CN111323558B - Clay stabilizer anti-swelling effect evaluation method suitable for hydraulic fracturing process - Google Patents
Clay stabilizer anti-swelling effect evaluation method suitable for hydraulic fracturing process Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for evaluating the anti-swelling effect of a clay stabilizer in a hydraulic fracturing process, which comprises the following steps: 1) determining the water mineralization degree of an original stratum; 2) preparing a salt solution with the same mineralization degree as the formation water for later use; 3) preparing a sample of the dried bentonite pressed cake and starting an expansion test; 4) determining the volume of the salt solution and the clay stabilizer solution, wherein the mixed solution mineralization degree of the salt solution and the clay stabilizer solution reaches the mineralization degree of the fracturing flow-back fluid of the same reservoir; 5) adding the salt solution into a measuring cylinder of a shale expansion instrument filled with sodium bentonite, and starting to automatically record the expansion rate of the sample until the bentonite is expanded to be stable; 6) preparing a clay stabilizer solution to be tested, adding the clay stabilizer solution into a measuring cylinder of a shale expansion instrument, and mixing with a salt solution until the bentonite is expanded and stabilized again; 7) preparing clay stabilizer solutions with different concentrations, and repeating the steps from 2) to 6); 8) calculating the anti-swelling rate; the invention makes the anti-swelling evaluation result closer to the real situation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of reservoir transformation operation, in particular to a clay stabilizer anti-swelling effect evaluation method suitable for a hydraulic fracturing process.
Background
At present, the experimental evaluation method of the clay stabilizer mainly aims at the problems of borehole shrinkage and borehole wall collapse caused by water absorption and expansion of clay in the drilling process, and a plurality of standard experimental methods are used for evaluating the anti-expansion effect of the clay stabilizer in the industry standard of petroleum enterprises, wherein the bentonite centrifugal method and the shale dilatometer method are most widely applied. The fracturing fluid used in the hydraulic fracturing process needs to be added with a clay stabilizer to reduce reservoir damage caused by water absorption expansion of clay minerals, and the experimental evaluation method for the anti-expansion effect of the clay stabilizer used in the fracturing industry is characterized in that a clay stabilizer evaluation method aiming at the well drilling process is adopted in a plurality of ways, the difference between the fracturing process and the well drilling process is ignored, and the effect of the clay stabilizer in the fracturing process cannot be truly reflected, so that the type and the concentration of the clay stabilizer are selected wrongly.
Chinese patent CN105334295A discloses a device and a method for evaluating the washing resistance of a clay stabilizer. The method for evaluating the washing resistance of the clay stabilizer by adopting the device comprises the following steps: pouring a sample to be detected added with the clay stabilizer into a glass filter column, recording the time t0 that the sample to be detected is filtered from the volume V1 to the volume V2, adding (V1-V2) clean water to carry out repeated experiments, recording the repeated times n and the corresponding time tn, respectively calculating the filtering rates mu 0 and mu n of the sample to be detected and the sample to be detected after the clean water is added, and calculating the ratio omega n of the water washing and filtering rates of the clay stabilizer by taking mu 0 as 100 percent, wherein the higher omega n is, the better the water washing resistance of the clay stabilizer is. The washing resistance of the clay stabilizer is evaluated through a novel experimental device, and the evaluation of the anti-swelling rate of the clay stabilizer is not considered.
An experimental method for evaluating the effect of an anti-swelling agent by using an X-ray diffractometer is disclosed in the literature, "Experimental method for evaluating the effect of an anti-swelling agent by using an X-ray diffractometer" (academic Press of Petroleum university in southwest (Nature science edition), 2006,28(5): 33-35). The sodium montmorillonite with the strongest hydration expansion capability is taken as a research object, and a method and an experimental flow for directly and rapidly evaluating the anti-swelling effect of the anti-swelling agent by using an X-ray diffractometer are established prospectively by utilizing the principle that an X' PertPro powder crystal X-ray diffractometer tests the crystal face spacing of the montmorillonite (001). The system summarizes the change of the (001) interplanar spacing of sodium montmorillonite in deionized water, organic anti-swelling agent and inorganic anti-swelling agent. Research shows that the change of the crystal face spacing of the montmorillonite (001) can intuitively reflect the anti-swelling effect of the anti-swelling agent. And the method of inhibiting expansion first and then inhibiting expansion second are adopted to evaluate the stability and the continuity of the anti-expansion agent, so that the performance parameters of the anti-expansion agent are widened. The paper mainly researches a method and an experimental process for evaluating the anti-swelling effect of the anti-swelling agent by using an X-ray diffractometer, and does not consider the influence of the formation water mineralization and the original swelling state of clay minerals on the effect of the clay stabilizer.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for evaluating the anti-swelling effect of a clay stabilizer in a hydraulic fracturing process. The method is used for evaluating the anti-swelling effect of the clay stabilizer aiming at the characteristics of the water absorption process of the clay mineral in the fracturing process. By simulating the water absorption process of the clay minerals in the fracturing process more truly, the anti-swelling evaluation result is closer to the real situation so as to obtain the type and concentration of the clay stabilizer more suitable for the fracturing process.
