CN111461087A - Hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a hyperspectral image anomaly detection method based on a spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder, which comprises the following steps of: solving a wavelet coefficient of the hyperspectral data; constructing a linear unmixing constrained wavelet self-coding network, replacing the inner product of a coding layer with a spectral angular distance, selecting a Relu function as an activation function of the coding layer, introducing a normalization layer and a dropout layer, adding a penalty term and a regular term in a loss function, and constructing a network for keeping a sparse self-coder based on a spectrum; inputting the hyperspectral data to be measured into a sparse self-encoder network, setting network parameters, performing unmixing operation on the network parameters to obtain background end member data, and calculating a reconstruction error to obtain required abnormal target data. The method can be used for quickly and accurately detecting the abnormal target of the hyperspectral image.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of remote sensing image processing, and particularly relates to a hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on a spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder.
Background
The hyperspectral image target detection is an important content of hyperspectral data processing and plays an important role in various fields of human society. The hyperspectral target detection can be divided into a supervision method and an unsupervised method according to whether a target signal is known or not, and the unsupervised method, namely the hyperspectral image anomaly detection method can detect an anomalous target different from a background pixel under the condition of unknown prior information, so that the extensive research of domestic and foreign personnel is obtained. The hyperspectral image has the following characteristics:
(1) the spectrum has a plurality of wave bands, and the wave bands are basically continuous.
(2) The image not only contains abundant ground feature information, but also contains spectral information.
(3) The amount of hyperspectral data is large and the amount of data redundancy is large.
(4) Spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio are low.
(5) There are mixed picture elements.
Therefore, the traditional anomaly detection algorithm cannot well separate the background target from the abnormal target, the detection precision is not very high, and with the development of data driving, machine learning and manifold learning, the hyperspectral remote sensing image anomaly detection technology needs to be further researched.
The sparse representation model does not need to assume the distribution of the model, the self-adaptive capacity of the learning dictionary can be improved, and the algorithm has the main ideas that 1, adjacent pixels of a hyperspectral image have spectral similarity, 2, pixels in the hyperspectral image are located in a low-dimensional subspace, and 3, the minimization problem of solving L0 norm is defined as a standard linear programming problem to recover the sparse representation of a sample.
However, the above method still has the following problems: (1) the number of iterations is calculated; (2) the detection calculation amount is large; (3) the operation and convergence speed is slow.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-spectrum image abnormal target detection method based on a spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder, which is high in speed and precision.
The technical solution for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows: a hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on a spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder comprises the following steps:
step 1, solving a wavelet coefficient of hyperspectral data;
step 2, constructing a wavelet self-coding network of linear unmixing constraint, replacing the inner product of a coding layer with a spectral angular distance, adding a penalty term and a regular term into a loss function, and constructing a spectrum preserving sparse self-coder network based on wavelet multi-scale transformation;
and 3, inputting the hyperspectral data to be measured into the spectrum maintaining sparse self-encoder network constructed in the step 2, performing unmixing operation to obtain background end member data, and calculating a reconstruction error to obtain required abnormal target data.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the remarkable advantages that: (1) according to the self-encoder network based on deep learning, a spectrum unmixing technology is introduced into the problem of anomaly detection, so that the interference of background information can be effectively inhibited, the influence of noise and nonlinear correlation on spectrum information is overcome, and high-level spectrum and spatial features are extracted from hyperspectral image data, so that the accuracy of anomaly detection is improved; (2) the network structure of the traditional self-encoder is modified, and the limitations such as sparse penalty term and regular term are added in the loss function, so that the learning capability of the network is more excellent, and the accuracy of abnormal detection is improved; (3) after network parameters are set, the Adam optimizer based on random gradient is used for updating model parameters, so that the problem of manually calculating very complex derivatives is solved, and the operation speed is increased.
The hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on the spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder provided by the invention is described in detail below with reference to the attached drawings.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on a spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder according to the invention.
Detailed Description
With reference to fig. 1, the hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on the spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder of the invention comprises the following steps:
step 1, for hyperspectral dataPerforming a' trous wavelet transform to obtain a wavelet coefficient, and unmixing the wavelet coefficient;
whereinIn order to be a low-frequency coefficient,in order to be a high-frequency coefficient,an end-member matrix and an abundance matrix representing the low-frequency segments,an end-member matrix and an abundance matrix representing the high-frequency segments,the number of spectral bands of the hyperspectral image,is the number of pixels;
since the low and high frequencies have the same abundance coefficients, there are;Is a constructed wavelet coefficient matrix ofThe expression is as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,and after the unmixing formula of the wavelet domain is obtained, the wavelet coefficient is used as the input of the self-encoder.
