CN111326947A - Laser plasma optical device and method for generating ultrashort and ultrahigh mid-infrared pulse - Google Patents
Laser plasma optical device and method for generating ultrashort and ultrahigh mid-infrared pulse Download PDFInfo
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
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- H01S5/005—Optical components external to the laser cavity, specially adapted therefor, e.g. for homogenisation or merging of the beams or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
- H01S5/0085—Optical components external to the laser cavity, specially adapted therefor, e.g. for homogenisation or merging of the beams or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping for modulating the output, i.e. the laser beam is modulated outside the laser cavity
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/005—Optical devices external to the laser cavity, specially adapted for lasers, e.g. for homogenisation of the beam or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
- H01S3/0092—Nonlinear frequency conversion, e.g. second harmonic generation [SHG] or sum- or difference-frequency generation outside the laser cavity
Abstract
The application discloses laser plasma optical device, including laser system, vacuum target chamber, gaseous target generating device and focusing element. The laser system is used for outputting a driving light pulse and a signal light pulse; the gas target generating device is used for generating gas and ionizing the gas by capillary high-voltage discharge (or laser picosecond pre-pulse ablation) to form a required plasma channel target; focusing the driving light pulse on the generated plasma channel target through the focusing element so as to generate a density modulated plasma wake; and after delaying the preset time T, focusing the signal light pulse to the front edge region of the second plasma density cavity of the plasma wake wave through the focusing element, so that the frequency of the signal light pulse is subjected to red shift, and an ultra-strong near-single-period infrared pulse is generated, wherein the intermediate infrared pulse cannot be achieved by the conventional optical device at present, and has potential wide application value on basic scientific research, medical science, industrial application and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of laser plasma physics and nonlinear optics, in particular to a plasma optical device driven by ultrashort pulse intense laser and a method for generating intermediate infrared light pulse with single pulse energy reaching several millijoules, relativistic intensity and near single period.
Background
Middle infrared band (3-20 [ mu ] m)]Micron) laser pulse has important application value in the fields of basic scientific research, biomedical application, precision manufacturing and the like. The wave band spectrum covers the characteristic oscillation mode of a large number of organic molecules, and can generate a characteristic oscillation absorption spectrum, so that the wave band spectrum has unique diagnostic identification and control research capability. In particular, the generation of ultra-short, ultra-strong, mid-infrared laser pulses has brought important research tools for scientific research, for example, ultra-high order harmonic radiation, high energy attosecond (1 attosecond to 10 attosecond) can be realized-18Seconds), multi-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, ultra-fast kinetic imaging, particle acceleration, etc.
At present, the method for generating ultrashort and ultrastrong mid-infrared light pulses is mainly based on the traditional nonlinear crystal material technology. However, it is difficult to generate high intensity, several millijoules (1 millijoule 10) due to limitations such as the frequency bandwidth, damage threshold, and energy gain of the crystal material-3Joule), few cycles of mid-infrared light pulses. The generation of high intensity, high energy, few period mid-infrared light pulses will become more challenging as the number of light periods decreases and the wavelength increases, and has become one of the challenges of current photophysics science. Currently, the infrared pulse energy in a near single period obtained based on the optical technology of crystalline materials is typically limited to tens of microjoules (1 microjoule-10)-6Joule), peak intensity (I)0) About teva per square centimeter (10)12W/cm2) Within the range of the order of magnitude,this greatly limits their research capabilities and range of applications. The ability to develop and use the driving optical field with a longer wavelength (λ), higher light intensity, shorter oscillation period and higher pulse energy will be greatly enhanced, for example, a brighter, shorter attosecond pulsed light source can be generated by the action of such light pulses with gas atoms, and the photon energy (proportional to the product I of the light intensity and the square of the wavelength) will be generated0λ2) Extending to the hard X-ray energy range. Furthermore, when the peak intensity of the driving light field reaches relativistic intensity (I)0～(1/λ2[μm])×1018W/cm2) It would open relativistic nonlinear optics in the mid-infrared optical band and would bring unprecedented exploratory power and opportunities for scientific research. Heretofore, chirped pulse amplification techniques invented in 1985 by donnas streckland and jararad morrou (Gerard Mourou) resulted in significant enhancement (over 10 microns of laser intensity) of laser light in the near infrared band (laser wavelength around 1 micron)18Watts per square centimeter) that, for the first time, allowed the laser intensity to reach the relativistic intensity region. The invention improves the laser physics and technology science, opens the nonlinear optics field and brings important research value for many scientific researches. The two scientists mentioned above were thus awarded the 2018 nobel physics prize. Until now, relativistic nonlinear optics has been mainly limited to the near infrared band.
