CN111458264A - Method and device for testing crosslinking time of gel type fracturing fluid - Google Patents
Method and device for testing crosslinking time of gel type fracturing fluid Download PDFInfo
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 128
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 103
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 38
- 235000015110 jellies Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000008274 jelly Substances 0.000 description 14
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-guanidine Natural products CNC(N)=N CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 206010042674 Swelling Diseases 0.000 description 6
- SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminoamidine Natural products CN(C)C(N)=N SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010063493 Premature ageing Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000032038 Premature aging Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000009096 changqing Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011897 real-time detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
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Abstract
The invention provides a method and a device for testing the crosslinking time of a gel type fracturing fluid. The apparatus used in the test procedure comprises: respectively preparing a fracturing base fluid and a cross-linking agent; respectively adding fracturing base fluid and a cross-linking agent into the mixing device, and stirring to obtain gel type fracturing fluid; in the stirring process, testing the viscosity of the gel type fracturing fluid or the blade torque of the mixing device by using a detection device, and recording the testing time, the viscosity value or the blade torque; and comparing the recorded data, and determining the time corresponding to the maximum value of the viscosity value or the maximum value of the blade torque as the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid. Compared with the existing method for judging the crosslinking time by naked eyes, the method for testing the crosslinking time is more scientific and less influenced by human factors, and meanwhile, the relative deviation of multiple tests of the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid can be controlled within 5%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of oilfield exploitation, in particular to a method and a device for testing the crosslinking time of a gel type fracturing fluid.
Background
Newly discovered oil and gas reservoirs in oil fields such as Xinjiang oil field and Changqing oil field are mostly low-pore low-permeability reservoir, and fracturing is one of effective measures for efficiently developing the oil and gas reservoirs. In the fracturing, qualified proppant is carried into formed reservoir fractures by using fracturing fluid so as to achieve the purpose of improving the permeability of the reservoir. The sand carrying performance of the fracturing fluid is important for the success or failure of fracturing, and the crosslinking time is an important parameter influencing the sand carrying performance of the fracturing fluid. If the fracturing fluid is crosslinked too fast, the instantaneously formed gel is subjected to high-speed shearing thinning in the pipe column, so that the fracture forming and sand carrying capacities of the fracturing fluid are poor, and the high pump pressure caused by the early formation of the gel easily causes the premature aging of fracturing equipment and pipe networks. If the fracturing fluid is crosslinked too slowly, the fluid is not crosslinked when entering the stratum, and sand removal and even sand blocking accidents are easily caused. At present, both a hanging method commonly used in a fracturing construction site and a constant-speed stirrer method adopted for testing the crosslinking time of the fracturing fluid in an indoor laboratory face the problems that the measuring method is greatly influenced by human factors and has poor repeatability.
The method for testing the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid in a laboratory comprises the steps of preparing the base fluid 400m L, pouring the base fluid into a stirring cup of a Wuyi mixer, adjusting the rotating speed of the stirrer until the top end of the stirrer is seen, adding a solution of the crosslinking agent according to the formula ratio of the fracturing fluid, recording the time required by pouring the crosslinking agent into the stirring cup, namely the time required by the fluid level of a crosslinking protrusion, namely the time required by the fluid level, completely determining the crosslinking time of the fracturing fluid by using a stopwatch, and completely judging the influence of the manual crosslinking time by using the stopwatch, wherein the problems are that the crosslinking agent is added into the base fluid, the time required by pouring the crosslinking agent into the stirring cup is the crosslinking time, the time required by using the stopwatch is the crosslinking time, and the influence of the experimental results is greatly influenced by visual experience, and the experimental results are greatly influenced by the artificial factors of the laboratory.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a method and a device for testing the crosslinking time of a gel type fracturing fluid, so as to solve the problem that the existing method for testing the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid has larger error.