And 2, optimally designing a network structure and a loss function of the self-encoder based on a linear unmixing model, replacing the inner product of an encoding layer with a spectral angular distance SAD, selecting a Relu function as an activation function of the encoding layer, introducing a normalization layer and a dropout layer, adding a penalty term and a regular term in the loss function, and constructing a spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder network based on wavelet multi-scale transformation.
(1) In order to extract the features of the spectral curves in the network, the spectral angular distance SAD is used to replace the inner product of the coding layer to obtain more recognizable and separable hidden features:
is a weight matrix between the coding layer and the hidden layer, whereinKThe number of end-members is indicated,Dthe number of spectral bands representing the hyperspectral image,is a mixed spectral image of the light source,nindicating the number of samples.
Normalizing SAD values to interval [0,1 ]],Represent the similarity of spectra andhhigher values of (d) mean higher similarity of spectral curves.
(2) Aiming at the problems that the traditional self-encoder network adopts the sigmoid function as the activation function, which causes large calculation amount and complex reverse derivation calculation, and easily causes gradient disappearance, the invention adopts the Relu function as the activation function, thereby saving the calculation amount. And the Relu function enables the output of the neuron input value smaller than 0 to be 0, so that the network has sparsity, and the overfitting problem is relieved to a certain extent.
(3) In order to solve the problem of uncertainty of the trainable parameters of the self-encoder network, a normalization layer is introduced before a Relu function:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,is composed ofThe average value of (a) of (b),to prevent the denominator from being a very small value of 0,presentation pairThe normalization is carried out in such a way that,is a parameter that can be trained in a particular way,。
(4) in order to solve the problems of overfitting and gradient disappearance in the network training process, a dropout layer is introduced, the hidden layer output after the activation function processing is randomly cleared, and the sparsity of the network is further increased.
(5) In a hidden layer of the sparse self-encoder, the minimum activation value of each column is set to be 0, namely K-1 maximum activation values are reserved in the hidden layer, so that the self-encoder obtains an accurate sparsity, and K is the number of end members of the hyperspectral image.
(6) To satisfy the constraint of abundance sum of 1, useNormalization is carried out on the abundance matrix through norm, and the network structure of the processed self-encoder is as follows:
whereinIs the weight matrix between the hidden layer and the decoding layer,for the purpose of self-encoding the output of the network,Dthe number of spectral bands representing the hyperspectral image,Kthe number of end-members is indicated,is a mixed spectral image of the light source,nindicating the number of samples.
(7) The original loss function uses euclidean: () Norm to calculate the reconstruction error, in order to minimize the error between the input and output data, first, the spectral preserving sparse self-encoder uses a weighted logarithm term to constrain the average activation value of the hidden neuron output to a given sparse value close to 0Close and add it as a penalty term to the loss function; secondly, in order to emphasize the sparsity of the hidden layer, introduceRegularization term(ii) a Then, the weight matrix is alignedIs added withAnd the regular constraint reduces the weight and avoids overfitting. The modified loss function is:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,are the weight coefficients of the different components,in order to be the sparsity weighting factor,representing hidden neuronsjThe activity of (2).
Step 3, inputting the hyperspectral data to be measured into the sparse self-encoder network constructed in the step 2, setting network parameters, performing unmixing operation on the network parameters to obtain background end member data, and calculating a reconstruction error to obtain required abnormal target data;
parameter(s)Are respectively set as 10-2,10-50.0035, 0.04, sparse values will be givenSet to 0.02 and learning rate to 10-3An Adam optimization algorithm based on random gradient is adopted, an automatic derivation mechanism is combined, and model parameters are optimized through a minimum loss function.
Inputting the hyperspectral data to be measured into a sparse self-encoder network with set parameters, performing unmixing operation on the data to be measured to obtain background end member data, and performing unmixing operation on the hyperspectral image to be measuredSubtracting the obtained background end metadata to obtain the required abnormal target data, namely:
the flow of the hyperspectral image abnormal target detection algorithm based on the spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder is as follows:
inputting: raw hyperspectral datasetWeight matrix { W1,W2}, regularization parameter, parameterHidden layer end element number: hiddenSize, batch size of training set: n, number of epochs of training set: m, iteration of each epoch training
The algorithm process is as follows:
1: data setxDividing the training set into N batchs
2:for i∈{1,2,…,epoch:M} do
3:for j∈{1,2,…iteration} do
4: calculation of step 1 for each batch do of the training set
5: performing error calculation in the step 2, and using a random gradient optimization and automatic derivation mechanism to perform model parametersPerform the update
6:end for
7:end for
8:end for
9: outputting ROC curve and AUC value to the obtained abnormal detection result
In summary, the method is different from a traditional anomaly detection method, a traditional self-encoder network structure is optimally designed based on a self-encoder network of deep learning, the limitations such as sparse penalty terms and regular terms are added in a loss function, so that the learning capability of the network is more excellent, hyperspectral data to be detected is input into a modified network, a spectrum unmixing technology is introduced into the anomaly detection problem, the interference of background information is effectively inhibited, the influence of noise and nonlinear correlation on the spectrum information is overcome, high-level spectrum and space features are extracted from the hyperspectral image data, and the accuracy of anomaly detection is improved; after network parameters are set, model parameters are updated through a random gradient optimization method, and the abnormal detection calculation speed is increased.
