CN111380753A - Testing device and method for tensile mechanical property of woven material - Google Patents
Testing device and method for tensile mechanical property of woven material Download PDFInfo
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- CN111380753A CN111380753A CN202010364082.3A CN202010364082A CN111380753A CN 111380753 A CN111380753 A CN 111380753A CN 202010364082 A CN202010364082 A CN 202010364082A CN 111380753 A CN111380753 A CN 111380753A
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000004154 testing of material Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/04—Chucks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
- G01N3/068—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with optical indicating or recording means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
- G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
- G01N2203/0017—Tensile
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/04—Chucks, fixtures, jaws, holders or anvils
- G01N2203/0423—Chucks, fixtures, jaws, holders or anvils using screws
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
- G01N2203/0676—Force, weight, load, energy, speed or acceleration
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
- G01N2203/0682—Spatial dimension, e.g. length, area, angle
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of material science and solid mechanics, and discloses a test device and a test method for tensile mechanical properties of woven materials, which are used for testing and analyzing quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of the woven materials. The technical scheme of the invention is easy to operate and implement, has high experimental efficiency, has no special requirements on the size of the experimental piece, is convenient to observe the change of the experimental piece, can be applied to the test and analysis of the tensile mechanical property of the weaving material at different tensile rates, and has wide application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of material science and solid mechanics, and particularly relates to a woven material tensile mechanical property testing device and method, which are applied to quasi-static and dynamic tensile mechanical property testing and analysis of woven materials (safety belts and the like).
Background
The aviation safety belt is a key component for protecting passengers under the condition of horizontal impact, is used as a passenger restraint system, is widely applied to the fields of aviation, aerospace, automobiles, high-altitude operation and the like, and can effectively reduce the passenger damage probability and reduce the passenger damage degree. The mechanical property and failure mode of the woven materials of the safety belt under the action of impact load are different from those of quasi-static loading, so that the dynamic mechanical property research of the materials of the woven materials under different strain rates is necessary.
At present, the dynamic tensile mechanical property experiment device and the experiment method of the safety belt are relatively rare at home and abroad. The quasi-static tensile mechanical property of the safety belt is obtained mainly by clamping two ends of the safety belt mesh belt through the abrasive cloth for stretching, the load of the mesh belt clamping end is difficult to control, and the phenomenon of sliding of the mesh belt clamping end is easy to occur, so that the quasi-static tensile mechanical property of the safety belt obtained through the experiment is inaccurate.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a device and a method for testing tensile mechanical properties of a woven material, which meet the requirements of quasi-static and dynamic tensile mechanical property tests and analysis of the woven material and solve the technical problems that the quasi-static tensile mechanical property of the material is low in acquisition accuracy and the dynamic tensile mechanical property is accurate and difficult to acquire at the present stage.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the first technical scheme is as follows:
a tensile mechanical property testing device for woven materials, comprising: the material testing machine is provided with an upper clamping port and a lower clamping port; the device further comprises: the clamping device comprises an upper clamping end, a lower clamping end, an upper fixing nut, an upper connecting bolt, a lower fixing nut and a lower connecting bolt;
the upper clamping end is connected with an upper clamping port on the material testing machine in a clamping mode, and the lower clamping end is connected with a lower clamping port on the material testing machine in a clamping mode;
through holes are formed in two ends of the experimental piece and are respectively marked as an upper through hole and a lower through hole;
the upper connecting bolt penetrates through the upper through hole, and one end of the experimental piece is connected to the base of the upper clamping end through the upper fixing nut; and the lower connecting bolt penetrates through the lower through hole and connects the other end of the experimental piece to the base of the lower clamping end through the lower fixing nut.
The first technical scheme of the invention has the characteristics and further improvements that:
(1) the device further comprises: a guide rod and a positioning bolt;
one side port of the guide rod penetrates through the lower clamping end base, and the other side port of the guide rod props against the upper clamping end base;
and the positioning bolt connects the port on one side of the guide rod to the base of the lower clamping end through the action of threads.