In recent years, research into the generation of novel radiation light sources based on laser plasma optical methods has received extensive attention and development. Compared with the traditional optical crystal material, the plasma serving as a carrier medium can bear laser pulses with extremely high power, intensity and energy, so that the plasma is suitable for controlling and generating high-intensity light pulses and high-energy radiation sources. At present, based on the laser plasma optical method, researchers have studied and invented mechanisms capable of generating light sources of various wave bands, such as generating ultrashort and ultrahigh mid-infrared pulses through self-modulation and self-compression effects of ultrahigh-power relativistic strong laser pulses in plasma. However, mid-infrared pulses generated by self-modulation and self-compression of the pulses are inefficient (typically less than a few percent), have poor spectral tunability, and are a continuous, ultra-broad spectrum. In addition, the incident laser pulse is required to reach hundreds of watts of power and a single pulse to reach joule level of energy, which would require a large, expensive laser device. Only some of the large and medium-sized laboratories currently have such laser devices, which typically have an operating repetition rate of only a few hertz and relatively poor stability. These greatly limit the practical use, application value and scope of the mechanism scheme.
Therefore, there is a strong need in the art to develop an efficient, compact, high repetition rate optical device that can produce stable pulses of relatively intense, milli-joule, less periodic mid-infrared light, and with tunable spectra and other pulse parameters.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a laser plasma optical device which is used for generating ultra-short and ultra-strong (namely relativistic intensity, milli-joule and near single period) mid-infrared light pulses and has adjustable spectrum and other pulse parameters.
The invention provides a laser plasma optical device, which comprises a laser system, a laser processing system and a control system, wherein the laser system is used for outputting a driving light pulse and a signal light pulse; a vacuum target chamber for providing a vacuum environment for laser interaction with a substance; the gas target generating device is arranged in the vacuum target chamber, is used for generating gas and forms a plasma channel target along the propagation direction of the driving light pulse by laser pre-pulse irradiation or high-pressure ionized gas; and a focusing element disposed within the vacuum target chamber, the focusing element focusing the driving light pulses onto the generated plasma channel target, thereby generating a density-modulated plasma wake; and after delaying for a preset time T, focusing the signal light pulse to the front edge region of a second plasma density cavity of the plasma wake wave through the focusing element, so that the frequency of the signal light pulse is red-shifted, and infrared pulses with relativistic intensity and single pulse energy reaching several millijoules and in a near-single period are generated.
In another preferred embodiment, the plasma channel target has a radial density gradient profile with a density increase in the radial direction of the channel (i.e. in a direction outward from the optical axis or the central axis of the channel) and a substantially uniform axial density profile in the axial direction of the channel.
In another preferred example, the directions of the driving light pulse and the signal light pulse are the same.
In another preferred example, the propagation directions of the driving light pulse, the signal light pulse and the laser pre-pulse are the same.
In another preferred embodiment, the leading edge region is the foremost or leading 1/2 region of the second plasma cavity of the plasma wake.
In another preferred example, the laser pre-pulse and the driving light pulse are the same laser pulse, wherein the leading edge or front segment of the laser pulse is used as the pre-pulse, and the rear segment (main pulse) of the laser pulse is used as the driving light pulse.
In another preferred example, the beam waist radius of the driving light pulse and the signal light pulse focused on the plasma target is 5-30 microns.
In another preferred embodiment, the laser pulses (driving light pulse and signal light pulse) are focused on the gas target with a beam waist radius of 8-15 microns.
In another preferred example, the pulse width of the driving light pulse is 10-60 femtoseconds.
In another preferred example, the pulse width of the driving light pulse is 20-40 femtoseconds.
In another preferred example, the pulse width of the signal light pulse is 5-30 femtoseconds,
in another preferred example, the pulse width of the signal light pulse is 10-20 femtoseconds.
In another preferred example, the delay predetermined time T may be adjusted in the range of tens of femtoseconds.
In another preferred example, the peak power of the driving light pulse is 1-20 terawatts.
In another preferred example, the peak power of the driving light pulse is 3-9 Taiwatts.
In another preferred example, the peak power of the signal light pulse is 0.1-15 Taiwatts.
In another preferred example, the peak power of the signal light pulse is 0.5-7 Taiwatts.
In another preferred embodiment, the gas target generating device is a controllable high-pressure gas nozzle device or a capillary channel device.
In another preferred embodiment, the high-pressure gas nozzle device can spray gas with controllable density, volume and the like, and can be ionized by picosecond pre-pulse to generate a plasma channel target which has a parabola-like density gradient (ascending from an optical axis to the outside) along the radial direction and is basically uniform along the axial direction.
In another preferred example, the capillary channel device is formed by inflating gas into the tube by the gas generating device, and then ionizing the gas in the tube by the high voltage provided by the electrode device, so as to generate a plasma channel target which has a parabola-like density gradient (rising from the optical axis outwards) along the radial direction and is basically uniform along the axial direction.
In another preferred embodiment, the length of the generated plasma channel target along the propagation direction of the laser is 800-3000 microns, preferably 1200-2000 microns.
