CN111468527A - Method for building landscape of moderately and slightly heavy metal contaminated soil - Google Patents
Method for building landscape of moderately and slightly heavy metal contaminated soil Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of soil pollution treatment and garden construction, and particularly relates to a method for building a garden landscape in medium and light heavy metal polluted soil. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, sealing and isolating soil; step two, soil detection; step three, screening plant varieties; step four, planting plants: and (4) planting the heavy metal-enriched or tolerant plants screened in the third step. The method uses the polluted soil as engineering terrain modeling and planting soil in garden design, and reduces the content of heavy metal in the soil by matching with corresponding isolation measures and long-term planting of heavy metal enriched plants, so that the plants can purify the soil in sufficient time because the garden planning always exists for decades to decades, even hundreds of years, the method not only can fully utilize the polluted soil, but also can purify the polluted soil in the long-term growth process of the plants on the premise of not occupying extra fields.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of soil pollution treatment and garden construction, and particularly relates to a method for building garden landscape in medium and light heavy metal polluted soil.
Background
The heavy metal pollution situation of various soils at home and abroad is severe, the human health is directly threatened, the general attention is paid, and various heavy metal polluted soil restoration technologies become research hotspots. The phytoremediation technology is safe and cheap, is considered as one of better measures for remedying heavy metal contaminated soil (mainly slightly contaminated), but is usually long in remediation period. The heavy metal moderately and slightly polluted soil has large quantity and is not suitable for chemical treatment, thus becoming a treatment difficulty.
The urban heavy metal pollution sources are generally considered to be two types: natural activities and human input. The heavy metal pollution caused by the heavy metal deposition on soil and dust is caused by natural factors because the heavy metal-containing matrix diffuses with wind in the form of particles under the long-term physical, chemical and biological effects. However, along with the acceleration of the urbanization process, the human production activities frequently interfere the environment, so that the problem of heavy metal pollution to the environment caused by human factors is more and more obvious. Mining metallurgy, fossil coal fuel combustion, industrial wastewater and waste gas emission and the like are main industrial emission sources of heavy metal pollution; garbage stacking, agricultural production and the like are one of important sources of heavy metal pollution of soil. Heavy metal contaminated soil is classified into light heavy metal contaminated soil, moderate heavy metal contaminated soil and heavy metal contaminated soil according to the content of heavy metal in the soil, and in general, the light heavy metal contaminated soil can be used as agricultural soil for food planting and the like as it is after remediation and purification.
At present, the method for remedying the soil polluted by heavy metals mainly depends on two modes of plant planting treatment and chemical treatment, wherein the chemical treatment is to passivate heavy metal elements by adding chemical reagents into the soil so as to improve the soil quality of the soil, but the chemical reagents are easy to remain and can generate new pollutants, so that the problem is difficult to fundamentally solve; the plant growth process can absorb heavy metal elements in soil to purify the soil, and the greening plants can improve regional heavy metal pollution and serve as indicators to determine the content of heavy metals in the plants to indirectly judge the degree of the heavy metal pollution to the environment, so that the analysis of main pollution sources has certain ecological significance. As the concentration of heavy metal in leaves and barks has higher correlation with the concentration of heavy metal in the atmosphere, many foreign expert scholars select greening trees (leaves and barks) with wide application as indicators to monitor and evaluate the heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere. For example, the Rhododendron pulchrum of Maokangshan has a high absorption effect on Pb, Zn and Cd, is a good indicator plant in a heavy metal polluted area, and can judge that traffic emission is a main road heavy metal pollution source through correlation analysis of leaves and heavy metals in road soil and isotope tracking. Broad-leaved and coniferous bark is also reported to be an effective biological monitor, especially rough bark, which absorbs heavy metals more strongly than smooth bark, and atmospheric heavy metal pollution in jordan cities is monitored and evaluated by determining the concentration of heavy metals in cypress bark.
Researches prove that the garden plants such as willow, holly, rhododendron and reed are used for repairing the farmland soil polluted by the heavy metals, so that the environment can be beautified, the air can be purified, the garden plants can be further processed into medicines or made into finished products, the economic value is generated, and the method has very remarkable social, economic and environmental benefits. However, plants grow slowly, and plants which are generally used for absorbing heavy metals are not suitable for human consumption, so that farmers are delayed in planting food for some polluted crop lands, and simple and effective specific treatment measures are lacked in practical application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for building a landscape by using medium-light heavy metal contaminated soil, which utilizes the characteristics that landscape engineering needs a large amount of earthwork and the garden planning uses for a very long time, and the like, uses the contaminated soil as engineering terrain modeling and planting soil, is matched with corresponding isolation measures and plants which are tolerant to or enrich heavy metals for a long time to reduce the content of the heavy metals in the soil, and finally leads the soil quality of the soil to reach the standard.