(2) The guide rods are four same long rods, and the four long rods are respectively and uniformly fixed on the base of the lower clamping end through corresponding positioning bolts.
(3) The material testing machine is also provided with an actuating cylinder and a moving shaft; it is characterized in that the preparation method is characterized in that,
the motion shaft is connected with the upper clamping port;
the upper clamping end is provided with an acceleration section for accelerating a moving shaft on the material testing machine.
(4) The material testing machine is also provided with a load sensor and a displacement sensor;
the displacement sensor is arranged on the moving shaft, and the load sensor is arranged below the lower clamping port.
(5) The device further comprises: the system comprises a high-speed camera, a first controller, a light source and a second controller;
the control end of the high-speed camera is connected with the first controller;
the control end of the light source is connected with the second controller;
wherein, the camera of the high-speed camera is aligned with the experimental piece;
the light source is aligned with the test piece.
The second technical scheme is as follows:
(1) a testing method for tensile mechanical properties of woven materials is completed by adopting a testing device in the technical scheme I, and when the mechanical properties of the woven materials under the quasi-static tensile condition are tested, the method comprises the following steps:
fixing the lower clamping end and a lower clamping port of the material testing machine in a clamping mode;
a lower connecting bolt penetrates through the lower clamping end and one end of the experimental part and connects the lower clamping end with the lower connecting bolt through a lower fixing nut;
clamping the upper clamping end at an upper clamping port of the material testing machine;
opening and adjusting the light source and the high-speed camera, and recording the stretching state of the experimental piece through the first controller;
starting the experiment, wherein the moving shaft moves upwards along the actuating cylinder;
and testing the tensile load and the tensile displacement of the experimental piece through a load sensor and a displacement sensor which are carried by the material testing machine.
(2) A testing method for tensile mechanical properties of woven materials is completed by adopting a testing device in the technical scheme I, and when the mechanical properties of the woven materials under the condition of dynamic tension are tested, the method comprises the following steps:
fixing the lower clamping end and a lower clamping port of the material testing machine in a clamping mode;
a lower connecting bolt penetrates through the lower clamping end and one end of the experimental part and connects the lower clamping end with the lower connecting bolt through a lower fixing nut;
the guide rod penetrates through the lower clamping end and is fixed on the lower clamping end through a positioning bolt;
during dynamic stretching, the port of the guide rod is abutted against the upper clamping end, an upper connecting bolt penetrates through the upper clamping end and the other end of the experimental part, and an upper fixing nut is adopted to connect the upper clamping end and the upper connecting bolt;
adjusting the position of the guide rod to enable the experimental piece to be in a natural straightening state;
opening and adjusting the light source and the high-speed camera, and recording the stretching state of the experimental piece through the first controller;
starting the experiment, wherein the moving shaft moves upwards along the actuating cylinder; during dynamic stretching, the upper clamping port clamps the upper clamping end of the material testing machine after accelerating;
and testing the tensile load and the tensile displacement of the experimental piece through a load sensor and a displacement sensor on the material testing machine.
The invention provides a testing device and a testing method for tensile mechanical properties of a woven material, which are used for testing and analyzing quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of the woven material and relate to the fields of material science, solid mechanics and the like. The technical scheme of the invention is based on a conventional material testing machine, the connection between an experimental piece and the material testing machine is realized through a connecting bolt, the tensile mechanical property of a woven material at different speeds is obtained through a load sensor and a displacement sensor which are carried by the material testing machine, and the experimental testing device comprises an upper clamping end, a lower clamping end, a fixing nut, a connecting bolt, a guide rod, a positioning bolt and the like. The technical scheme of the invention is easy to operate and implement, has high experimental efficiency, has no special requirements on the size of the experimental piece, is convenient to observe the change of the experimental piece, can be applied to the test and analysis of the tensile mechanical property of the weaving material at different tensile rates, and has wide application prospect.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a testing device for tensile mechanical property experiments of woven materials, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a test device for tensile mechanical property experiments of woven materials according to an embodiment of the invention;
wherein, 1-material testing machine; 2-actuating cylinder; 3-a motion axis; 4-upper clamping port; 5-upper clamping end; 6-fixing the nut; 7-experimental part; 8-positioning bolts; 9-lower grip port; 10-a force sensor; 11-connecting bolts; 12-a guide bar; 13-lower clamping end; 14-a high-speed camera; 15-a first computer; 16-a light source; 17-control computer.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The embodiment of the invention provides a testing device for tensile mechanical property experiments of weaving materials, which comprises an upper clamping end, a lower clamping end, a fixing nut, a connecting bolt, a guide rod, a positioning bolt and the like, as shown in figures 1 and 2.
