CN111423924A - Improved wire drawing oil and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Improved wire drawing oil and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111423924A CN111423924A CN202010260595.XA CN202010260595A CN111423924A CN 111423924 A CN111423924 A CN 111423924A CN 202010260595 A CN202010260595 A CN 202010260595A CN 111423924 A CN111423924 A CN 111423924A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
- C10M169/044—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being a mixture of non-macromolecular and macromolecular compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M177/00—Special methods of preparation of lubricating compositions; Chemical modification by after-treatment of components or of the whole of a lubricating composition, not covered by other classes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/16—Paraffin waxes; Petrolatum, e.g. slack wax
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
- C10M2207/021—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/04—Ethers; Acetals; Ortho-esters; Ortho-carbonates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
- C10M2207/24—Epoxidised acids; Ester derivatives thereof
- C10M2207/243—Epoxidised acids; Ester derivatives thereof used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
- C10M2207/401—Fatty vegetable or animal oils used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
- C10M2209/104—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
- C10M2209/108—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups etherified
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
- C10M2209/109—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups esterified
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/02—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds
- C10M2219/024—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds of esters, e.g. fats
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2227/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2227/06—Organic compounds derived from inorganic acids or metal salts
- C10M2227/061—Esters derived from boron
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of lubricants, in particular to improved drawing oil and a preparation method thereof, which are characterized in that epoxy soybean oil and sheep oil are used as base oil, the relative content of each raw material component in the drawing oil is adjusted on the basis of the characteristics of environment protection, safety and the like compared with mineral oil, the consumption of the base oil is reduced, the appropriate amount of microcrystalline wax is increased, 2-octyldodecanol and propylene glycol phenyl ether are reduced, and the amount of stearyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, rosin acid polyoxyethylene ester and auxiliaries are increased, so that the performance of the drawing oil is effectively improved, the lubricating effect of the drawing oil is improved, the friction coefficient between a die and a wire is reduced, and the energy consumption is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lubricants, in particular to improved wire drawing oil and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The wire drawing oil is an important industrial auxiliary agent, is used as efficient lubricating oil in the wire drawing and drawing processes of metal wires, has the effects of lubrication, cleaning, cooling, rust prevention and the like, improves the smoothness of metal flow, avoids the phenomenon that a die drags a wire, improves the yield and reduces the production loss. Currently, drawing oils are classified into oily drawing oils and aqueous drawing oils, and these two types of drawing oils have advantages and disadvantages in the actual use process, for example: the oily wire drawing oil has the problems of poor heat dissipation performance, difficult cleaning and chip removal, difficult degradation of waste liquid and the like; compared with oily wire drawing oil, the water-based wire drawing oil has excellent heat dissipation performance, but the lubricating effect is difficult to meet the requirements of wire drawing processes of various metal wires, so in order to improve the production level of processing enterprises and reduce the production cost, the formula and the preparation process of the wire drawing oil need to be improved, and the lubricating performance of the wire drawing oil is improved.
Based on this, in the actual production process, the researchers developed the technical introduction in 2017 in 9 months, introduced the clean antifriction high-efficiency wire drawing oil with patent number 201410169999.2, which is prepared from microcrystalline wax, sheep oil, epoxidized soybean oil, 2-octyldodecanol, triethanolamine borate, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, octadecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, propylene glycol phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene abietate, sulfurized cottonseed oil and an auxiliary agent, wherein the auxiliary agent is prepared from graphene, a silane coupling agent KH560, isostearic acid, xanthan gum, span 80 and deionized water, and is formed by mixing and stirring, so that the sheep oil and the epoxidized soybean oil are used as base oil, the environmental protection property and the use safety are improved, the adsorption force with the metal surface is stronger, the friction coefficient between a die and a wire can be reduced, the wire drawing is smooth, the wire drawing effect is good, the clean dispersibility is good, the service life is long.
Disclosure of Invention
The researchers carried out the industrial production test on the introduced patent technology, with the diameter of 5.63mm and the tensile strength of 84.12kg/mm2When the medium carbon steel wire is taken as a raw material to be drawn and drawn, the raw material components introduced into the patent technical literature are adopted to prepare corresponding drawing oil to be used as a lubricant, and the following findings are found: the friction coefficient of the wire drawing oil and the surface of the wire rod in the existing raw material proportion is still large, the energy consumption is high, the temperature of a drawing outlet is high, and the lubricating effect of the wire drawing oil is still not ideal.