In another preferred example, the gas component for forming the gas target is composed of a mixed gas of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.
In another preferred embodiment, the plasma channel target has a parabolic-like density gradient (i.e. low density in the central region and high density on the outer side) in the transverse direction (perpendicular to the propagation direction of the laser light) to effectively guide the transmission of laser pulses over long distances.
In another preferred embodiment, the plasma channel target has an electron number density of 1017～1020Each cubic centimeter, preferably, 1018～1019Each per cubic centimeter.
In another preferred example, the parameters of the generated mid-infrared light pulse can be regulated by adjusting the parameters of the plasma channel target, the signal light pulse or the driving light pulse.
In another preferred example, the laser plasma optical device further comprises a control system, and the control system is used for controlling the laser system, the gas target generating device and the focusing element.
In another preferred embodiment, the control system includes a delay control by which the signal light pulse is injected into the leading edge region of the second plasma density cavity of the plasma wake.
In another preferred embodiment, the mid-infrared pulse has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of:
(a) peak intensity over 1017Watts per square centimeter;
(b) pulse width at full width half maximum of light intensity is as short as nearly a single photoperiod;
(c) the total energy can reach dozens of millijoules;
(d) the central wavelength can reach 5 microns, and the maximum cut-off wavelength can reach 10 microns;
(e) with a controllable carrier phase.
The invention provides a method for generating infrared pulses with relativistic intensity, single pulse energy reaching several millijoules and a near single period, which comprises the following steps:
(a) providing a gas target which generates a plasma channel target by laser pre-pulse irradiation or by high-voltage ionization of the gas target;
(b) providing a driving light pulse focused onto the gas target or a plasma channel target formed from the gas target in step (a) to generate a density modulated plasma wake;
(c) after delaying for a predetermined time T, providing a signal light pulse, focusing the signal light pulse to the leading edge region of the second plasma density cavity of the plasma wake wave in step (b), thereby red-shifting the frequency of the signal light pulse, and generating an infrared pulse in a near single period with relativistic intensity and single pulse energy reaching several millijoules.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus for generating ultrashort ultrastrong mid-infrared pulses according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a laser plasma wake and modulated laser pulses of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a plot of the electron number density on the plasma wake axis of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph of the spectral distribution of the initial signal light pulse and the modulated mid-infrared light pulse of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the electric field distribution of the mid-IR light pulse of the present invention at the spectral peak wavelength 4.5 microns.
In the drawings, the designations are as follows:
in the context of figure 1 of the drawings,
1-vacuum target chamber
2-laser/terawatt level laser device
21-drive light pulse
22-signal light pulse
3-focusing element/focusing parabolic lens
4-time delay control
5-plasma channel target
51-laser plasma wake
6-gas target generating device
61-high pressure gas nozzle device
611-gas
62-capillary channel device
621 capillary
622-gas generating device
623-high voltage supply
7-mid-infrared pulse
In the context of figure 2, it is shown,
81-modulated drive light pulse
82-modulated signal light pulses
511-first cavitation of the plasma wake
512-second cavitation of plasma wake
Detailed Description
The inventor of the invention develops a laser plasma optical device and a method for generating infrared pulse with relativistic intensity, single pulse energy reaching several millijoules and near single period for the first time through extensive and intensive research. The device has the advantages of high efficiency, small size, compactness, high repetition rate and the like, can provide economic, practical and reliable ultrashort and ultrastrong mid-infrared light pulses, generates mid-infrared pulses with strong relativity, several millijoules and near single period, which cannot be achieved by the conventional optical device at present, breaks through the bottleneck of the conventional optical technology, and has potential wide application value on basic scientific research, medical science, industrial application and the like. The method has the advantages of relatively simple and feasible required conditions, economy and practicability, and has the possibility of realizing high repetition frequency operation.
The invention provides a laser plasma optical device (device for generating ultrashort and ultra-strong mid-infrared pulses) and a method for generating mid-infrared light pulses with single pulse energy reaching several millijoules, near single period and relativistic intensity. The method utilizes a terawatt stage (1 terawatt-10)12W) ultra-short drive laser pulse with the center wavelength of the relativistic intensity of about 0.8-1.0 micron is transmitted in the thin plasma, and the tail wave is disturbed through the electron density of the generated plasma, so that the modulation of signal laser pulse with the center wavelength of about 0.8-1.0 micron is realized, and the signal laser pulse is converted into mid-infrared light pulse with the wavelength of more than 4 microns.