Claims (6)
1. A hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on a spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, solving a wavelet coefficient of hyperspectral data;
step 2, constructing a wavelet self-coding network of linear unmixing constraint, replacing the inner product of a coding layer with a spectral angular distance, adding a penalty term and a regular term into a loss function, and constructing a spectrum preserving sparse self-coder network based on wavelet multi-scale transformation;
and 3, inputting the hyperspectral data to be measured into the spectrum maintaining sparse self-encoder network constructed in the step 2, performing unmixing operation to obtain background end member data, and calculating a reconstruction error to obtain required abnormal target data.
2. The hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on the spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder according to claim 1, wherein the method for solving the wavelet coefficient of the hyperspectral data in the step 1 is as follows:
for high spectral dataPerforming a' trous wavelet transform to obtain a wavelet coefficient, and unmixing the wavelet coefficient;
whereinIn order to be a low-frequency coefficient,in order to be a high-frequency coefficient,an end-member matrix and an abundance matrix representing the low-frequency segments,an end member matrix and an abundance matrix representing the high frequency segments;
since the low and high frequencies have the same abundance coefficients, there are;The expression of the constructed wavelet coefficient matrix is as follows:
3. The hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on the spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder according to claim 1 is characterized in that the specific method in the step 2 is as follows:
the method comprises the steps of optimally designing a network structure and a loss function of the self-encoder based on a linear unmixing model, replacing an inner product of an encoding layer with a spectral angular distance, selecting a Relu function as an activation function of the encoding layer, introducing a normalization layer and a dropout layer, adding a punishment term and a regular term in the loss function, and constructing a spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder network based on wavelet multi-scale transformation.
4. The hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on the spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder according to claim 3 is characterized in that a spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder network based on wavelet multi-scale transformation is constructed, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
using spectral angular distancesSADInstead of inner products of coding layersObtaining hidden features:
is a weight matrix between the coding layer and the hidden layer, whereinKThe number of end-members is indicated,Dthe number of spectral bands representing the hyperspectral image,is a mixed spectral image of the light source,nrepresents the number of samples;
adopting a Relu function as an activation function, wherein the Relu function enables the output of the neuron input value smaller than 0 to be 0;
a normalization layer is introduced before the Relu function:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,is composed ofThe average value of (a) of (b),to prevent the denominator from being a very small value of 0,presentation pairThe normalization is carried out in such a way that,is a parameter that can be trained in a particular way,;
introducing a dropout layer, and randomly resetting the output of the hidden layer after the activation function processing:
in a hidden layer of a sparse self-encoder, setting the minimum activation value of each column as 0:
i.e. remain in hidden layersK-1 of the maximum activation values,Kthe number of the end members of the hyperspectral image;
by usingNormalization is carried out on the abundance matrix through norm, and the network structure of the processed self-encoder is as follows:
whereinIs the weight matrix between the hidden layer and the decoding layer,for the purpose of self-encoding the output of the network,is a mixed spectral image of the light source,nrepresents the number of samples;
the spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder utilizes a weighted logarithm term to restrain the average activation value output by the hidden layer neuron so as to enable the average activation value to be matched with a given sparse value close to 0Close and add it as a penalty term to the loss function; introduction ofRegularization term(ii) a For the weight matrixAddingCanonical constraint, the modified loss function is:
5. The hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on the spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder according to claim 4 is characterized in that step 3 is to input hyperspectral data to be detected into the spectrum preserving sparse self-encoder network constructed in step 2, set and adjust network parameters, perform unmixing operation on the network parameters to obtain background end member data, calculate reconstruction errors to obtain required anomalous target data, and specifically comprise the following steps:
setting parameters separatelyLearning rate, and optimizing model parameters by adopting an Adam optimization algorithm based on a random gradient through a minimization loss function;
inputting the hyperspectral data to be measured into a sparse self-encoder network with set parameters, performing unmixing operation on the data to be measured to obtain background end member data, and performing unmixing operation on the hyperspectral image to be measuredSubtracting the obtained background end metadata to obtain the required abnormal target data, namely:。
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Application publication date: 20200728 |
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