CN111410280A - Secondary water supply intelligent chlorine supplementing method based on common low-range chlorine residue instrument - Google Patents
Secondary water supply intelligent chlorine supplementing method based on common low-range chlorine residue instrument Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a secondary water supply intelligent chlorine supplementing method based on a common low-range chlorine residual instrument. The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method has the advantages that the potential health hazard which is possibly brought to users by the high-concentration sodium hypochlorite solution is avoided, the result accuracy is high, the requirement for accurately calculating the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution can be met, the energy is saved, the size is small, the installation is convenient, the cost of chlorine supplementing equipment is greatly saved, the difficulty of equipment maintenance is reduced, and the automatic operation can be realized; the whole monitoring, sampling, diluting, liquid adding and adding processes of the invention are automatically carried out, and the invention has simple and convenient maintenance and very high intelligent degree.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of secondary water supply of urban water supply network systems, in particular to a secondary water supply intelligent chlorine supplementing method based on a common low-range chlorine residual instrument.
Background
The residual chlorine refers to the amount of effective chlorine left in water after the chlorine-containing disinfectant is contacted with water for a certain time when the chlorine-containing disinfectant is used for disinfection, the effective chlorine refers to the action of a certain amount of the chlorine-containing disinfectant and acid, and the oxidation capacity of the chlorine-containing disinfectant is equivalent to the oxidation capacity of chlorine by weight when the reaction is complete, so that the oxidation capacity of the chlorine-containing disinfectant is measured.
The secondary water supply is a water supply mode for supplying water to users or self-using water through storage, pressurization and other facilities through pipelines when the requirements of domestic and industrial building drinking water on water pressure and water quantity exceed the capacity of a public water supply network in cities and towns or a water supply network of self-built facilities. The secondary water supply facility mainly comprises a water storage device, a pressurizing device and a pipeline. The secondary water supply and storage equipment (hereinafter referred to as a water tank) is used as the tail end of an urban water supply network system to play a role of ensuring the quality safety of tap water as the last barrier, the tap water can stay in the water tank for a period of time, if the stay time is too long, the concentration of residual chlorine can be attenuated to a very low level, the effect of effectively killing microorganisms in water is not achieved, and the microorganism index of the tap water in the water tank exceeds the standard.
The method comprises the steps of adding a certain amount of chlorine-containing disinfectant into a water tank when the concentration of residual chlorine in tap water in the water tank is low to a certain degree, wherein the method is an effective method for solving the problem that the concentration of residual chlorine in the water tank is low, the method is also called chlorine supplementing, common chlorine-containing disinfectants comprise liquid chlorine, chloramine and sodium hypochlorite, wherein the requirements on transportation and storage conditions of the liquid chlorine are very high and are not suitable for unattended automatic management in residential areas, the chloramine can be disinfected only by needing to be in contact with tap water for a long time and is not suitable for disinfection at the tail end of a pipe network system, the sodium hypochlorite is the best choice for supplementing chlorine to the tap water in the water tank, the used sodium hypochlorite can be produced on site through a sodium hypochlorite generator, or can be obtained through the purchased sodium hypochlorite raw liquid finished product, more problems need to be considered when the sodium hypochlorite generator is produced on site, for example, the problem that how to solve the problem that the sodium hypochlorite is produced by the conventional sodium hypochlorite generators, how to discharge hydrogen generated in the electrolytic process is safe, how to clean the electrolytic tanks after the electrolytic tanks are scaled, how to solve the acid pickling and scaling problem of the scale, how to solve the scale discharge of electrolytic tanks, the discharge of the sodium hypochlorite discharge problem that the discharge of the sodium hypochlorite before the sodium hypochlorite concentration calculation is stable, how to the sodium hypochlorite concentration of the sodium hypochlorite generator is reached, how to the sodium hypochlorite concentration of the sodium hypochlorite generator is calculated, how to the sodium hypochlorite concentration of the sodium hypochlorite used in the sodium hypochlorite generator is measured, how to be used in the sodium hypochlorite generator is accurately calculated, how to be in the sodium hypochlorite generator is accurately measured, how to be used in the sodium hypochlorite generator is accurate sodium hypochlorite concentration of the sodium hypochlorite generator is accurate sodium hypochlorite concentration of the effective solution is accurate sodium hypochlorite concentration of the tap water is equal to reach the effective solution, how to reach the effective solution of.
The prior art with the Chinese patent application number of 2018112400111 discloses a method and a system for controlling chlorine addition of secondary water supply by a composite ring in 2019, 2.15.A method and a system for controlling chlorine addition of secondary water supply by adding a sodium hypochlorite solution in proportion according to water inlet flow according to default addition coefficient, and adjusting the addition coefficient according to a residual chlorine concentration signal in outlet water fed back by a water outlet end after a period of time, so that the cycle is realized.A defect still exists in the prior art in the practical application process, namely 1) the effective chlorine content of the added sodium hypochlorite solution is not detected in real time, and the effective chlorine content is calculated according to the effective chlorine content marked during purchase, the method can lead to serious shortage of the addition amount due to the attenuation of the sodium hypochlorite solution after a period of time, and greatly reduces the effectiveness for killing microorganisms in water, 2) the purchased sodium hypochlorite solution has very high effective chlorine content (the effective chlorine content of 10% sodium hypochlorite solution is 100 g/L), and cannot be directly added into a water tank for use, because the high-concentration sodium hypochlorite solution can be uniformly mixed with tap water in the water tank after the water enters the water tank, and the tap water is continuously used, so that the high-concentration sodium hypochlorite solution is damaged by the high-concentration sodium hypochlorite solution, and the high-concentration water is easily corroded by the tap water in the tap water tank, and the tap water can be directly under the condition that the high-concentration water is damaged by the high-concentration water is caused by the high-concentration water-caused by the high-added sodium hypochlorite solution, and the high-added water.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a secondary water supply intelligent chlorine supplementing method based on a common low-range chlorine residual instrument, which can enable tap water in a water tank to continuously maintain sufficient chlorine residual concentration.