The specific implementation of the invention requires a Taiwa laser system and a vacuum target chamber, wherein the vacuum target chamber is internally provided with an adjustable high-pressure gas nozzle device or a capillary channel device for generating a plasma channel target with adjustable density, length and the like. The laser system may employ a small khz femtosecond short pulse laser device currently commercially available. And dividing one pulse output by the laser diode into two laser pulses which are transmitted in the same direction, wherein the front pulse is used as a driving light pulse, and the rear pulse is used as a signal light pulse. Wherein the driving light pulse firstly acts with the plasma channel target to generate a nonlinear plasma wake wave with a density cavitation structure. And injecting the signal light pulse into the front edge region of a second plasma density cavity of the plasma wake wave generated by the driving light pulse by regulating and controlling the time delay between the signal light pulse and the driving light pulse, so that the signal light pulse generates strong frequency red shift. After modulation by sufficient interaction, the signal light pulse will be effectively converted into a few-period mid-infrared pulse with energy up to several millijoules. Parameters of the output mid-infrared pulse, including its pulse energy, center frequency, spectral width, etc., can be modulated by varying parameters of the drive laser pulse, signal laser pulse, or plasma channel target.
Compared with the traditional technical method, the method has the following main advantages:
the optical technology based on the traditional nonlinear crystal material is limited by the frequency bandwidth, damage threshold, energy gain and the like of the material, so that the middle infrared light pulse with high intensity, a few millijoules and a few cycles is difficult to generate. Currently, the infrared pulse energy in a near single cycle obtained based on crystalline material optical techniques is typically limited to tens of microjoules, with peak intensities on the order of about tewatts per square centimeter. Based on the laser plasma optical method, the plasma can bear laser pulses with extremely high power, intensity and energy due to the fact that the plasma has no limits such as material loss threshold and the like, and the laser plasma optical method is suitable for controlling and generating light pulses with high power, large energy and high intensity. In addition, the parameters of the generated mid-infrared pulse can be conveniently regulated and controlled by simply changing the parameters of the plasma or the incident laser pulse.
Compared with other laser plasma methods, the method has the following main advantages:
it has been proposed previously that ultrashort, ultra-strong mid-infrared pulses can be generated by self-modulation and self-compression of ultra-high power relativistic strong laser pulses in a plasma. However, this method produces mid-infrared pulses with very low efficiency (typically less than a few percent), with poor spectral tunability and a continuous ultra-broad spectrum. In addition, large, expensive laser devices requiring hundreds of watts of power, focal length of energy, are required. Only some of the large and medium-sized laboratories currently have lasers with very low repetition rates of operation, typically only a few hertz, and relatively poor stability. These greatly limit the practical use and application value of this mechanistic approach. The laser system required by the invention can adopt the current common commercial terawatt laser, which is more compact, economical and practical, and has higher stability and the repetition frequency of kilohertz. The generated intermediate infrared pulse is more convenient, stable and reliable, so that the intermediate infrared pulse generator has more practical value and wider application range. In addition, the efficiency of the intermediate infrared pulse converted by the invention can reach about thirty percent of the energy of the incident signal light pulse, and the invention has adjustable wavelength and other pulse parameters.
Therefore, the invention can generate infrared pulse with high repetition frequency, high efficiency, strong relativity, several millijoules and near single period. The invention is superior to and different from the intermediate infrared pulse obtained by self-modulation in plasma based on ultrahigh power pulse previously proposed by other scholars, and breaks through the capability of the current nonlinear crystal material-based optical technology, so that the invention can bring an ultra-strong few-period intermediate infrared light source which is economical, practical, stable and reliable for a wide scientific group.
In the following description, numerous technical details are set forth in order to provide a better understanding of the present application. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the technical solutions claimed in the present application may be implemented without these technical details and with various changes and modifications based on the following embodiments.
Term(s) for
As used herein, "laser plasma optical device" and "ultra-short ultra-strong mid-infrared pulse generating device" are used interchangeably.
As used herein, "mid-ir pulses" are used interchangeably with "mid-ir light pulses".
The terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, the use of the verb "comprise a" to define an element does not exclude the presence of another, same element in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
In the present invention, all the directional indications (such as up, down, left, right, front, rear, etc.) are used only to explain the relative positional relationship between the respective members, the motion situation, etc. in a certain posture (as shown in the drawing), and if the certain posture is changed, the directional indication is changed accordingly.
Laser plasma optical device/device for generating ultrashort and ultra-strong mid-infrared pulse
In the invention, the laser plasma optical device based on laser driving comprises a Taiwa femtosecond laser system, a vacuum target chamber, a gas target generating device, a focusing element and a control system;
the vacuum target chamber can provide a vacuum environment for the interaction of the laser and the substance;
the gas target generating device is arranged in the vacuum target chamber, wherein the gas target generating device is used for generating gas and generating a plasma channel target along the propagation direction of the driving light pulse through laser pre-pulse irradiation or high-voltage ionized gas;
a focusing element disposed within the vacuum target chamber, the focusing element focusing the driving light pulses onto the plasma channel target, thereby generating a density-modulated plasma wake; after delaying for a preset time T, focusing the signal light pulse to the front edge region of a second plasma density cavity of the plasma wake wave through the focusing element, so that the frequency of the signal light pulse is subjected to red shift, and infrared pulses with relativistic intensity and single pulse energy reaching several millijoules and in a near-single period are generated;
the control system is used for controlling the laser system, the gas target generating device and the focusing element. Preferably, the control system comprises a delay control by which the signal light pulse is injected into the leading edge region of the second plasma density cavity of the plasma wake.