In order to achieve the above object, according to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of testing a crosslinking time of a jelly type fracturing fluid, the method comprising: respectively preparing a fracturing base fluid and a cross-linking agent; respectively adding fracturing base fluid and a cross-linking agent into the mixing device, and stirring to obtain gel type fracturing fluid; in the stirring process, testing the viscosity of the gel type fracturing fluid or the blade torque of the mixing device by using a detection device, and recording the testing time, the viscosity value or the blade torque; and comparing the recorded data, and determining the time corresponding to the maximum value of the viscosity value or the maximum value of the blade torque as the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid.
Further, the test method further comprises: electrically connecting the detection device with a drawing device, and recording the test time, the viscosity value or the blade torque by using the drawing device; and drawing a first curve graph of the test time and the viscosity value or drawing a second curve graph of the test time and the blade torque, and determining the peak value of the first curve graph or the peak value of the second curve as the cross-linking time of the gel type fracturing fluid.
Further, the mixing device is a Wuyin mixing device.
Further, the process of preparing the gel-type fracturing fluid comprises: preparing a fracturing base fluid according to a formula of the gel type fracturing fluid; and standing and swelling the fracturing base fluid.
Further, the process of preparing the gel-type fracturing fluid comprises: adding the fracturing base fluid which is subjected to standing swelling into a mixing and adjusting device for stirring, and adjusting the rotating speed of the mixing and adjusting device until the vortex bottom is seen from the top end of a central shaft of a stirrer of the mixing and adjusting device; and adding a cross-linking agent into the fracturing base fluid, and stirring to obtain the gel type fracturing fluid.
Further, the testing method comprises the step that the time interval between two adjacent tests is 1-2 s.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a test apparatus for a cross-linking time of a jelly type fracturing fluid, the test apparatus comprising: the mixing device is used for mixing the fracturing base fluid and the cross-linking agent to form the gel type fracturing fluid; and the testing device is used for measuring the viscosity of the gel type fracturing fluid or the blade torque of the mixing device.
Further, the testing device further comprises a drawing device, wherein the drawing device is used for recording the viscosity value or the blade torque measured by the testing device and drawing a first graph of the testing time and the viscosity value or drawing a second graph of the testing time and the blade torque.
By applying the technical scheme, the testing method adopts the detection device to measure the blade torque (or the viscosity of the fracturing fluid in the mixing device) in the rotating process of the mixing device when the fracturing fluid is crosslinked so as to represent the thickening degree of gel formed by the fracturing fluid, and then the blade torque or the viscosity value at each testing time is recorded. By comparison, the maximum value of the viscosity value or the maximum value of the blade torque is taken as the cross-linking time of the fracturing fluid. Compared with the existing method for judging the crosslinking time by naked eyes, the method for testing the crosslinking time is more scientific and less influenced by human factors, and meanwhile, the relative deviation of multiple tests of the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid can be controlled within 5%. Therefore, the method for testing the crosslinking time can solve the problems that the existing gel type fracturing fluid crosslinking time test is greatly influenced by human factors and has poor repeatability and the like, and provides powerful guarantee for the smooth fracturing construction.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the test time and the viscosity of jelly in a blender in example 1 of the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the test time and the viscosity of the jelly in the blender in example 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.
As described in the background art, the existing method for testing the cross-linking time of the gel type fracturing fluid has the problem of large error. In order to solve the technical problem, the application provides a method for testing the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid, and the device used in the testing process comprises the following steps: respectively preparing a fracturing base fluid and a cross-linking agent; respectively adding fracturing base fluid and a cross-linking agent into the mixing device, and stirring to obtain gel type fracturing fluid; in the stirring process, testing the viscosity of the gel type fracturing fluid or the blade torque of the mixing device by using a detection device, and recording the testing time, the viscosity value or the blade torque; and comparing the recorded data, and determining the time corresponding to the maximum value of the viscosity value or the maximum value of the blade torque as the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid.
The testing method adopts a detection device to measure the blade torque (or the viscosity of the fracturing fluid in the mixing device) in the rotation process of the mixing device when the fracturing fluid is crosslinked so as to represent the thickening degree of jelly formed by the fracturing fluid, and then records the blade torque or viscosity value at each testing time. By comparison, the maximum value of the viscosity value or the maximum value of the blade torque is taken as the cross-linking time of the fracturing fluid. Compared with the existing method for judging the crosslinking time by naked eyes, the method for testing the crosslinking time is more scientific and less influenced by human factors, and meanwhile, the relative deviation of multiple tests of the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid can be controlled within 5%. Therefore, the method for testing the crosslinking time can solve the problems that the existing gel type fracturing fluid crosslinking time test is greatly influenced by human factors and has poor repeatability and the like, and provides powerful guarantee for the smooth fracturing construction.