The invention aims to realize the method for intelligently supplementing chlorine by secondary water supply based on the common low-range chlorine residual instrument, which comprises the following steps of:
s1, monitoring the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in the water tank in real time by using a low-range online residual chlorine meter, and starting chlorine supplementing work when the residual chlorine concentration is equal to or lower than a set residual chlorine safety value;
s2, sampling for the first time, adding a certain amount of sodium hypochlorite stock solution into a first dilution tank, and determining the presumption value of the available chlorine content;
s3, diluting sodium hypochlorite stock solution added into the first dilution tank to obtain intermediate diluent, calculating the volume of the intermediate diluent added into the second dilution tank from the first dilution tank according to the target value of the concentration of residual chlorine to be diluted, and diluting the added intermediate diluent again in the second dilution tank to form measurable diluent;
s4, detecting the residual chlorine concentration of the measurable diluent by using the same residual chlorine meter for detecting the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in the water tank, and judging whether the quantitative intermediate diluent needs to be added into the second diluent tank from the first diluent tank for secondary dilution in the step S3 again according to the detection result; if the detection result is more than or equal to the residual chlorine comparison value, directly performing the step S5, and if the detection result is less than the residual chlorine comparison value, performing the step S5 after finishing adding the quantitative intermediate diluent from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank again for secondary dilution and secondary concentration detection;
s5, calculating the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution and the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time; firstly adding the rest measurable diluent in the second dilution tank into a water inlet tank, sampling the sodium hypochlorite stock solution for the second time according to the calculation result, adding the sodium hypochlorite stock solution into the first dilution tank, and mixing the sodium hypochlorite stock solution with the rest intermediate diluent to form a mixed solution;
s6, performing dilution and adding work after the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is sampled for the second time, diluting the sodium hypochlorite stock solution to an available concentration range through two-wheel dilution of two dilution tanks, and adding the available dilution solution into a water tank after the dilution work of the second dilution tank is completed each time; and repeating three actions of adding liquid, diluting in the second dilution tank and adding until the chlorine supplementing work of tap water in the water tank is completed.
According to the invention, on the basis of the existing low-range online residual chlorine instrument technology, the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is diluted to the concentration range which can be accurately detected by the low-range online residual chlorine instrument, then the residual chlorine concentration is detected, so that the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is accurately calculated, the amount of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution which needs to be added is calculated according to actual needs, and the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is diluted to the available concentration range and then is added into a water tank for increasing the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in the water tank.
Further, in step S1, the safety value of residual chlorine is an artificially set value of residual chlorine concentration, which means that when the residual chlorine concentration of the tap water in the water tank is reduced to the value, the replenishment of chlorine to the tap water in the water tank needs to be started, and C is used0The value range is 0.05-0.3 mg/L, preferably 0.15 mg/L.
Further, in step S2, the volume of the sodium hypochlorite solution sampled for the first time is manually set; the method for determining the presumption value of the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution comprises the following steps: assuming that the estimation value of the available chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is C1Taking the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution obtained by the last calculation as C1If the chlorine supplementing equipment is started for the first time after the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is added, taking the effective chlorine content marked by the sodium hypochlorite stock solution as C1The value of (c).
Further, in step S3, the dilution operation after the first sampling of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is performed by a dilution device composed of two dilution tanks, and the dilution device dilutes the sodium hypochlorite stock solution into a range in which the low-range online residual chlorine meter can accurately detect by using a two-cycle dilution method of the first dilution tank and the second dilution tank; firstly, carrying out first round dilution on sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the first time in a first dilution tank by a dilution device to obtain intermediate dilution liquid, then adding a certain amount of the intermediate dilution liquid into a second dilution tank, and carrying out second round dilution on the intermediate dilution liquid added in a certain amount in the second dilution tank to obtain measurable dilution liquid; the dilution water used in the two-round dilution process is taken from the water tank;
setting the volume of the intermediate diluent added from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank in the dilution process after the first sampling as V2Then V is2The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein, VaIs the effective volume of the first dilution tank, VbIs the second dilutionThe effective volume of the tank; v1For the first sampling of the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution, set V1When it is needed to satisfy 0.001Va≤V1≤0.004Va；CmThe residual chlorine concentration target value of the measurable diluent is obtained after the set intermediate diluent is diluted again, and the value range of the residual chlorine concentration target value is 0.1-1.0 mg/L, and preferably 0.6 mg/L.
Further, in step S4, the comparison value of residual chlorine is an artificially set value of residual chlorine concentration for determining whether or not a predetermined amount of intermediate diluent is required to be added from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank for further dilution, and C is used to determine whether or not the intermediate diluent is required to be added again2The value range is 0.15-0.4 mg/L, preferably 0.25 mg/L, and the residual chlorine concentration of the measurable diluent obtained by detection is CjIf C is presentj≥C2Directly go to step S5; if C is presentj<C2Then, adding a quantitative intermediate diluent from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank for secondary dilution;
adding a certain amount of intermediate diluent from the first diluting tank to the second diluting tank for another dilution requires adding all the measurable diluent in the second diluting tank to the water tank, and then recalculating the volume of the intermediate diluent added from the first diluting tank to the second diluting tank, and setting the volume as V2/cThen V is2/cThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein, Cm/cAdding the set intermediate diluent from the first diluting tank into the second diluting tank again for secondary dilution to obtain a residual chlorine concentration target value of the measurable diluent, wherein the value range of the residual chlorine concentration target value is 0.1-1.0 mg/L, and the optimal residual chlorine concentration target value is 0.5 mg/L;
adding a certain amount of intermediate diluent from the first diluting tank to the second diluting tank again, and detecting the residual chlorine concentration C of the measurable diluent again after the end of secondary dilutionj/c。
Further, in step S5, the method for calculating the available chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution includes: and if the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is C, then:
further, in step S5, the method for calculating the volume of the sodium hypochlorite solution sampled for the second time includes: let the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time be V'1And then:
h is the height of the water level of tap water in the water tank detected when the concentration of residual chlorine in the tap water in the water tank is equal to or lower than a residual chlorine safety value, and S is the horizontal longitudinal section area of the water tank; ctThe residual chlorine increasing value is an artificially set residual chlorine concentration value, which is a value for increasing the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in a water tank after chlorine is supplemented once, and the value range of the residual chlorine increasing value is 0.1-0.4 mg/L, preferably 0.2 mg/L.