The upper clamping end (5) is connected with an upper clamping port (4) of the material testing machine (1) in a clamping mode, and the length part of the upper clamping end is used as an acceleration section of a moving shaft (3) of the material testing machine (1) so as to realize loading at different speeds; during quasi-static stretching, an upper clamping port (4) of the material testing machine (1) directly clamps an upper clamping end (5) of the testing device; the lower clamping end (13) is clamped at the lower clamping port (9) of the material testing machine (1) so as to fix the main body part of the experimental testing device;
the fixing nuts (6) and the connecting bolts (11) are divided into two sets, and the two sets respectively act on the upper clamping end (5) and the lower clamping end (13) and are used for being connected with the experimental part (7); the shape of the experimental piece (7) is similar to that of 'handcuffs', and the connecting bolt (11) can pass through small holes at two ends of the experimental piece and is respectively fixed at two ends of the experimental device through the fixing nut (6) by threads;
the guide rod (12) penetrates through the lower clamping end (13), and a port on one side abuts against the upper clamping end (5) so as to support the self weight of the upper clamping end (5) in the initial stage of the experiment (because the upper clamping end (4) of the dynamic material testing machine (1) has an acceleration section, the upper clamping end cannot clamp or clamp the upper clamping end (5) of the experimental device before the experiment, and the self weight of the upper clamping end (5) cannot be supported by the guide rod (12) in consideration of the flexibility of the weaving material, which is different from a metal material, so that the experiment needs to support the self weight of the upper clamping end (5) by virtue of the guide rod (12) initially, otherwise, the upper clamping end (5) is tightly attached to the lower clamping end (13) under the action of gravity, and the experimental piece (7) cannot be in a natural straightening state); the positioning bolt (8) is connected to the lower clamping end (13) through the screw thread effect to fix the guide rod (12), so that the distance between the upper clamping end (5) and the lower clamping end (13) is controlled, and the length requirements of various experimental pieces (7) are substantially met; however, the quasi-static tensile material testing machine does not have the problems, so that the guide rod (12) and the positioning bolt (8) are not needed.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a test method for tensile mechanical property experiment of the weaving material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) fixing the lower clamping end and a lower clamping port of the material testing machine in a clamping mode;
(2) a connecting bolt penetrates through the lower clamping end and one end of the experimental part and connects the lower clamping end with the connecting bolt through a fixing nut;
(3) (quasi-static tensile experiment does not need) the guide rod traverses the lower clamping end and is fixed on the lower clamping end by a positioning bolt;
(4) during dynamic stretching, the upper clamping end is lightly abutted against the port of the guide rod, a connecting bolt penetrates through the upper clamping end and the other end of the experimental part, and a fixing nut is adopted to connect the upper clamping end and the connecting bolt; during quasi-static stretching, directly clamping the upper clamping end at the upper clamping port of the material testing machine;
(5) the position of the guide rod is adjusted (not needed in the quasi-static stretching experiment), so that the experimental piece is in a natural straightening state;
(6) turning on and adjusting the light source and the high-speed camera, and observing and recording the state of the experimental piece through the first computer;
(7) opening a control computer and a material testing machine;
(8) starting the experiment, wherein the moving shaft moves upwards along the actuating cylinder; during dynamic stretching, the upper clamping port is accelerated and then clamps the upper clamping end of the experimental device;
(9) testing the tensile load and the tensile displacement of the experimental piece through a force sensor and a displacement sensor which are arranged on the material testing machine;
(10) and (5) turning off devices such as a high-speed camera, a light source and a material tester after the experiment is finished.