The existing clay stabilizer anti-swelling rate evaluation methods are designed aiming at the clay water absorption process in the drilling process. During drilling, mud is circulated in the well and is typically at a pressure higher than the formation fluid pressure, causing the mud to invade the formation and form an annular wash zone around the wellbore near the near wellbore wall where mobile fluid is completely displaced by mud filtrate. Therefore, the method for evaluating the anti-swelling rate of the clay stabilizer in the drilling process mainly evaluates the anti-swelling effect of the drilling fluid system or the pure clay stabilizer solution, and does not consider the influence of the salinity of the formation water on the anti-swelling effect. However, for the fracturing process, the fracturing fluid does not have a well circulation process similar to that of a drilling fluid, and can be mixed with formation water after entering the formation or the fracture. Because the formation water has a mineralization degree, the integral salt concentration of the mixed liquid is increased after the formation water is mixed with the fracturing fluid, so that the effect of the clay stabilizer is influenced.
The invention aims to provide an anti-swelling effect evaluation method of a clay stabilizer suitable for a hydraulic fracturing process.
The method comprises the following steps:
step 1), drying the sodium bentonite at constant temperature; determining the mineralization degree of original formation water according to the formation water sampling;
step 2) preparing a salt solution with the same salinity as the formation water according to the index of the salinity of the formation water for later use;
step 3), pressing the dried bentonite into a cake to prepare a sample, and putting the sample into a measuring cylinder of a shale expansion instrument to prepare for beginning an expansion test;
step 4) determining the volumes of the salt solution and the clay stabilizer solution according to the original formation water mineralization and the same-reservoir fracturing flowback fluid mineralization, wherein the mixed solution mineralization of the salt solution and the clay stabilizer solution reaches the same-reservoir fracturing flowback fluid mineralization;
the calculation process is as follows:
[ salt solution volume + clay stabilizer solution volume salt concentration (in the case of organic clay stabilizers, the salt concentration is 0, and in the case of inorganic salt clay stabilizers, the salt concentration is clay stabilizer concentration) ]/[ salt solution volume + clay stabilizer volume ] - [ fracturing flow-back fluid mineralization degree- - -equation 1
The volume of the salt solution plus the volume of the clay stabilizer (shale expansion) to measure the volume of the liquid which can be contained in the cylinder-formula 2
In the above formula, the volume of the clay stabilizer can be determined by giving the volume of the salt solution. The concentration range of the clay stabilizer is generally recommended to be 0.1 to 5 percent, and the concentration range can be flexibly selected according to different clay stabilizer types and the formula requirements of various systems. For inorganic salt type clay stabilizers, volume and concentration are relevant, and for organic type clay stabilizers, volume and concentration are irrelevant.
Step 5) adding the salt solution into a shale expansion instrument measuring cylinder filled with sodium bentonite, and automatically recording the expansion rate of the sample until the bentonite is expanded stably;
step 6) preparing a clay stabilizer solution to be tested, adding the clay stabilizer solution into a measuring cylinder of a shale expansion instrument to be mixed with a salt solution, and continuing to expand the bentonite which originally expands to be stable until the bentonite expands to be stable again; stopping data recording;
step 7) preparing clay stabilizer solutions with different concentrations, and repeating the steps 2) to 6)
Step 8) calculating the anti-swelling rate according to the formula (1);
in the formula:
b-swell prevention, expressed in percentage;
s2-the swelling ratio of the test piece in the distilled water test, expressed as a percentage;
s1-the experimental swelling rate of the test specimen in the clay stabilizer, expressed in percentage;
s0-the expansion ratio of the sample in kerosene test, expressed as a percentage.
