Method for oligomerization of isobutene
Technical Field
The invention relates to an isobutene oligomerization method, in particular to a method for catalyzing isobutene oligomerization reaction by using heteropoly acid/titanium-based composite oxide as a catalyst.
Background
At present, isobutene is mostly used for synthesizing methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and is used as a blending component of high-octane motor gasoline. However, this method using isobutylene has become unreasonable due to the serious pollution effect of methyl t-butyl ether on groundwater. Thus, is C 4 The isobutene in the fraction has very important practical significance for seeking a more reasonable utilization way.
The oligomerization of low-carbon olefin is one of the important chemical processes in the oil refining and organic chemical industry, wherein the oligomerization product of butylene is an important chemical intermediate, can be used for producing oligomerization gasoline and diesel oil, and can also be used as an important intermediate for producing detergents, plasticizers, additives and pesticides.
Isobutene oligomerization is a typical acid-catalyzed reaction, and the catalysts mainly comprise a liquid acid catalyst and a solid acid catalyst. When liquid acid catalysts (sulfuric acid, methyl benzenesulfonic acid and the like) are adopted in the early stage, the reaction selectivity is poor, the purity of the product isobutene dimer is low, the catalysts are not easy to separate, the equipment is corroded, and the production process continuity is difficult to realize. In recent years, solid acid catalysts have become the hot spot of research on oligomerization of isobutene, and mainly include solid phosphoric acid catalysts, oxides and composite oxide catalysts, molecular sieve catalysts, ion exchange resin catalysts, supported sulfate catalysts, solid super acidic catalysts and the like.
The traditional solid phosphoric acid catalyst is generally prepared by taking diatomite as a carrier and loading strong phosphoric acid (or called polyphosphoric acid), has been applied to petrochemical aspects such as olefin oligomerization for decades, and has exposed a plurality of problems in the long-term application process, such as poor water resistance, low mechanical strength, easy argillization and the like.
Many metal oxides and composite oxides can catalyze oligomerization of isobutene, and binary composite oxide A1 with strong acidity 2 O 3 -SiO 2 ,TiO 2 -SiO 2 ,ZrO 2 -SiO: has both B acid center and L acid center, wherein A1 with high acidity 2 O 3 -SiO: has good catalytic activity in the oligomerization reaction of isobutene.
The molecular sieve is aluminosilicate with high crystallinity, has regular pore structure, uniform surface acid center distribution, moderate acidity and good activity in oligomerization of isobutene. The types, the silicon-aluminum ratio, the contained metal ions, the pore structure, the reaction conditions and the like of the molecular sieve have influence on the activity and the selectivity of the isobutene oligomerization reaction.
The supported sulfate is a solid acid with wider application, and a plurality of metal sulfates can generate a considerable amount of acid centers with medium strength after being calcined, so that the conversion rate of isobutene is high and the selectivity of dimers is lowest when the supported sulfate is used for isobutene oligomerization.
The solid super acidic catalyst catalyzes the oligomerization reaction of isobutene, the reaction is carried out in liquid phase, isobutene can be completely converted at low space velocity, and products mainly comprise di-trimer and trimer, but still contain tetramer with a certain proportion.
The ion exchange resin is a novel solid acid catalyst, and has the advantages of stable catalytic effect, no corrosion, no pollution, low price and the like, so that the ion exchange resin is widely applied to reactions such as etherification, esterification, superposition, hydration, alkylation and the like.
US4100220, US4463211 report cation exchange resin catalyst as catalyst for butene oligomerization, but high molecular weight oligomer blocks reaction channel easily, and alkylation of resin skeleton causes rapid activity decrease, and furthermore, the resin has poor high temperature resistance, which limits its application. The CA2435590A1 patent describes a process for obtaining high purity diisobutylene by reducing the acid capacity of the catalyst using NaOH, using a macroporous sulfonic acid resin as the catalyst and pure isobutylene as the starting material. Chinese patent CN107754852A provides a method for modifying a strong acid cation exchange resin catalyst by a silicophosphate solution.
2017, volume 3 of volume 33 reports that sodium exchange Amberlyst-15 catalyzes isobutene to prepare diisobutylene by means of superposition, and the results show that the conversion rate of isobutene is gradually reduced along with the increase of the sodium exchange rate, the selectivity of a dimerization product is rapidly increased, and the conversion rate of isobutene and the number of acid centers on a catalyst are in a linear relationship. The reaction temperature is increased, the conversion rate of isobutene on resin catalysts with different sodium exchange rates is increased, the dimerization selectivity is reduced, and the higher sodium exchange rate enables the selectivity of dimerization products on the resin to be reduced along with the change range of the temperature. The space velocity is increased, the selectivity of dimerization products is increased, and the conversion rate of isobutene is reduced.