A method for building garden landscape in moderately and slightly heavy metal polluted soil is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, soil sealing and isolating: transferring a certain amount of soil polluted by medium-light heavy metals to an area where garden landscapes are to be built for sealing in a centralized manner, or sealing the area of the soil polluted by the medium-light heavy metals in a circle;
step two, soil detection: sampling the soil, and measuring and recording the content of heavy metals in the sampled soil by a heavy metal content measuring instrument;
step three, screening plant varieties: screening heavy metal-enriched plants or/and heavy metal-tolerant plants suitable for being planted in the place according to the climate of the actual geographical position;
step four, planting plants: and (4) planting the heavy metal-enriched or tolerant plants screened in the third step.
Further, the step one of intensively transferring a certain amount of soil polluted by mild and moderate heavy metals to the area where the garden landscape is to be built for sealing comprises the following steps:
A. digging a pit: digging a foundation pit on the ground according to the area size and the shape of a region where the garden landscape is to be built, and covering an isolation layer at the bottom and the periphery of the foundation pit;
B. filling soil: and a raised soil wall higher than the ground nearby is arranged around the foundation pit, and the soil polluted by medium and light heavy metals is filled in the area surrounded by the raised soil wall and the foundation pit.
Further, the enclosing of the area of the soil polluted by the medium-light heavy metals in the first step comprises the following steps:
A. trenching around the area of the soil polluted by the medium and light heavy metals to form an isolation zone;
B. and covering the isolation layer at the isolation belt.
Further, the isolation layer is an impermeable membrane or/and concrete waterproof mortar.
Further, the heavy metal tolerant or enriched plant is one or more of the following plants in combination:
white wax, salix matsudana, populus tomentosa, amorpha fruticosa, rhododendron, weeping willow, goldenrain tree, sabina japonica, photinia glabra, erythrina indica, cinnamomum camphora, white skewer, honeysuckle, malus oblongata, Syringa amurensis, lilac, ligustrum japonicum, litsea cubeba, buxus microphylla, pennisetum hydridum, pennisetum purpureum, salix bambusoides, bidens bipinnata and hybrid pennisetum alopecuroides.
Furthermore, the planting distance of the pennisetum hydridum, the bamboo willow and the hybrid pennisetum is 20-30 cm, and the planting distance of the bidens pilosa is 10-15 cm.
Further, the invention also comprises the following steps:
step five, plant management: irrigating, fertilizing and finishing the plants planted in the fourth step at regular intervals;
step six, soil subsequent detection: and sampling the soil and the plants at regular intervals, and measuring and recording the heavy metal content of the sampled soil and the sampled plants by a heavy metal content measuring instrument.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the outstanding and beneficial technical effects that:
the method uses the polluted soil as engineering terrain modeling and planting soil in garden design, and is matched with corresponding isolation measures and long-term planting of heavy metal enrichment plants to reduce the content of heavy metals in the soil, and as the garden planning always exists for decades to decades, even hundreds of years, the plants can enrich the heavy metals in the soil in sufficient time, and finally the soil can reach the standard.
The selected plants have better heavy metal element tolerance or enrichment capacity, have better effect on treating medium and light heavy metal pollution sources, and meanwhile, the plants have better ornamental value and are suitable for being planted as garden plants for people to appreciate.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for building garden landscapes by using medium-light heavy metal contaminated soil, and provides two implementation modes for specific description according to actual garden planning construction and soil use modes.
Example 1, for areas of garden planning lacking soil origin:
the method comprises the following steps:
step one, soil sealing and isolating: transferring a certain amount of soil polluted by medium-light heavy metals to an area where garden landscapes are to be built for sealing, and avoiding secondary pollution to the soil or influence on soil quality of the soil on the edge;
step two, soil detection: sampling the soil, and measuring and recording the content of heavy metals in the sampled soil by a heavy metal content measuring instrument, wherein in the embodiment, the heavy metal content measuring instrument adopts an X-ray heavy metal analyzer for measuring the content of each heavy metal element in the soil;
step three, screening plant varieties: screening heavy metal-enriched plants or/and heavy metal-tolerant plants which are suitable for being planted in the place according to the climate of the actual geographical position (aiming at the climate, the geographical position and other reasons of each place, the adaptation degree of each plant is different, and the plants which are suitable for being planted and have certain ornamental value need to be selected according to the local climate and geographical position);
step four, planting plants: and (4) planting the heavy metal-enriched or tolerant plants screened in the third step.