The testing method provided by the application is beneficial to greatly reducing the influence of human factors, environmental factors and the like on the testing result and improving the accuracy and repeatability of the testing result. In a preferred embodiment, the testing method further comprises: electrically connecting the detection device with a drawing device, and recording the test time, the viscosity value or the blade torque by using the drawing device; and drawing a first curve graph of the test time and the viscosity value or drawing a second curve graph of the test time and the blade torque, and determining the peak value of the first curve graph or the peak value of the second curve as the cross-linking time of the gel type fracturing fluid.
Electrically connecting the plotting device with the detecting device can store and record the viscosity value or the blade torque measured in the detecting device in the plotting device, and simultaneously plot a first curve chart representing the relation between the test time and the viscosity value or a second curve chart representing the relation between the test time and the blade torque. The whole process can be completed through a mechanized procedure, so that the working intensity of workers can be reduced, and the operation flow is simplified.
Preferably, the mixing device is a wu yin mixer.
As mentioned above, in the above test method, the detection process is a real-time detection process. Preferably, the detection device is an online viscosity sensor or an online torque detection device. Compared with a discontinuous detection device, the detection device can detect the viscosity or the torque of the jelly type fracturing fluid in real time, so that the accuracy of the detection result is favorably improved, and the process flow can be simplified.
In a preferred embodiment, the process of formulating the gel-type fracturing fluid comprises: preparing a fracturing base fluid according to a formula of the gel type fracturing fluid; and standing and swelling the fracturing base fluid.
The prepared fracturing base fluid is subjected to standing swelling treatment, so that components in the fracturing base fluid can fully react, the components are converted into jelly as much as possible, and the accuracy of crosslinking time is improved.
In a preferred embodiment, the process of formulating the gel-type fracturing fluid comprises: adding the fracturing base fluid which is subjected to standing swelling into a mixing and adjusting device for stirring, and adjusting the rotating speed of the mixing and adjusting device until the vortex bottom is seen from the top end of a central shaft of a stirrer of the mixing and adjusting device; and adding a cross-linking agent into the fracturing base fluid, and stirring to obtain the gel type fracturing fluid.
In the stirring process, the fracturing base fluid after standing and swelling is stirred, the rotating speed of the mixing device is adjusted until the vortex bottom reaches the top end of a middle shaft of a stirrer of the mixing device, and then the cross-linking agent is added, so that the mixing degree of the cross-linking agent and the fracturing base fluid is favorably improved, and the accuracy of a test result is favorably further improved.
In a preferred embodiment, the test method comprises: the time interval between two adjacent tests is 1-2 s. Limiting the test time to within the above range is advantageous to further improve the accuracy of the crosslinking time.
In order to better understand the application, the application also provides a device for testing the cross-linking time of the gel type fracturing fluid, which comprises a mixing device and a testing device. The mixing device is used for mixing the fracturing base fluid and the cross-linking agent to form a gel type fracturing fluid; the testing device is used for measuring the viscosity of the gel type fracturing fluid or the blade torque of the mixing device.
A detection device is adopted to measure the blade torque (or the viscosity of the fracturing fluid in the mixing device) in the rotation process of the mixing device when the fracturing fluid is crosslinked so as to represent the thickening degree of gel of jelly formed by the fracturing fluid, and then the blade torque or viscosity value at each test time is recorded. By comparison, the maximum value of the viscosity value or the maximum value of the blade torque is taken as the cross-linking time of the fracturing fluid. Compared with the existing method for judging the crosslinking time by naked eyes, the method for testing the crosslinking time is more scientific and less influenced by human factors, and meanwhile, the relative deviation of multiple tests of the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid can be controlled within 5%. Therefore, the method for testing the crosslinking time can solve the problems that the existing gel type fracturing fluid crosslinking time test is greatly influenced by human factors and has poor repeatability and the like, and provides powerful guarantee for the smooth fracturing construction.