The technical scheme of the invention aims at the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical property test and analysis of the weaving material, realizes the accurate test and acquisition of the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of the weaving material, introduces a new thought for the development of the stretching experiment of the weaving material, and has wide application prospect.
Claims (8)
1. A tensile mechanical property testing device for woven materials, comprising: the material testing machine is provided with an upper clamping port and a lower clamping port; characterized in that the device further comprises: the clamping device comprises an upper clamping end, a lower clamping end, an upper fixing nut, an upper connecting bolt, a lower fixing nut and a lower connecting bolt;
the upper clamping end is connected with an upper clamping port on the material testing machine in a clamping mode, and the lower clamping end is connected with a lower clamping port on the material testing machine in a clamping mode;
through holes are formed in two ends of the experimental piece and are respectively marked as an upper through hole and a lower through hole;
the upper connecting bolt penetrates through the upper through hole, and one end of the experimental piece is connected to the base of the upper clamping end through the upper fixing nut; and the lower connecting bolt penetrates through the lower through hole and connects the other end of the experimental piece to the base of the lower clamping end through the lower fixing nut.
2. The tensile mechanical property testing device of a woven material according to claim 1, further comprising: a guide rod and a positioning bolt;
one side port of the guide rod penetrates through the lower clamping end base, and the other side port of the guide rod props against the upper clamping end base;
and the positioning bolt connects the port on one side of the guide rod to the base of the lower clamping end through the action of threads.
3. The tensile mechanical property testing device for weaving materials as claimed in claim 2, wherein the guiding rods are four identical long rods, and the four long rods are respectively and uniformly fixed on the base of the lower clamping end through corresponding positioning bolts.
4. The testing device for tensile mechanical properties of weaving materials according to claim 2, wherein the material testing machine is further provided with an actuating cylinder and a moving shaft; it is characterized in that the preparation method is characterized in that,
the motion shaft is connected with the upper clamping port;
the upper clamping end is provided with an acceleration section for accelerating a moving shaft on the material testing machine.
5. The testing device for tensile mechanical properties of woven materials according to claim 4, wherein the material testing machine is further provided with a load sensor and a displacement sensor;
the displacement sensor is arranged on the moving shaft, and the load sensor is arranged below the lower clamping port.
6. The tensile mechanical property testing device of the weaving material according to claim 5, characterized in that the device further comprises: the system comprises a high-speed camera, a first controller, a light source and a second controller;
the control end of the high-speed camera is connected with the first controller;
the control end of the light source is connected with the second controller;
wherein, the camera of the high-speed camera is aligned with the experimental piece;
the light source is aligned with the test piece.
7. A method for testing tensile mechanical properties of a woven material, the method being performed by using the testing device as claimed in claims 1-6, wherein when testing the mechanical properties of the woven material under quasi-static tensile conditions, the method comprises:
fixing the lower clamping end and a lower clamping port of the material testing machine in a clamping mode;
a lower connecting bolt penetrates through the lower clamping end and one end of the experimental part and connects the lower clamping end with the lower connecting bolt through a lower fixing nut;
clamping the upper clamping end at an upper clamping port of the material testing machine;
opening and adjusting the light source and the high-speed camera, and recording the stretching state of the experimental piece through the first controller;
starting the experiment, wherein the moving shaft moves upwards along the actuating cylinder;
and testing the tensile load and the tensile displacement of the experimental piece through a load sensor and a displacement sensor which are carried by the material testing machine.