Further, in step S6, the dilution operation after the second sampling of the sodium hypochlorite solution is performed by the dilution device, and the dilution device dilutes the sodium hypochlorite solution into a usable range by two dilution methods of the first dilution tank and the second dilution tank; the diluting device firstly dilutes the mixed solution for the first time in the first diluting tank to obtain new intermediate diluent, then quantitatively adds the new intermediate diluent into the second diluting tank for multiple times, and dilutes the new intermediate diluent quantitatively added each time in the second diluting tank for the second time to obtain available diluent; the dilution water used in the two-round dilution process is taken from the water tank; during the dilution process, the volume of new intermediate diluent added from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank needs to be calculated and is set as V'2The calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, CkTo be provided withAnd after the new intermediate diluent in the first diluting tank is used up and the available diluent in the second diluting tank is completely added into the water tank, ending the chlorine supplementing work for tap water in the water tank.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the following advantages:
1. according to the invention, the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is diluted to the concentration range which can be accurately detected by the technically mature low-range online residual chlorine instrument for detection, and then the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is calculated, so that the result accuracy is high, and the requirement for accurately calculating the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution can be met;
2. the invention uses one low-range online residual chlorine meter to detect the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in the water tank and the residual chlorine concentration of the measurable diluent, thereby greatly saving the cost of chlorine supplementing equipment;
3. according to the method, after the diluting work after the first sampling is finished, the residual chlorine concentration of the measurable diluent is detected, and whether the work of adding quantitative intermediate diluent from the first diluting tank to the second diluting tank for secondary diluting needs to be carried out again is judged according to the detection result, so that the error caused by the fact that the residual chlorine concentration of the measurable diluent is close to that of diluting water is effectively reduced, and the accuracy of calculating the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is improved;
4. the invention uses the sodium hypochlorite stock solution finished product to supplement chlorine, has simple method, and is particularly suitable for being used in an unattended place such as a secondary water supply tank;
5. the residual chlorine concentration of the available diluent fed into the water inlet tank is lower than 4 mg/L, so that the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in the water tank is improved, and the potential health hazard which may be brought to users by using a high-concentration sodium hypochlorite solution is avoided;
6. the diluting water is taken from the water tank, so that the trouble of additionally providing a water source is avoided;
7. according to the method, whether chlorine needs to be supplemented and the amount of the added chlorine are determined according to the real-time monitored residual chlorine concentration of the tap water in the water tank, so that energy is saved, and the difficulty of equipment maintenance is reduced;
8. the invention uses a diluting device which is jointly acted by two diluting tanks with the volume less than 40ml, can dilute the sodium hypochlorite stock solution by about 3000-30000 times, greatly saves the volume of the diluting tank (the volume of the diluting tank needs more than 1000 liters if a method of using one diluting tank is used) compared with the diluting device which only uses one diluting tank for diluting, and brings great convenience for production, transportation and installation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a structure according to the present invention.
In the figure: 1. the intelligent controller comprises an intelligent controller, 2, a water tank, 3, a stock solution storage tank, 4, a storage tank water level switch, 5, a sampling pump, 6, a sampling pipe, 7, a first dilution tank, 8, a second dilution tank, 9, a dilution tank water level switch, 10, a stirrer, 11, a water adding pump, 12, a water adding main pipe, 13, a water adding electromagnetic valve, 14, a water adding branch pipe, 15, a liquid adding pump, 16, a liquid adding pipe, 17, a feeding pump, 18, a feeding pipe, 19, a water level meter, 20, a residual chlorine meter, 21, a water guide pipe, 22, a first water guide electromagnetic valve, 23, a second water guide electromagnetic valve, 24, a data acquisition module, 25, a data storage module, 26, a data processing module, 27, a control module, 28 and a communication module.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the figures and examples.
Example 1
The invention provides a secondary water supply intelligent chlorine supplementing method based on a common low-range chlorine residual instrument, and as shown in figure 1, equipment or a device used in the chlorine supplementing method comprises a stock solution storage sampling device, a dilution adding device, a monitoring device and an intelligent controller 1. The stock solution storage and sampling device comprises a stock solution storage tank 3, a storage tank water level switch 4 and a sampling assembly, wherein the sampling assembly comprises a sampling pipe 6 and a sampling pump 5, one end of the sampling pipe 6 is connected with the stock solution storage tank 3, and the sampling pump 5 is arranged on the sampling pipe 6; the dilution and addition device comprises a first dilution tank 7, a second dilution tank 8, a dilution tank water level switch 9 and a stirrer 10 which are arranged in the first dilution tank 7 and the second dilution tank 8, a water adding assembly, a liquid adding assembly and an addition assembly, wherein the water adding assembly comprises a water adding main pipe 12, a water adding pump 11 arranged on the water adding main pipe 12 and water adding branch pipes 14 which are connected with the water adding main pipe 12, and water adding electromagnetic valves 13 are respectively arranged on the water adding branch pipes 14; the liquid adding assembly comprises a liquid adding pipe 16 and a liquid adding pump 15 arranged on the liquid adding pipe 16, and two ends of the liquid adding pipe 16 are respectively communicated with the first dilution tank 7 and the second dilution tank 8; the feeding component comprises a feeding pipe 18 and a feeding pump 17 arranged on the feeding pipe 18, and two ends of the feeding pipe 18 are respectively communicated with the second dilution tank 8 and the water tank 2; the monitoring device comprises a residual chlorine monitoring assembly and a water level gauge 19 arranged in the water tank 2, wherein the residual chlorine monitoring assembly comprises a residual chlorine meter 20, a water conduit 21, a first water-leading electromagnetic valve 22 and a second water-leading electromagnetic valve 23, the water conduit 21 is of a three-way pipe structure, one end of the water conduit 21 is communicated with the water tank 2 through the first water-leading electromagnetic valve 22, the other end of the water conduit is communicated with the second dilution tank 8 through the second water-leading electromagnetic valve 23, and the other end of the water conduit is communicated with the residual chlorine meter 20; the intelligent controller 1 comprises a data acquisition module 24, a data storage module 25, a data processing module 26, a control module 27 and a communication module 28. The water level switch, the water level gauge 19 and the residual chlorine meter 20 are collectively called as sensors, and all the sensors are connected with a data acquisition module 24 of the intelligent controller 1; the water pump, the solenoid valve and the stirrer 10 are collectively called as dedicated equipment, and all the dedicated equipment is connected with the control module 27 of the intelligent controller 1. All containers, pipelines, sensors and special equipment except the intelligent controller 1 are conventional products sold in the market, and the intelligent controller 1 is an integrated circuit board and the core of the intelligent controller is a data processing module 26 using a single chip microcomputer.