In a preferred embodiment, the testing device further comprises a plotting device for recording the viscosity value or the blade torque measured by the testing device and plotting a first plot of the test time and the viscosity value or a second plot of the test time and the blade torque.
Electrically connecting the plotting device with the detecting device can store and record the viscosity value or the blade torque measured in the detecting device in the plotting device, and simultaneously plot a first curve chart representing the relation between the test time and the viscosity value or a second curve chart representing the relation between the test time and the blade torque. The whole process can be completed through a mechanized procedure, so that the working intensity of workers can be reduced, and the operation flow is simplified.
The present application is described in further detail below with reference to specific examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention as claimed.
Example 1
The fracturing base fluid is 0.35 wt% of guanidine gum aqueous solution, the crosslinking agent is 0.3 wt% of organic boron and 0.05 wt% of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, and experiments are carried out after the fracturing base fluid is prepared and swells for 2 hours; the crosslinking ratio is 100:1, namely the volume ratio of the added fracturing base fluid to the crosslinking agent is 100:1 when preparing the fracturing fluid gel.
The method for testing the cross-linking time of the jelly comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing 1000m of L distilled water, pouring the distilled water into a mixing device (Wuyi mixing device), adjusting the rotating speed of the mixing device until the vortex formed by the liquid can see the top end of the paddle center shaft of the mixing device, weighing 3.5g of guanidine gum powder (which can be adjusted according to the formula proportion) and slowly adding the guanidine gum powder into the mixing device, constantly adjusting the rotating speed to ensure that the vortex formed by the liquid can see the top end of the paddle center shaft of the mixing device, continuously stirring for 5min after the guanidine gum powder is completely added to form uniform solution (guanidine gum base liquid), and stopping stirring.
(2) Pouring the prepared guanidine gum base liquid into a beaker, covering the beaker, putting the beaker into a water bath kettle with the constant temperature of 30 ℃ for standing for 4 hours, and starting to test the crosslinking time after the viscosity of the beaker becomes stable.
(3) And adding 100g of distilled water into another beaker, sequentially weighing 0.3g of organic boron and 0.05g of sodium hydroxide, adding into the beaker, and uniformly stirring by using a glass rod to obtain the cross-linking agent for later use.
(4) 400m of L swelled fracturing fluid base fluid is measured and poured into a stirring cup of a mixing device, and the rotating speed of a stirrer is adjusted until the vortex bottom is seen at the top end of a central shaft of the stirrer.
(5) Measuring 4m L cross-linking agent (which can be adjusted according to the formula ratio of the fracturing fluid), adding the cross-linking agent into a stirring cup of a mixing device, testing the viscosity of the jelly in the rotating process by using a detection device (viscosity detection device), electrically connecting the viscosity detection device with a drawing device to record the viscosity of the jelly in the mixing device in real time (1 s/time), drawing a curve of testing time and the viscosity of the jelly in the mixing device, and referring to fig. 1, wherein the time taken by the curve to reach the peak value is the cross-linking time of the jelly type fracturing fluid, the cross-linking time of a sample to be tested is 34s, and the relative deviation of multiple tests is controlled within 5%.
Example 2
The same samples were tested for cross-linking time by testing blade torque using the base fluid and cross-linking agent formulated in example 1.
The cross-linking time test method for testing the viscosity value of the jelly comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing 400m L swelled fracturing fluid base fluid, pouring the fracturing fluid base fluid into a stirring cup of a mixing device (Wuyi mixing device), and adjusting the rotating speed of a stirrer until the vortex bottom meets the top end of a paddle center shaft of the mixing device;
(2) the device unit of the tester blade torque is connected with a computer, and the computer can transmit and record the blade torque when the blender rotates in real time;
(3) measuring 4m L cross-linking agent (which can be adjusted according to the formula ratio of the fracturing fluid), adding the cross-linking agent into a stirring cup of a mixing device, testing the blade torque of the mixing device in the rotating process by using a detection device (a torque detection device), electrically connecting the detection device with a drawing device to record the blade torque value (1 s/time) of the mixing device in real time, drawing a curve of testing time and the blade torque value, and referring to fig. 2, wherein the time taken by the curve to reach the peak value is the cross-linking time of the gel type fracturing fluid, the cross-linking time of a sample to be tested is 34s, and the relative deviation of multiple tests is controlled within 5%.