Laser system
In the present invention, the laser system includes a laser and associated optical path means, which may employ the high repetition rate (kilohertz order), stable and cost effective tewa laser apparatus currently commercially available for generating the drive optical pulses, signal optical pulses and controllable laser pre-pulses of the appropriate parameters.
Laser pre-pulsing
In the present invention, the laser pre-pulse is a leading edge portion of a laser pulse, and the main pulse of the laser pulse is a driving light pulse or a signal light pulse. In the experiment, elements such as a plasma mirror can be used to eliminate or retain the laser pre-pulse.
Drive light pulse and signal light pulse
In the present invention, the driving light pulse and the signal light pulse are both commonly used gaussian light beams. The variation of the signal light pulse or the driving light pulse parameter can be used for regulating and controlling the generated mid-infrared light pulse parameter.
The beam waist radius of the driving light pulse and the signal light pulse focused on the target is 5-30 micrometers, and the beam waist radius is preferably 8-15 micrometers. The pulse width of the driving light pulse is 10-60 femtoseconds, preferably 20-40 femtoseconds. The pulse width of the signal light pulse is 5-30 femtoseconds, preferably 10-20 femtoseconds. The signal light pulse and the driving light pulse may have the same pulse width, i.e. by splitting one output laser pulse into two laser pulses with a certain time delay.
The peak power of the driving light pulse is 1-20 Taiwa, preferably 3-9 Taiwa; the peak power of the signal light pulse is 0.1-15 Taiwa, preferably 0.5-7 Taiwa.
The signal light pulse can be controlled by time delay to be positioned at the front end region of the second plasma density cavity which drives the light to generate the tail wave, so that a strong frequency red shift effect is generated, and the signal light pulse is converted into a mid-infrared pulse.
Plasma channel target
In the invention, a gas target is irradiated by laser pre-pulse or ionized by high voltage to form a plasma channel target along the propagation direction of a driving light pulse; the gas target may be generated by a high pressure gas nozzle device or a capillary channel, but is not limited to the two methods described above. The formed plasma channel target has adjustability of density, length and the like, and is suitable for high repetition frequency use. The variation of the plasma channel target parameters can be used to regulate the parameters of the generated mid-infrared light pulse.
The gas may be composed of a single gas or a mixture of gases of low atomic number, preferably hydrogen, helium, nitrogen or mixtures thereof.
The plasma formed by capillary ionization (or laser pre-pulse ablation) contains a number density of electrons of 1017～1020Each cubic centimeter, preferably 1018～1019Each per cubic centimeter.
The length of the plasma channel target along the laser propagation direction is 800-3000 micrometers, preferably 1200-2000 micrometers.
The plasma channel target has a parabolic-like density gradient in the transverse direction (perpendicular to the laser propagation direction), and can effectively guide the laser to transmit for a long distance.
High-pressure gas nozzle device
In the present invention, the high-pressure gas nozzle device can generate a desired gas target by controlling the shape of the gas nozzle outlet, the flow rate of jet flow, and the like. In addition, a gas target can be ablated by picosecond pre-pulses of laser light to form a plasma channel target with a low center density and a high outer density in a parabolic-like distribution.
Capillary channel device
In the present invention, the capillary channel device is composed of a capillary, a gas generating device, and a high voltage power supply. The plasma channel target is characterized in that appropriate gas is filled into a capillary tube through a gas generating device, and then the gas in the capillary tube is ionized through high-voltage discharge provided by a power supply, so that the plasma channel target with uniform density distribution along the direction of the tube axis, low radial center density and high outer side density is generated. In addition, parameters of the plasma channel generated can be adjusted and controlled by changing the shape of the capillary, the amount of gas charged, and the power supply voltage to produce the desired target.
Method for generating few-period ultrastrong mid-infrared light pulse
In the invention, the method for generating infrared pulse with relativistic intensity, single pulse energy reaching several millijoules and near single period comprises the following steps:
(a) providing a gas target, and generating the plasma channel target by laser pre-pulse irradiation or high-voltage ionization of the gas target;
(b) providing a driving light pulse focused onto the gas target in step (a) or a plasma channel target formed from the gas target, thereby generating a density-modulated plasma wake; (ii) a
(c) After delaying for a predetermined time T, providing a signal light pulse, focusing the signal light pulse to the leading edge region of the second plasma density cavity of the plasma wake wave in step (b), thereby red-shifting the frequency of the signal light pulse, and generating an infrared pulse in a near single period with relativistic intensity and single pulse energy reaching several millijoules.