Specifically, the method for intelligently supplementing chlorine by secondary water supply based on the common low-range chlorine residual instrument comprises the following steps:
s1, monitoring the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in the water tank 2 in real time by using the low-range online residual chlorine meter 20, and starting chlorine supplementing work when the residual chlorine concentration is equal to or lower than a set residual chlorine safety value;
in step S1, the chlorine residual meter 20 is a low-range on-line chlorine residual meterThe residual chlorine safety value is a residual chlorine concentration value which is manually set, and means that when the residual chlorine concentration of the tap water in the water tank 2 is reduced to the value, the chlorine supplementation of the tap water in the water tank 2 needs to be started, and C is used0The value range is 0.05-0.3 mg/L, preferably 0.15 mg/L;
s2, sampling for the first time, adding a certain amount of sodium hypochlorite stock solution into a first dilution tank, and determining the presumption value of the available chlorine content;
the volume of the primary sampling of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is set manually, and the intelligent controller 1 starts the sampling pump 5 to add the sodium hypochlorite stock solution into the first dilution tank 7 from the stock solution storage tank 3;
in step S2, the method for determining the estimated value of the available chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution includes: assuming that the estimation value of the available chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is C1Taking the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution obtained by the last calculation as C1If the chlorine supplementing equipment is started for the first time after the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is added, taking the effective chlorine content marked by the sodium hypochlorite stock solution as C1；
S3, diluting sodium hypochlorite stock solution in the first dilution tank to obtain intermediate dilution liquid, calculating the volume of the intermediate dilution liquid added from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank according to the target value of the concentration of residual chlorine to be diluted, and diluting the added intermediate dilution liquid in the second dilution tank again to form measurable dilution liquid;
in step S3, the dilution operation after the first sampling of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is performed by the dilution device, and the dilution device dilutes the sodium hypochlorite stock solution into a range in which the low-range online chlorine residual instrument can accurately detect by two successive dilutions of the first dilution tank 7 and the second dilution tank 8; the specific method of the first round of dilution is as follows: after a certain amount of sodium hypochlorite stock solution is added into a first dilution tank 7, an intelligent controller 1 starts a water adding pump 11 and a corresponding water adding electromagnetic valve 13 to add water into the first dilution tank 7, when the water level in the first dilution tank reaches a set position, a dilution tank water level switch 9 sends a signal for stopping adding water to the intelligent controller 1, the intelligent controller 1 receives the signal, then closes the water adding pump 11 and the water adding electromagnetic valve 13, simultaneously starts a corresponding stirrer 10, finishes the first round of dilution after the stirring is finished, and the solution obtained after the first round of dilution is called intermediate dilution; the specific method of the second round of dilution is as follows: the intelligent controller 1 firstly calculates the volume of intermediate diluent added into the second dilution tank 8 from the first dilution tank 7 according to the following calculation method, then starts the liquid adding pump 15 to add the intermediate diluent with the volume into the second dilution tank 8, then starts the water adding pump 11 and the corresponding water adding electromagnetic valve 13 to add water into the second dilution tank 8, when the water level in the second dilution tank reaches a set position, the water level switch 9 of the dilution tank sends a signal for stopping adding water to the intelligent controller 1, the intelligent controller 1 closes the water adding pump 11 and the water adding electromagnetic valve 13 after receiving the signal, simultaneously starts the corresponding stirrer 10, finishes the second round of dilution after the stirring is finished, and the solution obtained after the second round of dilution is finished is called measurable diluent; the water for dilution used in the two-round dilution process is taken from the water tank 2;
the volume of the intermediate diluent added from the first dilution tank 7 to the second dilution tank 8 in the dilution process after the first sampling is set as V2Then V is2The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein, VaIs the effective volume, V, of the first dilution tank 7bIs the effective volume of the second dilution tank 8; v1For the first sampling of the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution, set V1When it is needed to satisfy 0.001Va≤V1≤0.004VaThe purpose of setting the condition is to ensure that the dilution multiple of the first round of dilution reaches 250-1000 times; cmThe residual chlorine concentration target value of the measurable diluent obtained after the intermediate diluent is subjected to secondary dilution is in a value range of 0.1-1.0 mg/L, preferably 0.6 mg/L;
s4, detecting the residual chlorine concentration of the measurable diluent by using the same residual chlorine meter for detecting the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in the water tank 2, and judging whether the work of adding quantitative intermediate diluent from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank for secondary dilution in the step S3 is needed again according to the detection result; if the detection result is more than or equal to the residual chlorine comparison value, directly performing the step S5, and if the detection result is less than the residual chlorine comparison value, performing the step S5 after finishing adding the quantitative intermediate diluent from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank again for secondary dilution work and secondary concentration detection;
in this step, before detecting the concentration of the residual chlorine in the measurable diluent, the intelligent controller 1 closes the first water diversion electromagnetic valve 22 to close the water inlet from the water tank 2 in the water inlet of the residual chlorine meter 20, and then opens the second water diversion electromagnetic valve 23 to open the water inlet from the second dilution tank 8 in the water inlet of the residual chlorine meter 20; after the concentration of the residual chlorine in the measurable diluent is detected, the intelligent controller 1 firstly closes the second water diversion electromagnetic valve 23 to close the water inlet from the second dilution tank 8 in the water inlet of the residual chlorine meter 20, and then opens the first water diversion electromagnetic valve 22 to open the water inlet from the water tank 2 in the water inlet of the residual chlorine meter 20, so that the residual chlorine meter 20 continuously monitors the concentration of the residual chlorine in the tap water of the water tank 2 in real time;