Comparative example 1
The samples were tested for cross-linking time using the base fluid and cross-linking agent prepared in example 1, respectively, using the current "cantilever method" at the same cross-linking ratio of 100: 1.
Different experimenters use a 'hanging method' to test that the sample has the cross-linking time of 30-42 s, and the deviation is very large.
Comparative example 2
The samples were tested for cross-linking time using the base fluid and cross-linking agent prepared in example 1, respectively, using the current "stirrer method" at the same cross-linking ratio of 100: 1.
Different experimenters use a stirrer method to test that the sample crosslinking time is between 31 and 40 seconds, and the deviation is large.
From the above description, it can be seen that the above-described embodiments of the present invention achieve the following technical effects:
compared with the existing method for judging the crosslinking time by naked eyes, the method for testing the crosslinking time is more scientific and less influenced by human factors, and meanwhile, the relative deviation of multiple tests of the crosslinking time of the gel type fracturing fluid can be controlled within 5%. Therefore, the method for testing the crosslinking time can solve the problems that the existing gel type fracturing fluid crosslinking time test is greatly influenced by human factors and has poor repeatability and the like, and provides powerful guarantee for the smooth fracturing construction.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for testing the crosslinking time of a gel type fracturing fluid is characterized by comprising the following steps:
respectively preparing a fracturing base fluid and a cross-linking agent;
adding the fracturing base fluid and the cross-linking agent into a mixing device respectively, and stirring to obtain the gel type fracturing fluid;
in the stirring process, testing the viscosity of the gel type fracturing fluid or the blade torque of the mixing device by using a detection device, and recording the testing time, the viscosity value or the blade torque;
and comparing the recorded data, and determining the time corresponding to the maximum value of the viscosity value or the maximum value of the blade torque as the cross-linking time of the gel type fracturing fluid.
2. The testing method of claim 1, further comprising:
electrically connecting the detection device with a drawing device, and recording test time, viscosity value or blade torque by using the drawing device;
and drawing a first curve graph of the test time and the viscosity value or drawing a second curve graph of the test time and the blade torque, and determining the peak value of the first curve graph or the peak value of the second curve as the cross-linking time of the gel type fracturing fluid.
3. The test method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the mixing and blending device is a wu-yin mixer.
4. The testing method of claim 1, wherein the process of formulating the gel-type fracturing fluid comprises:
preparing the fracturing base fluid according to the formula of the gel type fracturing fluid; and standing and swelling the fracturing base fluid.
5. The testing method of claim 4, wherein the process of formulating the gel-type fracturing fluid comprises:
adding the fracturing base fluid which is subjected to standing swelling into the mixing device for stirring, and adjusting the rotating speed of the mixing device until the vortex bottom is seen at the top end of a middle shaft of a stirrer of the mixing device;
and adding the cross-linking agent into the fracturing base fluid, and stirring to obtain the gel type fracturing fluid.
6. The test method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises: the time interval between two adjacent tests is 1-2 s.
7. A device for testing the cross-linking time of a gel-type fracturing fluid, the device comprising:
a blending device for mixing a fracturing base fluid and a cross-linking agent to form the gel-type fracturing fluid;
and the testing device is used for measuring the viscosity of the gel type fracturing fluid or the blade torque of the mixing device.
8. The testing device of claim 7, further comprising a plotting device for recording the viscosity value or the blade torque measured by the testing device and plotting a first plot of test time and the viscosity value or a second plot of test time and the blade torque.
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| US20030183389A1 (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Lord Paul D. | High temperature seawater-based cross-linked fracturing fluids and methods |
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Application publication date: 20200728 |