CN111333093A - Method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud - Google Patents

Method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud Download PDF

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CN111333093A
CN111333093A CN202010162486.4A CN202010162486A CN111333093A CN 111333093 A CN111333093 A CN 111333093A CN 202010162486 A CN202010162486 A CN 202010162486A CN 111333093 A CN111333093 A CN 111333093A
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calcium carbonate
light calcium
white mud
producing light
industrial
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李斌
陈知明
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Guangxi Yufeng Powder Material Co ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01FCOMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F11/00Compounds of calcium, strontium, or barium
    • C01F11/18Carbonates
    • C01F11/181Preparation of calcium carbonate by carbonation of aqueous solutions and characterised by control of the carbonation conditions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01FCOMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F11/00Compounds of calcium, strontium, or barium
    • C01F11/18Carbonates
    • C01F11/185After-treatment, e.g. grinding, purification, conversion of crystal morphology
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/12Surface area
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/19Oil-absorption capacity, e.g. DBP values
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/60Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/54Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using solvents, e.g. supercritical solvents or ionic liquids

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  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud, which comprises the following steps: s1: controlling the water content of the alkaline residue white mud to be 35-45%, adding calcium oxide, adjusting the pH value to be 9.5-10, adding an electrolyte solution, fully stirring, standing, separating, and collecting filtrate and first filter residue; s2: introducing the filtrate into a high-pressure kettle, blowing carbon dioxide, adding a flocculating agent in a first supercritical state, fully stirring, standing for separation, and collecting the filtrate and second filter residue; s3: mixing the first filter residue and the second filter residue, adding 10 wt% of water, adding a dispersant, a brightener and a chelating agent, heating, preserving heat and filtering; pulping; drying, crushing and packaging to obtain the light calcium carbonate. The method can effectively remove elements such as chloride ions, sodium ions and the like in the alkaline residue white mud, and improve the purity of the produced calcium carbonate.