Petrochemical 2007, volume 36, phase 3 reports that strong-acid cation exchange resin in tertiary butanol catalyzes oligomerization kinetics of isobutylene, and oligomerization kinetics of isobutylene (m) in a system of strong-acid cation exchange resin (catalyst) and tertiary butanol is studied. The results show that isobutylene oligomerization has the feature of first order series irreversible. The tertiary butanol is added into the reaction system, although the acidity of the catalyst can be reduced, the adsorption capacity of isobutene on the surface of the catalyst is improved, so that the selectivity of a dimer (trimethylpentene) of isobutene is obviously improved, and the conversion rate is reduced to some extent.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem of low dimer selectivity in the isobutene oligomerization reaction in the prior art, the invention provides the isobutene oligomerization method, which adopts heteropoly acid/titanium-based composite oxide as a catalyst, has good reaction performance and high dimer selectivity.
The technical purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical means:
the oligomerization method of isobutene uses heteropolyacid/titanium-base composite oxide as catalyst, in which the titanium-base composite oxide is selected from TiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 、TiO 2 -SiO 2 And TiO 2 -ZrO 2 At least one heteropolyacid selected from at least one of phosphotungstic acid, silicotungstic acid, arsenotungstic acid, germanotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, silicomolybdic acid, arsenomolybdic acid and germanomolybdic acid.
In the above method, the weight ratio of the heteropolyacid to the titanium-based composite oxide in the catalyst is from 0.05 to 1:1, preferably from 0.1 to 1 to 0.9, and most preferably from 0.3.
In the above process, tiO in the titanium-based composite oxide 2 The content of (b) is 10% to 90%, preferably 15% to 85%, most preferably 30% to 75% by weight.
In the above method, the heteropoly acid/titanium-based composite oxide catalyst is prepared by the following method:
(1) Preparing a titanium-based composite oxide by adopting a coprecipitation method: preparing solution by taking corresponding salt according to the composition, adding aqueous alkali into the solution to obtain white precipitate, drying, extruding, molding and roasting to obtain titanium-based composite oxide serving as a carrier;
(2) And (3) soaking the carrier in a heteropoly acid solution, and then drying and roasting to obtain the catalyst.
In the method, in the preparation process of the catalyst, the coprecipitation reaction time in the step (1) is 3-24 h. The drying temperature is 100-180 ℃, and the drying time is 8-24 h. The roasting temperature is 400-600 ℃, and the roasting time is 8-24 h. In the step (2), the dipping time is 6-24 h, the drying temperature is 100-160 ℃, the drying time is 6-12 h, the roasting temperature is 350-650 ℃, and the roasting time is 8-24 h.
In the method, the specific reaction conditions for the isobutene oligomerization are as follows: isobutene is used as a reaction raw material, and the reaction is carried out by the reaction of isobutene,taking heteropoly acid/titanium-based composite oxide as a catalyst, and the liquid hourly volume space velocity of isobutene is 0.5h -1 ~5.0h -1 Preferably 1.0h -1 ~4.0h -1 More preferably 1.5h -1 ~2.0h -1 (ii) a The reaction temperature is 80-150 ℃, preferably 90-130 ℃, and more preferably 100-120 ℃; the reaction pressure is 2.0 to 5.0MPa, preferably 2.0 to 4.5MPa, and more preferably 3.0 to 4.0MPa.
In the above process, the feedstock is a mixed C4 feedstock containing isobutene or pure isobutene. Wherein the mixed C4 feedstock has an isobutylene content of at least 5%, further at least 10%, and further at least 15% by weight.
The invention adopts heteropoly acid/titanium-based composite oxide as a catalyst for oligomerization of isobutene, and the catalyst shows higher dimer selectivity at relatively lower temperature. The catalyst has proper specific surface, pore size structure and acidity distribution, so that the acidity and activity of the catalyst are effectively regulated, and the defects of catalyst deactivation and conversion rate reduction caused by easy thermal decomposition, easy loss of acid amount and difficult separation of the Keggin structure of heteropoly acid in the heteropoly acid catalyst loaded by the single-component porous medium carrier are overcome. The method can realize continuous production, has simple and convenient operation in the reaction process, has the advantages of high conversion rate, good dimer selectivity and the like when being used for the isobutene oligomerization reaction, and is a new green and environment-friendly process.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to specific examples, which are provided to understand and explain the invention, but not to limit the invention.