Characteristics of few-period ultrastrong mid-infrared light pulse
In the invention, the generated adjustable ultrashort ultrastrong mid-infrared pulse has the following characteristics:
(a) ultra-high light intensity with peak intensity over 1017Watts per square centimeter;
(b) ultrashort pulse cycles with pulse width at full width half maximum of light intensity as short as nearly a single light cycle;
(c) the total energy can reach dozens of millijoules due to the ultra-high pulse energy;
(d) long carrier wave length, central wavelength up to 5 micron, maximum cut-off wavelength up to 10 micron;
(e) with a controllable carrier phase.
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown in the drawings, and those skilled in the art can understand the present invention from the substantial spirit embodied in the following description of the embodiments.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a laser plasma optical device, i.e., a device for generating ultrashort and ultrastrong mid-infrared pulses according to the present invention. As shown in fig. 1, the apparatus comprises a laser 2 and a vacuum target chamber 1 and a plasma channel target (5).
The vacuum target chamber is used for providing a vacuum environment for the laser to interact with the substance. In addition, a controllable high-pressure gas nozzle device 61 or a capillary channel device 62 is arranged in the vacuum target chamber for generating an adjustable plasma channel target 5. The generated plasma channel target has adjustability of density, length and the like and high reuse rate.
The high-pressure gas nozzle device 61 controls the emitted gas 611 by adjusting the outlet shape of the gas nozzle, the flow rate of the jet, and the like. Then, the gas is ablated by a laser picosecond pre-pulse (not shown in the figure), so that a plasma channel with low central density and high outer side density, namely the required plasma channel target 5, in a parabola-like distribution is formed.
The capillary channel means 62 is composed of a capillary tube 621, a gas generating means 622 and a high voltage power supply 623. The capillary is first filled with proper gas via the gas generator and the gas inside the capillary is then ionized via the high voltage discharge provided by the power source to produce plasma channel target 5 with homogeneous density distribution in the direction of the tube axis, low radial center density and high outer density. In addition, the parameters of the plasma channel to be generated can be adjusted and controlled by changing the shape of the capillary, the amount of the charged gas, and the power supply voltage, thereby generating the desired plasma channel target 5.
The length of the generated plasma channel target 5 along the laser propagation direction is preferably 1200-2000 microns, and the generated plasma channel target can effectively guide the long-distance transmission of laser due to the parabolic density gradient in the transverse direction. The density of the formed plasma channel is preferably ne＝n0+Δn0，n0Is the on-axis electron number density, Δ n0＝λ2r2nc/π2w4Is the channel characteristic density gradient, nc＝meω2/4πe2Is the plasma electron critical density, λ is the incident laser wavelength, ω is the incident laser frequencyW is the incident laser focal spot radius, meIs the electron resting mass, e is the electron unit charge, r is the radius of distance from the axis of the plasma channel. The composition of the gas target may be composed of a single or multiple mixed gases of low atomic number, preferably hydrogen, helium, nitrogen or mixtures thereof. The required plasma channel target is generated by capillary high-voltage discharge ionization (or laser picosecond pre-pulse ablation) of gas target, and the number density of electrons contained therein is preferably 1018～1019Each per cubic centimeter.
The laser 2 is used for outputting a driving light pulse 21 and a signal light pulse 22, wherein the driving light pulse firstly reacts with the plasma channel target 5 to generate a plasma tail wave 51 with a space structure presenting density cavitation. The signal light pulse 22 with a certain time delay is then injected into the density rising region of the second density cavity behind the driving light pulse (as shown in fig. 2), and the modulation of the signal laser pulse by the density distribution excites a strong optical frequency red shift effect, and finally generates a super-strong mid-infrared pulse with a small period, i.e., a modulated signal light pulse (7 in fig. 1 or 82 in fig. 2). The laser can adopt a stable, economical and practical Taiwa laser device 2 with the repetition frequency of the kilohertz level which is commercially available at present.
Both the driving light pulse 21 and the signal light pulse 22 are commonly gaussian beams. Through a focusing objective lens (the focusing element 3 focuses it on the target, the beam waist radius of the focused beam is preferably 8-15 microns, wherein, the pulse width of the driving light pulse 21 is preferably 20 to 40 femtoseconds; preferably 3 to 9 terawatts, by focusing a signal light pulse (22) onto the target in the same direction by a delay control (4) for a time period, preferably 10 to 20 femtoseconds in pulse width, preferably 0.5 to 7 terawatts, the delay time being about 50 to 80 femtoseconds (comparable to the longitudinal length of the first plasma cavity (511 in FIG. 2) generated), the injected signal light pulse will be in the density-raising region at the front of the second plasma cavity (512 in figure 2) in the wake, the signal light is efficiently converted to long wavelength mid-IR pulses (82) by sufficient interaction modulation.