Description

Method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of alkali residue white mud treatment, and particularly relates to a method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkali residue white mud.
Background
The sodium carbonate is used as an important basic chemical raw material and is widely applied to industries such as metallurgy, chemical industry, building materials, papermaking, medicines, foods and the like. In recent years, the soda production in China is rapidly developed, the annual production capacity is over 80 ten thousand tons, and the annual production capacity of soda by an ammonia-soda process is about 450 ten thousand tons. In the process of preparing alkali by ammonia-soda process, a large amount of waste liquid is generated in the ammonia distillation process, the alkali residue generated after the waste liquid is filter-pressed is commonly called white mud, and the alkali residue is CaCO3、CaSO4、CaCl2The waste residue contains calcium salt as main component, and SiO2And the like. The annual output of a general large-scale alkali-making plant is more than 50 ten thousand tons per yearThe production of 1 ton of soda ash can produce 300-350 tons of white mud, and the amount of the white mud produced is about 18 ten thousand tons every year. Because of the failure to process, a large amount of white mud is naturally piled up or directly discharged to the sea. The white mud piled for a long time occupies a large amount of land resources, and the surface of the white mud is weathered to generate dust pollution; the discharge of lime mud from the sea results in the disruption of the ecological balance of the sea, endangering aquaculture, and possibly the channel after deposition. Therefore, the pollution problem of the alkaline residue white mud always restricts the further development of soda ash enterprises, and is a great technical problem of ammonia alkali factories.
In recent years, with the development of industrial technology, the application of light calcium carbonate is further expanded, and the light calcium carbonate is widely applied to industries such as rubber, plastics, paper making, paint, ink, medicine and the like as an important inorganic chemical product. Light calcium carbonate is commonly used in organic polymer systems, such as fillers in the rubber field, and is also receiving increasing attention in aqueous medium-related systems.
The production of the light calcium carbonate is carried out by physical and chemical reaction processes such as raw material calcination, sedimentation, carbonization, baking and the like, the production process is complicated, the cost is high, and the production link of the light calcium carbonate is not environment-friendly and has heavy pollution.
The alkaline residue white mud contains rich calcium salt, so that the calcium carbonate is extracted from the alkaline residue white mud, and the light calcium carbonate prepared by the method has good market prospect.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide the method for producing the light calcium carbonate by using the industrial alkaline residue white mud, which has the advantages of effectively removing elements such as chloride ions, sodium ions and the like in the alkaline residue white mud, and improving the purity of the produced calcium carbonate, thereby preparing the light calcium carbonate meeting the industrial standard.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud comprises the following steps:
s1: controlling the water content of the alkaline residue white mud to be 35-45%, adding calcium oxide, adjusting the pH value to be 9.5-10, adding an electrolyte solution, fully stirring, standing, separating, and collecting filtrate and first filter residue;
s2: introducing the filtrate into a high-pressure kettle, stirring for 2-3h at 32-35 ℃ under the first supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 7.5-7.8MPa, and keeping for 2-3 h;
stirring at 40-45 deg.C for 1 hr in a second supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 8-10MPa, and maintaining for 1-2 hr;
stirring at 45-50 deg.C for 1 hr in a third supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 10-11MPa, and maintaining for 0.5-1 hr;
adding a flocculating agent, fully stirring, standing for separation, and collecting filtrate and second filter residue;
s3: mixing the first and second filter residues, adding 10 wt% of water, adding dispersant, whitening agent, and chelating agent, heating to 50-60 deg.C, keeping the temperature, and filtering; pulping with 5 wt% water, filtering, and repeating pulping operation for 3-5 times to obtain fully pulped filter residue;
s4: fully pulping the filter residue, and drying to obtain powder;
s5: and then carrying out micro-grinding on the powder for 2 times, barreling and packaging to obtain the light calcium carbonate.
The invention is further configured to: the added calcium oxide has a particle size of 1-3 cm.
By adopting the technical scheme, under the three-time supercritical state, the supercritical temperature and the supercritical pressure are gradually increased, under the continuous action of the critical carbon dioxide, the soluble calcium ions are absorbed by the carbon dioxide in the fluid state, the chemical balance is moved to the direction of generating calcium carbonate precipitate, the calcium carbonate is continuously generated, the pH value of the system is adjusted by adding calcium oxide, the electrolyte solution is added, the coagulation of insoluble colloid is accelerated, and after standing and filtering, the electrolyte solution is convenient to guide the coagulation of the colloid.
The invention is further configured to: in the step S1, the electrolyte solution is a 10% calcium acetate solution;
the invention is further arranged as follows: in the step S1, the addition amount of the calcium acetate solution is 0.01-0.1% of the weight of the alkaline residue white mud.
By adopting the technical scheme, the calcium acetate is an electrolyte solution with negative electricity, and a large amount of CaCO is contained in the alkaline residue white mud3、CaSO4、CaCl2Calcium acetate can neutralize the charge of alkali residue mud, so that the dispersoid is aggregated into larger particles and precipitated under the action of gravity.
The invention is further configured to: the dispersant in the step S3, and disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate.
The invention is further configured to: the whitening agent in the step S3 is stilbene.
The invention is further configured to: in the step S2, the flocculant is polyacrylamide.
The invention is further configured to: the step S3 chelating agent is an amino acid chelating agent.