8. A method for testing tensile mechanical properties of a woven material, wherein the method is completed by using a testing device according to any one of claims 1-6, and when the mechanical properties of the woven material under the condition of dynamic tension are tested, the method comprises the following steps:
fixing the lower clamping end and a lower clamping port of the material testing machine in a clamping mode;
a lower connecting bolt penetrates through the lower clamping end and one end of the experimental part and connects the lower clamping end with the lower connecting bolt through a lower fixing nut;
the guide rod penetrates through the lower clamping end and is fixed on the lower clamping end through a positioning bolt;
during dynamic stretching, the port of the guide rod is abutted against the upper clamping end, an upper connecting bolt penetrates through the upper clamping end and the other end of the experimental part, and an upper fixing nut is adopted to connect the upper clamping end and the upper connecting bolt;
adjusting the position of the guide rod to enable the experimental piece to be in a natural straightening state;
opening and adjusting the light source and the high-speed camera, and recording the stretching state of the experimental piece through the first controller;
starting the experiment, wherein the moving shaft moves upwards along the actuating cylinder; during dynamic stretching, the upper clamping port clamps the upper clamping end of the material testing machine after accelerating;
and testing the tensile load and the tensile displacement of the experimental piece through a load sensor and a displacement sensor on the material testing machine.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010364082.3A CN111380753A (en) | 2020-04-30 | 2020-04-30 | Testing device and method for tensile mechanical property of woven material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010364082.3A CN111380753A (en) | 2020-04-30 | 2020-04-30 | Testing device and method for tensile mechanical property of woven material |
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| CN111380753A true CN111380753A (en) | 2020-07-07 |
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| CN202010364082.3A Pending CN111380753A (en) | 2020-04-30 | 2020-04-30 | Testing device and method for tensile mechanical property of woven material |
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| JPH0735665A (en) * | 1993-07-16 | 1995-02-07 | Toyo Seiki Seisakusho:Kk | Tesile tester with controlling device for crosshead |
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| CN207423658U (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2018-05-29 | 超威电源有限公司 | A kind of strap tensile strength test fixture |
| CN207798553U (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-08-31 | 山西吉利汽车部件有限公司 | Safety belt tensile strength test clamp |
| CN208125514U (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2018-11-20 | 澳帕曼织带(上海)有限公司 | A kind of ribbon cupping machine |
| CN109632498A (en) * | 2018-10-31 | 2019-04-16 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Dynamic tensile mechanical property experiment device and experimental method for high polymer material |
| CN110196187A (en) * | 2019-05-27 | 2019-09-03 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | A kind of mechanical connecting device suitable for dynamic tensile mechanical property tests |
| CN209432593U (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-09-24 | 济南川佰仪器设备有限公司 | A kind of more specification safety belt stretching clamps of great force value |
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2020
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0735665A (en) * | 1993-07-16 | 1995-02-07 | Toyo Seiki Seisakusho:Kk | Tesile tester with controlling device for crosshead |
| CN102830012A (en) * | 2012-07-30 | 2012-12-19 | 国核宝钛锆业股份公司 | Clamping control device for foil strip high-temperature tensile test |
| CN103175733A (en) * | 2013-03-08 | 2013-06-26 | 同济大学 | Direct tensile test jag of incompressible material |
| CN203502291U (en) * | 2013-09-02 | 2014-03-26 | 无锡红旗电机配件厂 | Tensile strength detecting clamp for core shaft of automobile safety belt |
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| CN207423658U (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2018-05-29 | 超威电源有限公司 | A kind of strap tensile strength test fixture |
| CN207798553U (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-08-31 | 山西吉利汽车部件有限公司 | Safety belt tensile strength test clamp |
| CN208125514U (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2018-11-20 | 澳帕曼织带(上海)有限公司 | A kind of ribbon cupping machine |
| CN109632498A (en) * | 2018-10-31 | 2019-04-16 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Dynamic tensile mechanical property experiment device and experimental method for high polymer material |
| CN209432593U (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-09-24 | 济南川佰仪器设备有限公司 | A kind of more specification safety belt stretching clamps of great force value |
| CN110196187A (en) * | 2019-05-27 | 2019-09-03 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | A kind of mechanical connecting device suitable for dynamic tensile mechanical property tests |
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Application publication date: 20200707 |
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