For ease of understanding, fig. 2 gives a schematic representation of the laser plasma wake, the modulated signal light pulse (82, i.e., mid-infrared pulse 7), and the drive light pulse (81), and fig. 3 gives an on-axis density profile of the plasma wake. It should be noted here that the driving light pulse is mainly used for generating a density-disturbed wake wave by the action of the plasma, and the wake wave includes a plurality of plasma bubbles. Since the driving laser pulse is in the region where the density disturbance is very moderate (i.e. the front end of the first plasma cavity (511)), although the pulse back edge part is also in the density rising region, the frequency red shift phenomenon is difficult to occur, which is the pulse self-modulation mechanism. Therefore, the prior scheme based on pulse self-modulation needs a hundred-watt and focal-level strong laser pulse to excite and generate stronger density disturbance tail waves so as to generate ultra-strong mid-infrared pulses. In addition, only a small part of the energy of the laser pulse is converted into the intermediate infrared pulse, most of the energy is absorbed by plasma, forms a tail wave field or is accelerated to generate high-energy electrons, and the front edge part of the pulse is positioned in a density gradient descending region and cannot be converted into the intermediate infrared pulse. Therefore, the conversion efficiency of the pulse self-modulation method is usually less than several percent. In the present invention, since the signal light is in the very high density rise region (i.e., the front end of the second plasmon cavity (512)), a strong frequency red shift phenomenon occurs. Since the density disturbance wake wave is generated by the drive laser, it is not necessary to consume much signal light energy. The consumed signal laser energy mainly enhances the tail wave of the second plasma cavity where the signal laser energy is located and is partially absorbed by the plasma, and the enhanced plasma tail wave can enhance the frequency red shift effect. Therefore, the signal laser can realize fast and efficient frequency red shift conversion, and further generate ultra-short and ultra-strong mid-infrared pulses 82.
In addition, the invention can regulate and control the parameters of the generated intermediate infrared pulse, such as pulse energy, peak intensity, wavelength, carrier phase, oscillation period number and the like, by changing the parameters of the plasma channel target 5, the signal light pulse 22 or the driving light pulse 21, thereby realizing the adjustable intermediate infrared light pulse with strong relativity, a few millijoules and a near single period.
The invention will now be further illustrated with reference to specific example 1. It should be understood that this example is only for illustrating the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The experimental procedures, in which specific conditions are not noted in the following examples, are generally carried out under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturers.
Example 1
This example employed the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, including a laser, a vacuum target chamber, a focusing element, and a plasma channel target.
The laser will provide drive light pulses and signal light pulses, both gaussian with the same wavelength of 1 micron and the same focal spot radius of 8 microns, with different peak intensities (drive laser 5.5 × 10)18Watt per square centimeter, signal laser 1.4 × 1018Watts per square centimeter), different pulse widths (33.3 femtoseconds for the drive laser and 13.3 femtoseconds for the signal laser) and different peak powers (5.5 terawatts for the drive laser and 1.4 terawatts for the signal laser).
The vacuum target chamber is used for providing a vacuum environment for the interaction of the laser and the substance.
The length of the plasma channel generated by capillary high-voltage discharge ionization (or laser picosecond pre-pulse ablation) of the gas target along the laser propagation direction is preferably about 1600 micrometers, the plasma channel is radially distributed in a parabola-like density mode (low in the middle and high outside), the adopted gas is hydrogen, and the electron number density of the ionized plasma along the channel axis is about 4 × 1018Each per cubic centimeter; can be radially according to the channel characteristic density gradient delta n0＝λ2r2nc/π2w4Gradually increasing, e.g. a density of about 6 × 10 at the focal spot (w ═ 8 microns)18Each per cubic centimeter.
The driving light pulse first interacts with the plasma channel target to excite a plasma wake wave that produces a density perturbation, as shown in fig. 2. Subsequently, a signal light pulse delayed by about 70 femtoseconds was focused in the same direction onto the plasma target, so that it was injected into the second plasma cavity front in the wake wave. Since the signal laser pulse is in the steep density rise region of the high density perturbation, it will have a strong frequency red shift effect. After full modulation, the signal light can be effectively converted into ultra-short and ultra-strong mid-infrared pulses.
Fig. 4 shows the initial spectrum and the spectrum distribution after modulation of the signal light pulse, and fig. 5 shows the electric field distribution of the mid-infrared pulse at the spectral peak wavelength of 4.5 microns. Numerical simulation results show that the signal light pulse can be effectively converted into the intermediate infrared pulse with long wavelength, and the full width at half maximum of the generated intermediate infrared pulse width can be as short as nearly a single optical period. In addition, the parameters of the generated mid-infrared pulse can be further adjusted by changing the initial plasma target parameters.