By adopting the technical scheme, carbon dioxide is added in the step S2, calcium ions are converted into calcium carbonate, and then a flocculating agent is added to guide the calcium carbonate to flocculate and settle; meanwhile, the filter residue is well dispersed by the dispersant, and the whitening agent is added to improve the purity of calcium carbonate in the filter residue; adding amino acid chelating agent and dispersant to match each other, reducing agglomeration of fine particles to the maximum extent, obtaining activated calcium carbonate powder with high dispersion and low free alkali content, facilitating subsequent filtration and pulverization, and pulping at the same time, so that Cl, Na and other elements in filter residue can be dissolved in filtrate to be removed;
the invention is further configured to: and in the step S4, drying is carried out, and the water content is less than or equal to 0.5 percent.
The invention is further configured to: the heat preservation time in the step S3 is 2-3 h.
By adopting the technical scheme, the required calcium carbonate powder is obtained after superfine grinding.
In summary, the invention has the following advantages:
according to the preparation method, calcium oxide is adopted to adjust pH and moisture, calcium acetate is used as an electrolyte solution with negative electricity to aggregate and precipitate calcium carbonate in the alkaline residue white mud, meanwhile, after carbon dioxide is introduced, calcium carbonate produced by flocculating agent sedimentation is added, then dispersion, whitening, chelation and pulping are carried out, calcium carbonate is obtained after crushing, and the prepared calcium carbonate powder has surface activity meeting the standard requirement of light carbonic acid, has small residues of Cl, Na and other elements, and does not influence the direct use of the light calcium carbonate.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely below, and it should be apparent that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
A method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud comprises the following steps:
s1: controlling the water content of the alkaline residue white mud to be 35%, adding calcium oxide with the particle size of 1-3cm, adjusting the pH to be 9.5-10, adding 10% of calcium acetate solution, fully stirring, standing, separating, and collecting filtrate and first filter residue; the addition amount of the calcium acetate solution is 0.01 percent of the weight of the alkaline residue white mud;
s2: introducing the filtrate into a high-pressure kettle, stirring for 2.5h at 33-34 ℃ under the first supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 7.5-7.8MPa, and keeping for 2.5 h;
stirring at 42-43 deg.C for 1 hr in a second supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 8-10MPa, and maintaining for 1.5 hr;
stirring at 46-47 deg.C for 1 hr in a third supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 10-11MPa, and maintaining for 0.8 hr; adding a flocculating agent, fully stirring, standing for separation, and collecting filtrate and second filter residue;
s3: mixing the first filter residue and the second filter residue, adding 10 wt% of water, adding dispersant, whitening agent and chelating agent, heating to 50 deg.C, keeping the temperature for 2h, and filtering; pulping with 5 wt% water, filtering, and repeating the pulping operation for 3 times to obtain fully pulped filter residue; the dispersing agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt; the whitening agent in the step S2 is stilbene; the flocculant in the step S2 is polyacrylamide; the chelating agent is an amino acid chelating agent;
s4: fully pulping the filter residue, and drying to obtain powder;
s5: and then carrying out micro-crushing on the powder for 2 times, wherein the powder is crushed and sieved by 100 meshes for the first time, and is crushed and sieved by 600 meshes for the second time, and the light calcium carbonate is obtained after barreling and packaging.
Example 2
A method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud comprises the following steps:
s1: firstly, controlling the water content of the alkaline residue white mud at 45%, adding calcium oxide with the particle size of 3cm, adjusting the pH to 9.5-10, adding 10% of calcium acetate solution, fully stirring, standing, separating, and collecting filtrate and first filter residue; the addition amount of the calcium acetate solution is 0.1 percent of the weight of the alkaline residue white mud;
s2: introducing the filtrate into a high-pressure kettle, stirring for 2h at the temperature of 32-33 ℃ in a first supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 7.5-7.8MPa, and keeping for 2 h;
stirring at 40-42 deg.C for 1 hr in a second supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 8-10MPa, and maintaining for 1 hr;
stirring at 45-47 deg.C for 1 hr in a third supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 10-11MPa, and maintaining for 0.5 hr; adding a flocculating agent, fully stirring, standing for separation, and collecting filtrate and second filter residue;
s3: mixing the first filter residue and the second filter residue, adding 10 wt% of water, adding dispersant, whitening agent and chelating agent, heating to 60 deg.C, keeping the temperature for 3h, and filtering; pulping with 5 wt% water, filtering, and repeating pulping operation for 5 times to obtain fully pulped filter residue; the dispersing agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt; the whitening agent in the step S2 is stilbene; the flocculant in the step S2 is polyacrylamide; the chelating agent is an amino acid chelating agent;
s4: fully pulping the filter residue, and drying to obtain powder;
s5: and then carrying out micro-crushing on the powder for 2 times, wherein the powder is crushed and sieved by 200 meshes for the first time, and is crushed and sieved by 700 meshes for the second time, and the powder is barreled and packaged to obtain the light calcium carbonate.
Example 3
A method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud comprises the following steps:
s1: controlling the water content of the alkaline residue white mud to be 40%, adding calcium oxide with the particle size of 1-3cm, adjusting the pH to be 9.5-10, adding 10% of calcium acetate solution, fully stirring, standing, separating, and collecting filtrate and first filter residue; the addition amount of the calcium acetate solution is 0.05 percent of the weight of the alkaline residue white mud;
s2: introducing the filtrate into a high-pressure kettle, stirring for 3h at 34-35 ℃ under the first supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 7.5-7.8MPa, and keeping for 3 h;
stirring at 43-45 deg.C for 1 hr in a second supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 8-10MPa, and maintaining for 2 hr;