in step S4, the comparison value of residual chlorine is an artificially set value of residual chlorine concentration for determining whether a quantitative intermediate diluent is required to be added from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank for further dilution, and C is used2The value range is 0.15-0.4 mg/L, preferably 0.25 mg/L, and the residual chlorine concentration of the measurable diluent obtained by detection is CjThe intelligent controller 1 compares CjAnd C2Size of (2) when Cj≥C2If yes, go to step S5; when C is presentj<C2If so, adding all the measurable diluent in the second dilution tank in the step S3 into the water tank, and adding a certain amount of intermediate diluent from the first dilution tank into the second dilution tank for secondary dilution; the reason why this step is provided is if CjAnd C0Too close, large measurement errors and calculation errors occur;
let V be the volume of the intermediate dilution liquid fed again from the first dilution tank 7 to the second dilution tank 82/cSetting the residual chlorine concentration target value of the measurable diluent obtained by adding the intermediate diluent from the first dilution tank into the second dilution tank again for dilution as Cm/cThe value range is 0.1-1.0 mg/L, and the preference is0.5 mg/L, then:
the intelligent controller 1 starts the liquid adding pump 15 to make the volume V2/cAdding the intermediate diluted solution into a second dilution tank 8, diluting again, and detecting the residual chlorine concentration of the obtained measurable diluted solution after the dilution is finished, wherein the residual chlorine concentration is marked as Cj/c；
S5, calculating the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution and the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time, firstly adding the rest measurable dilution solution in the second dilution tank 8 into the water inlet tank 2, secondly sampling the sodium hypochlorite stock solution according to the calculation result, adding the sampled sodium hypochlorite stock solution into the first dilution tank 7, and mixing the sampled sodium hypochlorite stock solution with the rest intermediate dilution solution to form a mixed solution;
in step S5, the method for calculating the available chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution includes: and if the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is C, then:
in step S5, the method for calculating the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time includes: let the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time be V'1And then:
wherein H is the height of the water level of the water tank 2 detected by the water level gauge 19 when the concentration of the residual chlorine in the tap water in the water tank 2 is equal to or lower than the safety value of the residual chlorine, S is the area of the horizontal longitudinal section of the water tank 2, and the horizontal longitudinal section of the water tank 2 is the section obtained by cutting the water tank 2 by a plane parallel to the length and width of the water tank 2; ctThe residual chlorine increasing value is an artificially set residual chlorine concentration value, which is a value for increasing the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in the water tank 2 after chlorine is supplemented once, and the value range of the residual chlorine increasing value is 0.1-0.4 mg/L, preferably 0.2 mg/L.
The intelligent controller 1 is started firstAdding the measurable diluent in the second dilution tank 8 into the water tank 2 by the adding pump 17, and then starting the sampling pump 5 to add the volume V'1The sodium hypochlorite stock solution is added into a first dilution tank 7 and is mixed with the rest intermediate dilution solution to form a mixed solution;
s6, performing dilution and adding work after the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is sampled for the second time, diluting the sodium hypochlorite stock solution to an available concentration range through two-wheel dilution of two dilution tanks, and adding the available dilution solution in the second dilution tank to a water tank after the dilution work of the second dilution tank is completed each time; and repeating three actions of adding liquid, diluting in the second dilution tank and adding until the chlorine supplementing work of tap water in the water tank is completed.
In step S6, the dilution operation after the second sampling of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is performed by the dilution device, and the dilution device dilutes the sodium hypochlorite stock solution into a usable range by two dilution methods, namely, the first dilution tank 7 and the second dilution tank 8; after sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time is added into the first dilution tank 7, the intelligent controller 1 starts the water adding pump 11 and the corresponding water adding electromagnetic valve 13 to add water into the first dilution tank 7, when the water level in the sodium hypochlorite stock solution reaches a set position, the water level switch 9 of the dilution tank sends a signal for stopping adding water to the intelligent controller 1, the intelligent controller 1 receives the signal, then closes the water adding pump 11 and the water adding electromagnetic valve 13, simultaneously starts the corresponding stirrer 10, finishes the first round of dilution after the stirring is finished, and obtains a solution after the first round of dilution and calls new intermediate dilution; the second round of dilution is carried out for multiple times, and the specific method of each time is as follows: the intelligent controller 1 firstly calculates the volume of new intermediate diluent added into the second diluent tank 8 from the first diluent tank 7 according to the following calculation method, then starts the liquid adding pump 15 to add the new intermediate diluent of the volume into the second diluent tank 8, then starts the water adding pump 11 and the corresponding water adding electromagnetic valve 13 to add water into the second diluent tank 8, when the water level in the water adding pump reaches a set position, the water level switch 9 of the diluent tank sends a signal for stopping adding water to the intelligent controller 1, the intelligent controller 1 closes the water adding pump 11 and the water adding electromagnetic valve 13 after receiving the signal, simultaneously starts the corresponding stirrer 10, finishes the second round of dilution after the stirring is finished, and the solution obtained after the second round of dilution is called as available diluent; the water for dilution used in the two-round dilution process is taken from the water tank 2;
during the dilution process, the volume of new intermediate diluent added from the first dilution tank 7 to the second dilution tank 8 needs to be calculated and is set as V'2The calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, CkThe method comprises the steps of setting a target residual chlorine concentration of available diluent, wherein the value range of the target residual chlorine concentration is 2-4 mg/L, preferably 3 mg/L, starting an adding pump 17 by an intelligent controller 1 after dilution work of a second dilution tank is completed each time to add the available diluent in the second dilution tank 8 into a water tank 2, quantitatively adding new intermediate diluent in a first dilution tank into the second dilution tank by an adding finger, adding the available diluent in the second dilution tank into the water tank by the adding finger, and finishing chlorine supplementing work for tap water in the water tank after the new intermediate diluent in the first dilution tank is used up and the available diluent in the second dilution tank is completely added into the water tank.