The laser plasma optical device and the method for generating infrared pulse in a relatively strong single period of several milli-joules have the following advantages:
(a) the device is simple and compact, and has low cost: the laser apparatus required by the present invention can adopt the small laser of Taiwa grade which is commercially available at present, has the repeated running frequency of kilohertz grade, compact size and lower purchase and running cost. The vacuum target chamber can be directly ordered from the manufacturer, and the equipment technology is very mature. The technology of nozzle or capillary devices for generating gas targets is also mature at present, and the technology is widely used in experiments such as laser plasma acceleration;
(b) produce high-efficient, superstrong, ultrashort mid-infrared pulse: few-cycle mid-infrared pulses generated based on nonlinear crystal material technology are generally limited to a range of low light intensity (non-relativistic intensity) and low energy (micro-focal magnitude). By using the method, the infrared pulse with strong relativity theory, a few millijoules and a nearly single period can be realized, so that the limitation of the traditional optical technical method is broken through;
(c) the operation is simple, the repetition frequency is high: the method only needs to focus the driving light pulse and the signal light pulse on the generated gas target according to the set time delay. The frequency red shift modulation of spontaneous excitation through the interaction of the laser and the plasma generates ultrashort and ultrahigh intermediate infrared pulses without other optical modulation equipment, so that the method is an all-optical generation method with simple operation. The laser used has a repetition rate of operation in the order of kilohertz; the gas target has extremely high reuse rate through continuous supplementary gas. Therefore, the method has the advantages and characteristics of high operation repetition rate, high stability, low cost, small size, compactness, strong practicability and the like.
All documents mentioned in this application are to be considered as being incorporated in their entirety into the disclosure of this application so as to be subject to modification as necessary. Further, it is understood that various changes or modifications may be made to the present application by those skilled in the art after reading the above disclosure of the present application, and such equivalents are also within the scope of the present application as claimed.
Claims (10)
1. A laser plasma optical device, comprising
A laser system for outputting a drive light pulse and a signal light pulse;
a vacuum target chamber for providing a vacuum environment for laser interaction with a substance;
the gas target generating device is arranged in the vacuum target chamber, is used for generating gas and forms a plasma channel target along the propagation direction of the driving light pulse by laser pre-pulse irradiation or high-pressure ionized gas; and
a focusing element disposed within the vacuum target chamber, the focusing element focusing the driving light pulses onto the generated plasma channel target, thereby generating a density-modulated plasma wake; and after delaying for a preset time T, focusing the signal light pulse to the front edge region of a second plasma density cavity of the plasma wake wave through the focusing element, so that the frequency of the signal light pulse is red-shifted, and infrared pulses with relativistic intensity and single pulse energy reaching several millijoules and in a near-single period are generated.
2. The laser plasma optical apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plasma channel target has a radial density gradient distribution of density rising in a radial direction of the channel and a substantially uniform axial density distribution in an axial direction of the channel.
3. A laser plasma optical device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said frontal region is within the region of the foremost or front 1/2 of the second plasma cavity of said plasma wake.
4. The laser plasma optical apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the beam waist radius at which the driving light pulse and the signal light pulse are focused on the plasma target is 5-30 μm.
5. The laser plasma optical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the delay predetermined time T is adjustable within a range of tens of femtoseconds.
6. The laser plasma optical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the peak power of the driving light pulse is 1 to 20 terawatts.
7. The laser plasma optical apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the peak power of the signal light pulse is 0.1-15 tew.
8. The laser plasma optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the gas target generating means is a controllable high pressure gas nozzle means or a capillary channel means.
9. The laser plasma optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the mid-infrared pulse has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of:
(a) peak intensity over 1017Watts per square centimeter;
(b) pulse width at full width half maximum of light intensity is as short as nearly a single photoperiod;
(c) the total energy can reach dozens of millijoules;
(d) the central wavelength can reach 5 microns, and the maximum cut-off wavelength can reach 10 microns;
(e) with a controllable carrier phase.
10. A method for generating infrared pulses of relativistic intensity in a near single cycle with a single pulse energy up to a few millijoules, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a gas target which generates a plasma channel target by laser pre-pulse irradiation or by high-voltage ionization of the gas target;
(b) providing a driving light pulse focused onto the gas target or a plasma channel target formed from the gas target in step (a) to generate a density modulated plasma wake;
(c) after delaying for a predetermined time T, providing a signal light pulse, focusing the signal light pulse to the leading edge region of the second plasma density cavity of the plasma wake wave in step (b), thereby red-shifting the frequency of the signal light pulse, and generating an infrared pulse in a near single period with relativistic intensity and single pulse energy reaching several millijoules.
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| CN117075354A (en) * | 2023-09-14 | 2023-11-17 | 上海交通大学 | Device for generating high contrast relativity vortex rotation and space wave front diagnosis method |
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