stirring at 48-50 deg.C for 1 hr in a third supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 10-11MPa, and maintaining for 1 hr; adding a flocculating agent, fully stirring, standing for separation, and collecting filtrate and second filter residue;
s3: mixing the first filter residue and the second filter residue, adding 10 wt% of water, adding dispersant, whitening agent and chelating agent, heating to 55 deg.C, keeping the temperature for 2.5h, and filtering; pulping with 5 wt% water, filtering, and repeating the pulping operation for 4 times to obtain fully pulped filter residue; the dispersing agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt; the whitening agent in the step S2 is stilbene; the flocculant in the step S2 is polyacrylamide; the chelating agent is an amino acid chelating agent;
s4: fully pulping the filter residue, and drying to obtain powder;
s5: and then carrying out micro-crushing on the powder for 2 times, wherein the powder is crushed and sieved for the first time by 150 meshes, and the powder is crushed and sieved for the second time by 650 meshes, barreling and packaging are carried out, and the light calcium carbonate is obtained.
Comparative example 1
Step S1 is not performed, and the other conditions are consistent;
comparative example 2
Step S2 is not performed, and the other conditions are consistent;
the addition amounts of the flocculant, the dispersant, the whitening agent and the chelating agent are respectively 0.02 percent, 0.005 percent, 0.001 percent and 0.001 percent of the weight of the alkaline residue white mud; the filtration is preferably plate-and-frame pressure filtration.
The calcium carbonates prepared in examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 2 were tested and the results are shown in the following table:
Figure BDA0002406287250000061
as can be seen from the above table, the whiteness of the calcium carbonate prepared in the examples 1 to 3 reaches more than 91%, the sedimentation volume is 3.2 to 3.3ml/g, the specific surface area is 6.2 to 6.3m2/g, and the oil absorption value is 93 to 96ml/100g, which meet the industrial requirements of light calcium carbonate; the residues of Cl, Na and other elements in the prepared calcium carbonate are small, and the direct use of the light calcium carbonate is not influenced;
the comparative examples 1 and 2 lack a corresponding one-step sedimentation process, so that the incomplete removal of Cl, Na and other elements is caused, the improvement of whiteness is influenced, meanwhile, the prepared calcium carbonate has larger residues of Cl, Na and other elements, the sedimentation volume of the calcium carbonate is influenced, the surface activity of the calcium carbonate is reduced, for example, the specific surface area and the oil absorption value are reduced to a certain extent, and the prepared light calcium carbonate can be directly used as a filler and the like and needs to be further optimized to be used.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the design concept of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: controlling the water content of the alkaline residue white mud to be 35-45%, adding calcium oxide, adjusting the pH value to be 9.5-10, adding an electrolyte solution, fully stirring, standing, separating, and collecting filtrate and first filter residue;
s2: introducing the filtrate into a high-pressure kettle, stirring for 2-3h at 32-35 ℃ under the first supercritical state, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 7.5-7.8MPa, and keeping for 2-3 h;
in the second supercritical state, stirring at 40-45 deg.C for 1 hr, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 8-10MPa, and maintaining for 1-2 hr;
in a third supercritical state, stirring at 45-50 ℃ for 1h under heat preservation, introducing carbon dioxide, maintaining the pressure in the kettle at 10-11MPa, and keeping for 0.5-1 h;
adding a flocculating agent, fully stirring, standing for separation, and collecting filtrate and second filter residue;
s3: mixing the first and second filter residues, adding 10 wt% of water, adding dispersant, whitening agent, and chelating agent, heating to 50-60 deg.C, keeping the temperature, and filtering; pulping with 5 wt% water, filtering, and repeating pulping operation for 3-5 times to obtain fully pulped filter residue;
s4: fully pulping the filter residue, and drying to obtain powder;
s5: and then carrying out micro-grinding on the powder for 2 times, barreling and packaging to obtain the light calcium carbonate.
2. The method for producing light calcium carbonate from industrial caustic sludge according to claim 1, wherein the calcium oxide added in the step S1 has a particle size of 1-3 cm.
3. The method for producing precipitated calcium carbonate from industrial soda residue white mud according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte solution in step S1 is 10% calcium acetate solution.
4. The method for producing light calcium carbonate from industrial alkaline residue white mud according to claim 1, wherein the calcium acetate solution is added in an amount of 0.01-0.1% by weight of the alkaline residue white mud in step S1.
5. The method for producing light calcium carbonate from industrial caustic sludge according to claim 1, wherein the dispersant in the step S3 is disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate.
6. The method for producing light calcium carbonate from industrial caustic sludge according to claim 1, wherein the whitening agent in step S3 is stilbene.
7. The method for producing light calcium carbonate from industrial caustic sludge according to claim 1, wherein the flocculating agent in step S2 is polyacrylamide.
8. The method for producing light calcium carbonate from industrial soda residue white mud according to claim 1, wherein the chelating agent in the step S3 is an amino acid chelating agent.
9. The method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud according to claim 1, wherein the drying in the step S4 is carried out, and the water content is less than or equal to 0.5%.
10. The method for producing light calcium carbonate from industrial caustic sludge according to claim 1, wherein the temperature preservation time in the step S3 is 2-3 h.
CN202010162486.4A 2020-03-10 2020-03-10 Method for producing light calcium carbonate by using industrial alkaline residue white mud Withdrawn CN111333093A (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114180611A (en) * 2021-12-30 2022-03-15 四川博菲硕科技有限公司 Method for preparing light calcium carbonate from CaO-containing industrial waste and light calcium carbonate
CN115745481A (en) * 2022-11-04 2023-03-07 广东恩硕科技有限公司 Method for preparing foamed light soil based on alkaline residues