Example 2
Based on embodiment 1, the present embodiment is further described with specific data, and the volume of the managed water tank 2 is set to 5.5 × 3 × 2-33 m3The horizontal longitudinal section area is 5.5 × 3 ═ 16.5m2。
Specifically, in step S1, the low-range online chlorine residual instrument is used to monitor the residual chlorine concentration of the tap water in the water tank 2 in real time, the safety value of the residual chlorine is set to 0.15 mg/L, and at a certain time, the residual chlorine instrument 20 monitors that the residual chlorine concentration of the tap water in the water tank 2 is reduced to 0.15 mg/L, so that the intelligent controller 1 starts the chlorine supplementing operation.
In step S2, the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the first time is set to 20ml, the intelligent controller 1 starts the sampling pump 5 to add the sodium hypochlorite stock solution with 20ml into the first dilution tank 7 after the chlorine supplementing work is started, and the indication value of the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution of 100 g/L is taken as the effective chlorine of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution because the chlorine supplementing started this time is the first time after the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is addedGuess of content, i.e. C1＝100g/L。
In the step S3, the dilution work after the primary sampling of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is implemented by a dilution device, and the dilution device adopts a method of two successive times of dilution of a first dilution tank 7 and a second dilution tank 8 to dilute the sodium hypochlorite stock solution to a range in which the low-range online chlorine residual instrument can accurately detect; the specific method of the first round of dilution is as follows: after 20ml of sodium hypochlorite stock solution is added into a first dilution tank 7, an intelligent controller 1 starts a water adding pump 11 and a corresponding water adding electromagnetic valve 13 to add water into the first dilution tank 7, when the water level in the first dilution tank reaches a set position, a dilution tank water level switch 9 sends a signal for stopping adding water to the intelligent controller 1, the intelligent controller 1 receives the signal, then closes the water adding pump 11 and the water adding electromagnetic valve 13, simultaneously starts a corresponding stirrer 10, finishes the first round of dilution after the stirring is finished, and the solution obtained after the first round of dilution is called intermediate dilution; the specific method of the second round of dilution is as follows: the intelligent controller 1 firstly calculates the volume of the intermediate diluent added into the second dilution tank 8 from the first dilution tank 7 to be 77ml according to the following calculation method, then starts the liquid adding pump 15 to add the 77ml of the intermediate diluent into the second dilution tank 8, then starts the water adding pump 11 and the corresponding water adding electromagnetic valve 13 to add water into the second dilution tank 8, when the water level in the water adding pump reaches a set position, the water adding pump 11 and the water adding electromagnetic valve 13 are closed after the intelligent controller 1 receives the signal, simultaneously starts the corresponding stirrer 10, finishes the second round of dilution after the stirring is finished, and the solution obtained after the second round of dilution is called measurable diluent; the water for dilution used in the two-round dilution process is taken from the water tank 2;
the volume of the intermediate diluent added from the first dilution tank 7 to the second dilution tank 8 in the dilution process after the first sampling is set as V2Then calculate V2The method comprises the following steps: residual chlorine safety value C in this example0The effective volume V of the first dilution tank 7 was set to 0.15 mg/LaAnd the effective volume V of the second dilution tank 8b18.5L in each case, volume V of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution taken for the first time120ml, namely 0.02L, and the estimated value of the available chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solutionC1100 g/L, namely 100000 mg/L, and the set residual chlorine concentration target value C of the measurable dilution obtained after the second round of dilutionm0.6 mg/L, then:
in step S4, after the second round of dilution is completed, the same chlorine residual instrument 20 that detects the chlorine residual concentration of the tap water in the water tank 2 is used to detect the chlorine residual concentration of the measurable dilution; before the measurable diluting liquid residual chlorine concentration is detected, the intelligent controller 1 closes the first water diversion electromagnetic valve 22 to close the water inlet from the water tank 2 in the water inlet of the residual chlorine meter 20, and then opens the second water diversion electromagnetic valve 23 to open the water inlet from the second diluting tank 8 in the water inlet of the residual chlorine meter 20; after the concentration of the residual chlorine in the measurable diluent is detected, the intelligent controller 1 firstly closes the second water diversion electromagnetic valve 23 to close the water inlet from the second dilution tank 8 in the water inlet of the residual chlorine meter 20, and then opens the first water diversion electromagnetic valve 22 to open the water inlet from the water tank 2 in the water inlet of the residual chlorine meter 20, so that the residual chlorine meter 20 continuously monitors the concentration of the residual chlorine in the tap water of the water tank 2 in real time;
this example detects measurable diluent residual chlorine concentration CjThe result was 0.49 mg/L, comparative residual chlorine value C2Set to 0.25 mg/L due to Cj>C2Therefore, the process proceeds directly to step S5.