In order to solve the technical problems in the prior art, one of the purposes of the invention is to provide an improved wire drawing oil which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 78 parts of epoxidized soybean oil, 13 parts of microcrystalline wax, 7 parts of sheep oil, 2 parts of 2-octyldodecanol, 1-3 parts of triethanolamine borate, 1-2 parts of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 9 parts of octadecyl polyoxyethylene ether, 0.5 part of propylene glycol phenyl ether, 11 parts of polyoxyethylene abietate, 1-2 parts of vulcanized cottonseed oil and 4 parts of an auxiliary agent. The auxiliaries used are formulated according to the technical solutions disclosed in the prior art (see the patent literature incorporated: examples).
In order to improve the lubricating effect of the drawing oil, 1.3 parts of vulcanized cottonseed oil is preferred. More preferably, the triethanolamine borate is 2 parts. More preferably, the dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride accounts for 1.5 parts.
The invention also aims to provide a preparation method of the improved wire drawing oil, which comprises the following steps: mixing epoxidized soybean oil, microcrystalline wax and sheep oil, heating to 80-90 ℃, and keeping constant temperature; sequentially adding the auxiliary agent, 2-octyldodecanol, triethanolamine borate and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and stirring and mixing at the stirring speed of 1000-1500r/min for 25-30 min; and adding the rest materials, stirring for 40-50min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain the final product.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the technical effects that:
① the method makes full use of the excellent lubricating property of epoxidized soybean oil and sheep oil as base oil and the environmental protection and safety characteristics of mineral oil, and adjusts the relative content of each raw material component in the drawing oil, so as to reduce the base oil consumption, increase the microcrystalline wax, reduce 2-octyl dodecanol and propylene glycol phenyl ether, and increase the stearyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, rosin acid polyoxyethylene ester and auxiliary agent, thereby effectively improving the performance of the drawing oil, improving the lubricating effect of the drawing oil, reducing the friction coefficient between the die and the wire rod, and reducing the energy consumption.
② the mixing sequence of the raw material components is controlled, so that the environment of the raw material components participating in the mixing changes, the comprehensive performance of the wire drawing oil is improved, the adsorption force of the wire drawing oil on the metal surface is enhanced, the film forming effect is improved, the smooth wire running is ensured, the wire drawing effect is better, the cleaning and dispersing performance is enhanced, and the service life is prolonged.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further defined below with reference to the specific embodiments, but the scope of the claims is not limited to the description.
Example 1
The improved wire drawing oil is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight (kg): 78 parts of epoxidized soybean oil, 13 parts of microcrystalline wax, 7 parts of sheep oil, 2 parts of 2-octyldodecanol, 2 parts of triethanolamine borate, 1.5 parts of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 9 parts of octadecanol-based polyoxyethylene ether, 0.5 part of propylene glycol phenyl ether, 11 parts of rosin acid polyoxyethylene ester, 1.3 parts of vulcanized cottonseed oil and 4 parts of auxiliary agent.
The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing the clean antifriction high-efficiency wire drawing oil with the patent number of 201410169999.2 to obtain a finished product A;
the preparation method 2 comprises the following steps: mixing epoxidized soybean oil, microcrystalline wax and sheep oil, heating to 80-90 ℃, and keeping constant temperature; sequentially adding the auxiliary agent, 2-octyldodecanol, triethanolamine borate and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and stirring and mixing at the stirring speed of 1000-1500r/min for 25-30 min; and then adding other residual materials together, continuously stirring for 40-50min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a finished product B.
Example 2
The improved wire drawing oil is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight (kg): 78 parts of epoxidized soybean oil, 13 parts of microcrystalline wax, 7 parts of sheep oil, 2 parts of 2-octyldodecanol 2 parts of triethanolamine borate, 1 part of dodecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, 9 parts of octadecanol-based polyoxyethylene ether, 0.5 part of propylene glycol phenyl ether, 11 parts of rosin acid polyoxyethylene ester, 1 part of sulfurized cottonseed oil and 4 parts of auxiliary agent.
The preparation method is the same as example 1.
Example 3
The improved wire drawing oil is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight (kg): 78 parts of epoxidized soybean oil, 13 parts of microcrystalline wax, 7 parts of sheep oil, 2 parts of 2-octyldodecanol, 2 parts of triethanolamine borate, 2 parts of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 9 parts of octadecanol-based polyoxyethylene ether, 0.5 part of propylene glycol phenyl ether, 11 parts of polyoxyethylene abietic acid, 2 parts of sulfurized cottonseed oil and 4 parts of auxiliary agent.
The preparation method is the same as example 1.
Example 4
The improved wire drawing oil is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight (kg): 78 parts of epoxidized soybean oil, 13 parts of microcrystalline wax, 7 parts of sheep oil, 2 parts of 2-octyldodecanol, 3 parts of triethanolamine borate, 2 parts of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 9 parts of octadecanol-based polyoxyethylene ether, 0.5 part of propylene glycol phenyl ether, 11 parts of rosin acid polyoxyethylene ester, 1 part of vulcanized cottonseed oil and 4 parts of auxiliary agents.