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101391794A (en) * 2008-10-24 2009-03-25 魏湘 Novel method for preparing light calcium carbonate by recovering solid white slime through alkaline pulping
CN110092625A (en) * 2019-05-24 2019-08-06 华南理工大学 A kind of cement mixed mortar preparing the preparation of calcium carbonate superfine powder powder with alkaline residue
CN110563015A (en) * 2019-09-27 2019-12-13 河北立信化工有限公司 preparation method of light calcium carbonate for food

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101391794A (en) * 2008-10-24 2009-03-25 魏湘 Novel method for preparing light calcium carbonate by recovering solid white slime through alkaline pulping
CN110092625A (en) * 2019-05-24 2019-08-06 华南理工大学 A kind of cement mixed mortar preparing the preparation of calcium carbonate superfine powder powder with alkaline residue
CN110563015A (en) * 2019-09-27 2019-12-13 河北立信化工有限公司 preparation method of light calcium carbonate for food

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114180611A (en) * 2021-12-30 2022-03-15 四川博菲硕科技有限公司 Method for preparing light calcium carbonate from CaO-containing industrial waste and light calcium carbonate
CN115745481A (en) * 2022-11-04 2023-03-07 广东恩硕科技有限公司 Method for preparing foamed light soil based on alkaline residues
CN115745481B (en) * 2022-11-04 2023-11-14 广东恩硕科技有限公司 Method for preparing foam light soil based on alkaline residues

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