Aiming at the mode that a certain amount of soil polluted by medium-light heavy metals is intensively transferred to the area to be constructed with garden landscapes in the step one, the specific sealing mode comprises the following steps:
A. digging a pit: digging a foundation pit on the ground according to the area size and the shape of a region where the garden landscape is to be built, and covering an isolation layer at the bottom and the periphery of the foundation pit;
B. filling soil: and a raised soil wall higher than the ground nearby is arranged around the foundation pit, and the soil polluted by medium and light heavy metals is filled in the area surrounded by the raised soil wall and the foundation pit.
The isolation layer is an impermeable membrane or/and concrete waterproof mortar.
Example 2, directed to direct the division of contaminated land into garden-modified areas:
step one, soil sealing and isolating: enclosing the area of the soil polluted by medium and light heavy metals in a land to avoid secondary pollution caused by the soil;
step two, soil detection: sampling the soil, and measuring and recording the content of heavy metals in the sampled soil by a heavy metal content measuring instrument, wherein in the embodiment, the heavy metal content measuring instrument adopts an X-ray heavy metal analyzer for measuring the content of each heavy metal element in the soil;
step three, screening plant varieties: screening heavy metal-enriched plants or heavy metal-tolerant plants which are suitable for being planted in the place according to the climate of the actual geographical position (aiming at the climate, the geographical position and other reasons of each place, the adaptation degree of each plant is different, and the plants which are suitable for being planted and have certain ornamental value need to be selected according to the local climate and geographical position);
step four, planting plants: and (4) planting the heavy metal-enriched or tolerant plants screened in the third step.
The method for enclosing the area of the soil polluted by the medium-light heavy metals in the circle comprises the following steps:
A. trenching around the area of the soil polluted by the medium and light heavy metals to form an isolation zone;
B. and covering the isolation layer at the isolation belt.
The isolation layer is an impermeable membrane or/and concrete waterproof mortar. According to the field experiment, the single impermeable membrane is suitable for the isolation of the buried polluted soil dye; the single-use concrete waterproof mortar is suitable for the isolation of the raised planting landscape area formed by piling up lightly polluted soil; the two modes are combined to be suitable for the isolation of the raised planting landscape area by piling up the moderately polluted soil.
Based on the above examples 1 and 2, the heavy metal tolerant plants or heavy metal enriched plants are one or more combinations of the following plants:
and (3) salix matsudana: the salix matsudana has developed root system, strong wind resistance, fast growth and easy propagation, and can be used for repairing the soil polluted by heavy metals Cu, Zn and Cd;
chinese white poplar: the hairy poplar has stronger drought resistance, can grow on clay, loam, sandy soil or low-humidity and slight saline-alkali soil, and can be used as a Pb and Cd obligate plant for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil;
amorpha fruticosa: the amorpha fruticosa has strong cold resistance and drought resistance, and has a good enrichment effect on Zn;
and (3) azalea: rhododendron, also known As azalea, is a typical acid soil indicator plant in the areas of the south and the southwest of China, can absorb Zn, Pb, Cd and As in soil, and particularly has strong absorption capacity on Zn and Pb;
weeping willow: weeping willow is cold-resistant, particularly water-wet resistant, can grow in high and dry areas with deep soil layers, has certain resistance to toxic gas, can absorb sulfur dioxide, and can clean polluted soil by absorbing a large amount of heavy metals such as Cd in short-period willow short forest;
goldenrain tree: goldenrain tree is a positive tree species which is pleased to light and slightly durable to semiyin; cold resistance; the fertilizer is drought and barren resistant, low humidity resistant, saline-alkali soil resistant and short-term waterlogging resistant, and has strong absorption capacity for Mn;
b, paving the cypress: the Chinese arborvitae is a positive tree, can grow well on dry sand, favors calcareous fertile soil, is not suitable for low-humidity places, and has strong capability of restoring Cd pollution of the soil;
stone nan: the photinia serrulata is most suitable for being planted in sandy soil which is fertile, moist, deep in soil layer, good in drainage and slightly acidic, and has better tolerance to heavy metals;
pittosporum tobira: the pittosporum tobira has strong adaptability to climate, can resist cold and summer heat, and has better enrichment effect on Zn and Ni in soil;
camphor wood: the cinnamomum camphora has evergreen four seasons, developed crown, luxuriant branches and leaves, covered with land in heavy shade, beautiful and fragrant branches and leaves, is a good tree species used as street trees, shade trees, landscape forests, windproof forests and sound-insulation forest belts, and has better enrichment capacity on Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Mn and Ni;