In the step S5, the available chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite solution is C, because Cj≥C2Therefore:
let the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time be V'1When the concentration of residual chlorine in the tap water in the water tank 2 is reduced to a residual chlorine safety value of 0.15 mg/L, the water level height H of the water tank 2 detected by the water level gauge 19 is 1.053m, and the horizontal longitudinal section area S of the water tank 2 is 16.5m2Residual chlorine increase value CtSet to 0.2 mg/L, then:
the intelligent controller 1 starts the feeding pump 17 to feed the rest measurable diluent in the second dilution tank 8 into the water inlet tank 2, and then starts the sampling pump 5 to feed the sodium hypochlorite stock solution with the volume of 26ml into the first dilution tank 7 to be mixed with the rest intermediate diluent, so as to obtain the mixed solution.
In step S6, the dilution operation after the sodium hypochlorite solution is sampled for the second time is performed by a dilution device, and the dilution device dilutes the sodium hypochlorite solution into an available range by using a two-stage dilution method of a first dilution tank 7 and a second dilution tank 8; the specific method of the first round of dilution is as follows: after sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time is added into the first dilution tank 7, the intelligent controller 1 starts the water adding pump 11 and the corresponding water adding electromagnetic valve 13 to add water into the first dilution tank 7, when the water level in the sodium hypochlorite stock solution reaches a set position, the water level switch 9 of the dilution tank sends a signal for stopping adding water to the intelligent controller 1, the intelligent controller 1 receives the signal, then closes the water adding pump 11 and the water adding electromagnetic valve 13, simultaneously starts the corresponding stirrer 10, finishes the first round of dilution after the stirring is finished, and obtains a solution after the first round of dilution and calls new intermediate dilution; the second round of dilution is carried out for multiple times, and the specific method of each time is as follows: the intelligent controller 1 firstly calculates that the volume of new intermediate diluent added into the second dilution tank 8 from the first dilution tank 7 is 281ml according to the following calculation method, then starts the liquid adding pump 15 to add 281ml of new intermediate diluent into the second dilution tank 8, then starts the water adding pump 11 and the corresponding water adding electromagnetic valve 13 to add water into the second dilution tank 8, when the water level therein reaches a set position, the water level switch 9 of the dilution tank sends a signal for stopping adding water to the intelligent controller 1, the intelligent controller 1 closes the water adding pump 11 and the water adding electromagnetic valve 13 after receiving the signal, simultaneously starts the corresponding stirrer 10, finishes the second round of dilution after the stirring is finished, and the solution obtained after the second round of dilution is called as available diluent; the water for dilution used in the two-round dilution process is taken from the water tank 2;
during the dilution it is necessary to calculate the volume V 'of new intermediate dilution liquid added from the primary dilution tank 7 to the secondary dilution tank 8'2The desired value C of the residual chlorine concentration of the diluent is usedkSet to 3 mg/L, then:
after each second round of dilution is completed, the intelligent controller 1 starts the dosing pump 17 to add the available diluent in the second dilution tank 8 into the water tank 2;
and repeating three actions of adding liquid, diluting in the second dilution tank and adding until the chlorine supplementing work of tap water in the water tank is completed. The liquid adding means quantitatively adds new intermediate diluent in the first dilution tank 7 into the second dilution tank 8, and the adding means adds available diluent in the second dilution tank 8 into the water tank 2; when the new intermediate dilution liquid in the first dilution tank 7 is used up and the available dilution liquid in the second dilution tank 8 is completely added to the water tank 2, the chlorine supplementing operation for the tap water in the water tank 2 is finished.
In conclusion, when the residual chlorine concentration is lower than the set value, the method can firstly dilute the high-concentration sodium hypochlorite stock solution to the range which can be accurately detected by the low-range online residual chlorine meter to detect the residual chlorine concentration, then calculate the accurate effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution, and then dilute the quantitative high-concentration sodium hypochlorite stock solution to the concentration range which is allowed to be used by laws and regulations according to actual needs. The whole monitoring, sampling, diluting, liquid adding and adding processes of the invention are automatically carried out, and the invention has simple and convenient maintenance and very high intelligent degree.
Claims (8)
1. A secondary water supply intelligent chlorine supplementing method based on a common low-range chlorine residual instrument comprises the following steps:
s1, monitoring the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in the water tank in real time by using a low-range online residual chlorine meter, and starting chlorine supplementing work when the residual chlorine concentration is equal to or lower than a set residual chlorine safety value;
s2, sampling for the first time, adding a certain amount of sodium hypochlorite stock solution into a first dilution tank, and determining the presumption value of the available chlorine content;
s3, diluting sodium hypochlorite stock solution added into the first dilution tank to obtain intermediate diluent, calculating the volume of the intermediate diluent added into the second dilution tank from the first dilution tank according to the target value of the concentration of residual chlorine to be diluted, and diluting the added intermediate diluent again in the second dilution tank to form measurable diluent;
s4, detecting the residual chlorine concentration of the measurable diluent by using the same residual chlorine meter for detecting the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in the water tank, and judging whether the quantitative intermediate diluent needs to be added into the second diluent tank from the first diluent tank for secondary dilution in the step S3 again according to the detection result; if the detection result is more than or equal to the residual chlorine comparison value, directly performing the step S5, and if the detection result is less than the residual chlorine comparison value, performing the step S5 after finishing adding the quantitative intermediate diluent from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank again for secondary dilution and secondary concentration detection;
s5, calculating the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution and the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time; firstly adding the rest measurable diluent in the second dilution tank into a water inlet tank, sampling the sodium hypochlorite stock solution for the second time according to the calculation result, adding the sodium hypochlorite stock solution into the first dilution tank, and mixing the sodium hypochlorite stock solution with the rest intermediate diluent to form a mixed solution;
s6, performing dilution and adding work after the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is sampled for the second time, diluting the sodium hypochlorite stock solution to an available concentration range through two-wheel dilution of two dilution tanks, and adding the available dilution solution into a water tank after the dilution work of the second dilution tank is completed each time; and repeating three actions of adding liquid, diluting in the second dilution tank and adding until the chlorine supplementing work of tap water in the water tank is completed.