The preparation method is the same as example 1.
Example 5
The improved wire drawing oil is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight (kg): 100 parts of epoxidized soybean oil, 10 parts of microcrystalline wax, 40 parts of sheep oil, 5 parts of 2-octyldodecanol, 1 part of triethanolamine borate, 2 parts of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 8 parts of octadecanol-based polyoxyethylene ether, 1 part of propylene glycol phenyl ether, 10 parts of polyoxyethylene abietate, 1 part of vulcanized cottonseed oil and 3 parts of an auxiliary agent.
The preparation method is the same as example 1.
The wire drawing oil prepared in the examples 1 to 5 is stored stably for 15 months at room temperature, no precipitation and no delamination occur, and the specific index performance is shown in the following table 1:
table 1: specific index performance of drawing oil (average value of 10 tests)
The drawing performance test was carried out using the drawing oils prepared in examples 1 to 5 above: the steel material is phi 5.63mm, and the tensile strength is 84.12kg/mm2The medium carbon steel wire is taken as a raw material to be drawn and drawn, the drawing machine is a chain type drawing machine, and the drawing parameter control and the drawing performance test results are shown in the following table 2 under the same conditions:
table 2: drawing performance test (average value of 10 test conclusion test data)
Remarking: n1 motor power when drawing; n0 motor power at idle; the exit temperature is the temperature of the wire as it is drawn to the exit of the final die.
As shown in the data of Table 2, the wire drawing oil of the present invention has a diameter of 5.63mm and a tensile strength of 84.12kg/mm when applied to a steel material2When the medium carbon steel wire is used as a raw material for drawing, the temperature of a drawing outlet is reduced, compared with the prior art, the energy consumption is greatly saved, the friction coefficient between a die and a wire is reduced, and the drawing cost is favorably reduced.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. The improved wire drawing oil is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 78 parts of epoxidized soybean oil, 13 parts of microcrystalline wax, 7 parts of sheep oil, 2 parts of 2-octyldodecanol, 1-3 parts of triethanolamine borate, 1-2 parts of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 9 parts of octadecyl polyoxyethylene ether, 0.5 part of propylene glycol phenyl ether, 11 parts of polyoxyethylene abietate, 1-2 parts of vulcanized cottonseed oil and 4 parts of an auxiliary agent.
2. The improved drawing oil of claim 1, wherein said sulfurized cottonseed oil is 1.3 parts.
3. The improved drawing oil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of triethanolamine borate is 2 parts.
4. The improved drawing oil of claim 1, wherein said dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride is present in an amount of 1.5 parts.
5. A process for the preparation of an improved drawing oil according to claims 1 to 4, comprising the steps of: mixing epoxidized soybean oil, microcrystalline wax and sheep oil, heating to 80-90 ℃, and keeping constant temperature; sequentially adding the auxiliary agent, 2-octyldodecanol, triethanolamine borate and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and stirring and mixing at the stirring speed of 1000-1500r/min for 25-30 min; and adding the rest materials, stirring for 40-50min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain the final product.
6. Use of an improved drawing oil according to claims 1-4 or an improved drawing oil prepared according to the process of claim 5 for drawing at a diameter of 5.63mm and a tensile strength of 84.12kg/mm2The medium carbon steel wire is used as a lubricant when being used for wire drawing and drawing.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202010260595.XA CN111423924B (en) | 2020-04-03 | 2020-04-03 | Improved wire drawing oil and preparation method thereof |
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| CN202010260595.XA CN111423924B (en) | 2020-04-03 | 2020-04-03 | Improved wire drawing oil and preparation method thereof |
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| CN111423924A true CN111423924A (en) | 2020-07-17 |
| CN111423924B CN111423924B (en) | 2022-06-28 |
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Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103992867A (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2014-08-20 | 蚌埠市正园电子科技有限公司 | Oregano-oil-containing antioxidant wire drawing oil |
| CN103992855A (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2014-08-20 | 蚌埠市时代电子有限公司 | Cleaning friction-reducing high-efficiency drawing oil |
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2020
- 2020-04-03 CN CN202010260595.XA patent/CN111423924B/en active Active
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103992867A (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2014-08-20 | 蚌埠市正园电子科技有限公司 | Oregano-oil-containing antioxidant wire drawing oil |
| CN103992855A (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2014-08-20 | 蚌埠市时代电子有限公司 | Cleaning friction-reducing high-efficiency drawing oil |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 刘阳等: "水基拉丝润滑液的管理与优化实践", 《金属制品》 * |
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