white skewer: the white skewer grows in forest land with elevation of 1600 + 2700 m, lower air temperature and gray-brown or brown soil, and has better enrichment capacity on Cd, Pb and Cu;
honeysuckle wood: the honeysuckle is strong in light and slightly drought-resistant, but grows well in a slightly damp and dry environment, and has good absorption capacity on Cd, Pb and Cu;
chaenomeles speciosa: the chaenomeles speciosa is suitable for growing in fertile, loose and humus-rich acid soil;
and (3) Syringa amurensis: the Syringa amurensis is pleased with light, can resist yin, cold, drought and barren, and has better absorption capacity on Cu;
elm: the elm positive tree species are photic, drought-resistant, cold-resistant, barren-resistant, do not select soil, have very strong adaptability, have better enrichment capacity to Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb, Zn;
lilac: the lilac has the advantages that the lilac is fond of yang in growth habit, is fond of soil wetting and has good drainage, is suitable for courtyard cultivation, and has good enrichment capacity on Pb, Cu and Zn;
golden leaf privet: the golden leaf privet is lucidious in nature, poor in negative tolerance, moderate in cold resistance, strong in adaptability and strong in restoration capacity to Pb and Cd polluted soil;
ramulus Buxi Sinicae: the littleleaf boxwood has dense branches and leaves, bright and evergreen leaves, is a commonly used foliage tree species, is not only an evergreen tree species, but also is pollution-resistant, can absorb toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide in the air, has a purification effect on the atmosphere and also has better absorption capacity on mercury elements;
white wax: the ash belongs to a positive tree species, is pleased with light, has strong adaptability to soil, and can grow on acid soil, neutral soil and calcareous soil;
jujun grass: the ratio of the giant fungus grass photosynthesis to the transpiration is lower, so that the growth of the giant fungus grass is suitable for areas with high temperature and high humidity, and the giant fungus grass has better enrichment capacity on Cd, Zn and Ni;
pennisetum hydridum: pennisetum hydridum is suitable for growth in tropical and subtropical climates, prefers warm and humid climates, and has good enrichment capacity on Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb;
bamboo willow: the bamboo willow is saline-alkali resistant (suitable for heavy salt and alkali areas with soil pH of 8.0-8.5 and salt content of 0.8%), flooding resistant (normal growth can be realized after two months of flooding), can be planted in lake beaches and saline-alkali soil, and has good enrichment capacity on Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn;
bidens pilosa: the bidens pilosa can be used as a medicine and has better enrichment capacity on Cd and Pb;
hybrid pennisetum: the hybrid pennisetum alopecuroides prefers warm humid climate, prefers thick and fertile clay soil, and has better enrichment capacity to Cd;
and selecting one or more combinations for planting according to different adaptive characteristics of the plants and aiming at different degrees of pollution sources.
Through tests, the optimal planting distance of the pennisetum hydridum, the bamboo willow and the hybrid pennisetum is 20-30 cm, and the optimal planting distance of the bidens pilosa is 10-15 cm.
Based on the above embodiment, the method further comprises the following steps:
step five, plant management: irrigating, fertilizing and finishing the plants planted in the fourth step at regular intervals;
step six, soil subsequent detection: and sampling the soil and the plants at regular intervals, and measuring and recording the heavy metal content of the sampled soil and the sampled plants by a heavy metal content measuring instrument.
In this embodiment, the above-mentioned pennisetum hydridum, bamboo willow, bidens pilosa and pennisetum hybridum are selected for carrying out the planting experiment, and the places for carrying out the experiment are: zhejiang Wenling City, Zeh town of Zhenghua Dongdong No. 1, planting test time: 3 months in 2018-12 months in 2019, soil properties: the method is characterized in that medium-light heavy metal polluted soil (heavy metal elements mainly contain Cd, Zn and Ni) is isolated in advance, and a heavy metal content measuring instrument is an X-ray heavy metal analyzer for measuring the content of each heavy metal.
The specific experimental data are as follows:
in 3 months of 2018, the giant mycorrhiza herb, pennisetum hydridum, bamboo willow seedlings, hybrid pennisetum alopecuroides and bidens pilosa are divided into three groups and are planted by labels, wherein the row spacing of the giant mycorrhiza herb, the giant bamboo willow seedlings and the hybrid pennisetum hydridum is 20 × 30cm, the row spacing of the bidens pilosa is 10 × 15cm, and the specific planting density (the row spacing of the planted plants), the size of a sampling area, the number of plants in the sampling area and other data are shown in the following table 1.