2. The intelligent chlorine supplementing method for the secondary water supply based on the common low-range chlorine residue instrument as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S1, the safety value of the chlorine residue is an artificially set value of the concentration of the chlorine residue, which means that when the concentration of the chlorine residue in the tap water in the water tank is reduced to the value, the chlorine supplementing to the tap water in the water tank needs to be started, and C is used0The value range is 0.05-0.3 mg/L.
3. The method for intelligently supplementing chlorine in secondary water supply based on the common low-range chlorine residual instrument as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S2, the volume of the primary sampling of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is set manually; the method for determining the presumption value of the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution comprises the following steps: assuming that the estimation value of the available chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is C1Taking the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution obtained by the last calculation as C1If the chlorine supplementing equipment is started for the first time after the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is added, taking the effective chlorine content marked by the sodium hypochlorite stock solution as C1The value of (c).
4. The method for intelligently supplementing chlorine through secondary water supply based on the common low-range chlorine residual instrument according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, the dilution work of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution after the primary sampling is implemented through a dilution device consisting of two dilution tanks, and the dilution device adopts two successive times of dilution of the first dilution tank and the second dilution tank to dilute the sodium hypochlorite stock solution to a range where the low-range online chlorine residual instrument can accurately detect; firstly, carrying out first round dilution on sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the first time in a first dilution tank by a dilution device to obtain intermediate dilution liquid, then adding a certain amount of the intermediate dilution liquid into a second dilution tank, and carrying out second round dilution on the intermediate dilution liquid added in a certain amount in the second dilution tank to obtain measurable dilution liquid; the dilution water used in the two-round dilution process is taken from the water tank;
setting the volume of the intermediate diluent added from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank in the dilution process after the first sampling as V2Then V is2The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein, VaIs the effective volume of the first dilution tank, VbIs the effective volume of the second dilution tank; v1For the first sampling of the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution, set V1When it is needed to satisfy 0.001Va≤V1≤0.004Va；CmThe residual chlorine concentration target value of the measurable diluent is obtained after the set intermediate diluent is diluted again, and the value range of the residual chlorine concentration target value is 0.1-1.0 mg/L.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S4, the comparison value of residual chlorine is an artificially set value of residual chlorine concentration, and is used to determine whether a certain amount of intermediate diluent is required to be added from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank for further dilution, and C is used to add C to the intermediate diluent for further dilution2The value range is 0.15-0.4 mg/L, and the residual chlorine concentration of the measurable diluent obtained by detection is CjIf C is presentj≥C2Directly go to step S5; if C is presentj<C2Then, adding a quantitative intermediate diluent from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank for secondary dilution;
adding a certain amount of intermediate diluent from the first diluting tank to the second diluting tank for another dilution requires adding all the measurable diluent in the second diluting tank to the water tank, and then recalculating the volume of the intermediate diluent added from the first diluting tank to the second diluting tank, and setting the volume as V2/cThen V is2/cThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein, Cm/cAdding the set intermediate diluent from the first diluting tank into the second diluting tank again for secondary dilution to obtain the residual chlorine concentration target value of the measurable diluent, wherein the value range of the residual chlorine concentration target value is 0.1-1.0 mg/L;
adding a certain amount of intermediate diluent from the first diluting tank to the second diluting tank again, and detecting the residual chlorine concentration C of the measurable diluent again after the end of secondary dilutionj/c。
6. The method for intelligently supplementing chlorine to secondary water supply based on the common low-range chlorine residual instrument as claimed in claim 5, wherein in step S5, the method for calculating the available chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution comprises: and if the effective chlorine content of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution is C, then:
7. the method for intelligently supplementing chlorine by supplying water secondarily based on the common low-range residual chlorine instrument as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S5, the method for calculating the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time comprises: let the volume of the sodium hypochlorite stock solution sampled for the second time be V'1And then:
h is the height of the water level of tap water in the water tank detected when the concentration of residual chlorine in the tap water in the water tank is equal to or lower than a residual chlorine safety value, and S is the horizontal longitudinal section area of the water tank; ctThe residual chlorine increasing value is a manually set residual chlorine concentration value, which refers to a value for increasing the residual chlorine concentration of tap water in a water tank after chlorine is supplemented once, and the value range of the residual chlorine increasing value is 0.1-0.4 mg/L.
8. The method for intelligently supplementing chlorine by supplying water secondarily based on the common low-range residual chlorine instrument as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S6, the dilution operation after sampling the sodium hypochlorite stock solution secondarily is implemented by a dilution device, and the dilution device dilutes the sodium hypochlorite stock solution into a usable range by adopting a two-stage dilution method of a first dilution tank and a second dilution tank; the diluting device firstly dilutes the mixed solution for the first time in the first diluting tank to obtain new intermediate diluent, then quantitatively adds the new intermediate diluent into the second diluting tank for multiple times, and dilutes the new intermediate diluent quantitatively added in each time in the second diluting tank for the second time to obtain the available diluent(ii) a The dilution water used in the two-round dilution process is taken from the water tank; during the dilution process, the volume of new intermediate diluent added from the first dilution tank to the second dilution tank needs to be calculated and is set as V'2The calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, CkAnd when the new intermediate diluent in the first diluting tank is used up and the available diluent in the second diluting tank is completely added into the water tank, ending the chlorine supplementing work for tap water in the water tank.
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| US20110084030A1 (en) * | 2009-10-12 | 2011-04-14 | Force Flow | Method and system for monitoring and/or tracking sodium hypochlorite use |
| CN103418259A (en) * | 2013-08-19 | 2013-12-04 | 江苏新美星包装机械股份有限公司 | Concentrated solution dilution method |
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