a correction formula of a linear relation between bone X-ray attenuation and bone density. The body model applied to the bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging equipment provided by the embodiment is placed beside a bone part to be measured, so that the bone density can be measured on the clinical X-ray imaging equipment.
The phantom applied to the bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging equipment provided by the embodiment can be simultaneously carried out with a clinical routine X-ray examination item, does not generate artifacts and interfere with an imaging effect, can provide the bone density of an imaging part, solves the problem that the bone density examination of a single DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorption assay) is clinically needed at present, and avoids the condition that a patient receives extra radiation dose and reduces examination cost and the cost for purchasing large-scale instruments such as a DXA bone densitometer in a hospital. In addition, for some special people, such as children and pregnant women, the DXA examination is difficult to obtain in a single way, the bone density can be obtained by the phantom applied to the measurement of the bone density of the X-ray imaging equipment provided by the embodiment when the clinical routine X-ray examination is carried out, the density of new bones in an extension area is difficult to measure by the DXA in a traditional way due to the influence of the external metal fixing frame for the patient subjected to the osteotomy extension surgery in the orthopaedics department, and the bone density value can be synchronously obtained by the stepped phantom designed by the invention when the X-ray film of the operation part is shot.
The embodiment provides an X-ray imaging device, which comprises an X-ray imaging device body and a phantom applied to bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device.
In particular, the X-ray imaging apparatus has the above advantages compared with the prior art, and will not be described herein.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A phantom for use in bone density measurement in an X-ray imaging device, comprising: a phantom body (100);
the phantom body (100) is provided with a plurality of steps (110), and the distances between the top surfaces of the steps (110) and the bottom surface of the phantom body (100) are different.
2. Phantom for application in bone density measurement in X-ray imaging devices according to claim 1, characterized in that the phantom body (100) is stepped.
3. The phantom applied to the bone mineral density measurement of the X-ray imaging device according to claim 2, characterized in that the thickness of each layer of step (110) is gradually increased from the bottom to the top of the phantom body (100).
4. The phantom applied to the bone mineral density measurement of the X-ray imaging device according to the claim 3 is characterized in that the distance between the top surface of each layer of step (110) and the bottom surface of the phantom body (100) is gradually increased from the bottom to the top of the phantom body (100).
5. The phantom applied to the bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the number of the steps (110) is not less than two.
6. The phantom applied to the bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the phantom body (100) is made of a bone density equivalent material of a human body.
7. The phantom applied to the bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device as set forth in claim 6, wherein the phantom body (100) is made of hydroxyapatite.
8. The phantom applied to the bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device as set forth in claim 6, wherein the material of the phantom body (100) is dipotassium hydrogen phosphate.
9. Phantom for application in bone density measurement of X-ray imaging devices according to any of claims 1-8 characterized in that the maximum equivalent bone density value of the step on the phantom body (100) is not less than 2.4g/cm2。
10. An X-ray imaging device, which is characterized by comprising an X-ray imaging device body and the phantom applied to the bone density measurement of the X-ray imaging device, wherein the phantom is as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9.
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| CN113017657A (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2021-06-25 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Method for calibrating projection area of dual-energy X-ray bone densitometer and die body |
| CN113017657B (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2022-09-16 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Method for calibrating projection area of dual-energy X-ray bone densitometer and die body |
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