TABLE 1 heavy metal enrichment plant Experimental data
After one year, the plants in the experiment are sampled and measured, the dry weight of the plants in the sampling area is calculated, each heavy metal content is measured by a heavy metal analyzer, and finally, the enrichment capacity of the heavy metals of the heavy metal-enriched plants in a life cycle is calculated as shown in the following table 2 (the yield is calculated by the plant per mu yield in one mu area, the plant dry weight divided by the area × in one mu area):
TABLE 2 heavy metal-enriched plant species and their heavy metal-enriching ability
Experimental data show that the pennisetum hydridum and pennisetum hydridum have good absorption effects on three heavy metal elements including Cd, Zn and Ni, especially on the absorption amount of Zn and Ni, the absorption of the pennisetum hydridum on Cd is weaker than that of the pennisetum hydridum and pennisetum hydridum, and the absorption amount of the hybrid pennisetum hydridum on Cd is lowest.
The invention combines the soil treatment mode with the garden landscape engineering, solves the problem caused by long soil treatment period, and the park planned and constructed by the government has no accident and can be existed for a long time of dozens of years or even hundreds of years. In view of the fact that park construction is developed all over the country, the site is more than enough, and the problem of expensive site occupation is solved. In addition, the problem that garden engineering needs a large amount of soil sources is solved, and the method has a very wide application prospect.
The above embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby, so: all equivalent changes made according to the structure, shape and principle of the invention are covered by the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method for building garden landscape in moderately and slightly heavy metal polluted soil is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, soil sealing and isolating: transferring a certain amount of soil polluted by medium-light heavy metals to an area where garden landscapes are to be built for sealing in a centralized manner, or sealing the area of the soil polluted by the medium-light heavy metals in a circle;
step two, soil detection: sampling the soil, and measuring and recording the heavy metal content of the sampled soil by a heavy metal content measuring instrument;
step three, screening plant varieties: screening heavy metal-enriched plants or/and heavy metal-tolerant plants suitable for being planted in the place according to the climate of the actual geographical position;
step four, planting plants: and (3) planting the heavy metal-enriched or/and tolerant plants screened in the third step.
2. The method for building the moderate and mild heavy metal contaminated soil landscape architecture according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the first step of transferring a certain amount of soil polluted by medium-light heavy metals to an area where garden landscapes are to be built in a centralized manner to be sealed comprises the following steps:
A. digging a pit: digging a foundation pit on the ground according to the area size and the shape of a region where the garden landscape is to be built, and covering an isolation layer at the bottom and the periphery of the foundation pit;
B. filling soil: and a raised soil wall higher than the ground nearby is arranged around the foundation pit, and the soil polluted by medium and light heavy metals is filled in the area surrounded by the raised soil wall and the foundation pit.
3. The method for building the moderate and mild heavy metal contaminated soil landscape architecture according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of:
A. trenching around the area of the soil polluted by the medium and light heavy metals to form an isolation zone;
B. and covering the isolation layer at the isolation belt.
4. The moderate-light heavy metal contaminated soil landscape architecture construction method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that: the isolation layer is an impermeable membrane or/and concrete waterproof mortar.
5. The moderate-light heavy metal contaminated soil landscape architecture construction method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: the heavy metal-enriched plant or the heavy metal-tolerant plant is one or more of the following plants in combination:
salix matsudana, populus tomentosa, amorpha fruticosa, rhododendron, weeping willow, goldenrain tree, thuja occidentalis, photinia serrulata, erythrina indica, cinnamomum camphora, white skewer, honeysuckle, malus lophylla, syringa amurensis, elm, lilac, ligustrum japonicum, buxus microphylla, Chinese ash, pennisetum giganteum, pennisetum hydridum, pennisetum forbesii, salix bambusoides, bidens pilosa and hybrid pennisetum alopecuroides.
6. The method for building the moderate and mild heavy metal contaminated soil landscape architecture according to claim 5, wherein: the planting distance of the pennisetum hydridum, the bamboo willow and the hybrid pennisetum is 20-30 cm, and the planting distance of the bidens pilosa is 10-15 cm.
7. The moderate-light heavy metal contaminated soil landscape architecture construction method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: further comprising the steps of:
step five, plant management: irrigating, fertilizing and finishing the plants planted in the fourth step at regular intervals;
step six, soil subsequent detection: and sampling the soil and the plants at regular intervals, and measuring and recording the heavy metal content of the sampled soil and the sampled plants by a heavy metal content measuring instrument.
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