Example 1
(1) Preparing an aqueous solution a with the mass concentration of 25% by using 20g of aluminum nitrate and 25g of titanium tetrachloride, preparing an alkaline solution b of potassium hydroxide with the mass concentration of 20%, dropwise adding the solution b into the solution a at normal temperature under the stirring state, reacting for 10 hours to obtain a white pasty precipitate, washing, filtering, drying for 10 hours at 120 ℃, extruding and molding by using a conventional method, and roasting for 8 hours at 500 ℃ to obtain the titanium-based composite oxide carrier.
(2) 15g of phosphomolybdic acid is dissolved in 200mL of deionized water, the formed and roasted catalyst carrier is soaked in heteropoly acid solution for 8 hours, the soaked substance is dried for 10 hours at 120 ℃, and the catalyst is roasted for 10 hours at 450 ℃ to prepare the catalyst, and the composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
(3) The prepared catalyst is used for the oligomerization of isobutene, the reaction is carried out in a stainless steel fixed bed reactor with phi 18mm multiplied by 1200mm, 30mL of the catalyst is filled in the reactor, quartz sand with the diameter of phi 0.5 mm-1.2 mm is respectively filled in the top and the bottom of the reactor, after the reactor is installed, nitrogen is used for replacing three times, the airtight test is qualified, isobutene and ethanol are sent into a preheater by a metering pump, and the volumetric space velocity of isobutene feeding is 1.5h -1 The reaction temperature was 90 ℃ and the reaction pressure was 3.0MPa, the test results are shown in Table 2.
Examples 2 to 5
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the amounts of aluminum nitrate and phosphomolybdic acid were changed to obtain catalysts of different compositions, as shown in Table 1, and the reaction temperature was adjusted for the oligomerization of isobutylene, as shown in Table 1, and the results of the conversion of isobutylene and the dimer selectivity are shown in Table 2.
Example 6
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that aluminum nitrate was changed to zirconium tetrachloride and phosphomolybdic acid was changed to silicomolybdic acid to obtain catalysts having different compositions and compositions, as shown in Table 1, and the results for oligomerization of isobutylene as shown in Table 2.
Examples 7 to 10
The other conditions were the same as in example 6 except that the amounts of zirconium tetrachloride and silicomolybdic acid were varied to obtain catalysts of different compositions, as shown in Table 1, and the results for the oligomerization of isobutylene as shown in Table 2.
Example 11
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that aluminum nitrate was changed to silicon tetrachloride and phosphomolybdic acid was changed to phosphotungstic acid to obtain catalysts of different compositions and compositions, as shown in Table 1, and the results for the oligomerization of isobutylene as shown in Table 2.
Examples 12 to 15
The other conditions were the same as in example 11 except that the amounts of silicon tetrachloride and phosphotungstic acid were changed to obtain catalysts of different compositions, as shown in Table 1, and the results for the oligomerization of isobutylene as shown in Table 2.
Example 16
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the amount of aluminum nitrate was changed, the amount of phosphomolybdic acid was changed to silicotungstic acid and the amount was changed to obtain catalysts of different compositions and compositions, as shown in Table 1, and the reaction results are shown in Table 2.
Example 17
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the amount of aluminum nitrate was changed, the amount of phosphomolybdic acid was changed to arsenic tungstic acid and the amount was changed to obtain catalysts of different compositions and compositions, as shown in Table 1, and the reaction results were as shown in Table 2.
Example 18
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the amount of aluminum nitrate was changed, the amount of phosphomolybdic acid was changed to germanotungstic acid and the amount was changed to obtain catalysts of different compositions and compositions, as shown in Table 1, and the reaction results are shown in Table 2.
Example 19
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the amount of aluminum nitrate was changed, the amount of phosphomolybdic acid was changed to arsenomolybdic acid and the amounts thereof were changed to obtain catalysts of different compositions and compositions, as shown in Table 1, and the reaction results were as shown in Table 2.
Comparative example 1
Impregnation of TiO with aqueous phosphomolybdic acid solution 2 The carrier is dried for 12h at 110 ℃ and then roasted for 12h at 500 ℃ to prepare the catalyst. The catalyst was used in the oligomerization of isobutene under the same operating conditions as in example 1, the catalyst composition is shown in Table 1, and the reaction results are shown in Table 2.
Comparative example 2
The other conditions were the same as in comparative example 1 except that phosphomolybdic acid was changed to phosphotungstic acid, the catalyst composition was as shown in Table 1, and the reaction results were as shown in Table 2.
Comparative example 3
The other conditions were the same as in comparative example 1 except that phosphomolybdic acid was changed to phosphotungstic acid, the catalyst composition was as shown in Table 1, and the reaction results were as shown in Table 2.
TABLE 1
TABLE 2