Among them, preferred are:
in the step (1), the sodium bentonite is placed in a drying oven at a constant temperature of 105 +/-2 ℃ and placed in a dryer for cooling for later use.
In the step (2), the salt solution is preferably a sodium chloride solution or a mixed solution of sodium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, and more preferably a sodium chloride solution.
In the step (4), the mass concentration of the clay stabilizer solution is 0.1 to 5 percent;
and (5) in the step (5), the contact time of the salt solution and the sodium bentonite is more than or equal to 24 hours.
And (7) preparing at least five clay stabilizer solutions with different concentrations.
The invention can adopt the following technical scheme:
according to the method for evaluating the anti-swelling effect of the clay stabilizer, the influence of the water mineralization of the original stratum and the initial swelling state of the clay mineral on the anti-swelling effect of the clay stabilizer is considered by simulating the water absorption process of the clay mineral in the fracturing process. The invention provides an experimental evaluation method for the anti-swelling effect of a clay stabilizer applicable to a hydraulic fracturing process, which comprises the following steps:
1) taking a proper amount of sodium bentonite meeting the SY/T5490 standard requirement, putting the sodium bentonite into a drying oven, keeping the temperature at 105 ℃ for 6 hours, and putting the sodium bentonite into a dryer for cooling for later use;
2) determining the mineralization degree of original formation water according to the formation water sampling;
3) preparing a salt solution with the same salinity as the formation water according to the salinity index of the formation water in the step 2 for standby;
4) taking 5 g of dried sodium bentonite sample, preparing a sodium bentonite pressed cake sample by using a press machine and a sleeve of a shale expansion instrument, and putting the sodium bentonite pressed cake sample into a measuring cylinder of the shale expansion instrument to prepare for beginning an expansion test;
5) determining the volumes of the salt solution and the clay stabilizer solution added in the step 3 according to the original formation water mineralization and the same-reservoir fracturing flowback fluid mineralization, and requiring the mixed solution mineralization to reach the same-reservoir fracturing flowback fluid mineralization;
6) adding the salt solution with the volume determined in the step 5 into a shale expansion instrument measuring cylinder with the sodium bentonite, and starting to automatically record the expansion rate of the sample, wherein the process simulates the original expansion state of the clay mineral in the stratum in contact with the original stratum water, the contact is generally carried out for 24 hours to ensure that the bentonite is expanded to be stable, and if the expansion is not stable, the contact time can be prolonged;
7) and (3) preparing a clay stabilizer solution to be tested, adding the clay stabilizer solution with the volume determined in the step (5) into a measuring cylinder of a shale expansion instrument to be mixed with the salt solution added before, and simulating the process that the fracturing fluid containing the clay stabilizer enters the stratum and is mixed with the original stratum water. Due to the invasion of the clay stabilizer solution, the bentonite which originally expands to be stable can continue to expand for generally 48 hours;
8) stopping data recording, cleaning a measuring cylinder of the shale expansion instrument and drying;
9) the procedure 1 to 8 was repeated to test the next clay stabilizer solution. In the multiple measurement processes, parallel comparison can be carried out according to the stable swelling amount of the bentonite in the saline solution in the step 5, and an experimental group with large experimental error is abandoned to improve the accuracy of the experimental result;
10) the anti-swelling ratio is calculated according to the formula (1), wherein the swelling heights are based on the end of the experiment, the swelling heights in water and kerosene can be calculated according to the steps 1 to 8, and the clay stabilizer solution is respectively replaced by distilled water and kerosene.
In the formula:
b-swell prevention, expressed in percentage;
s2-the expansion ratio of the sample in the distilled water test, expressed in percentage;
s1-the experimental swelling rate of the test specimen in the clay stabilizer, expressed in percentage;
s0-the expansion ratio of the test piece in kerosene test, expressed as a percentage;
the invention has the advantages that:
1. simulating a real process that the fracturing fluid is contacted with formation water and clay minerals after entering the formation in the hydraulic fracturing process, so that the experimental evaluation result is closer to a real situation;
2. the influence of the formation water mineralization and the original expansion state of clay minerals on the effect of the clay stabilizer is considered;
3. the experimental method can eliminate a sample experimental group with larger experimental error, improve the accuracy of experimental results and save the experimental time;
4. provides a targeted experimental evaluation method for the selection of the type and the concentration of the clay stabilizer in hydraulic fracturing.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the anti-swelling effect of a clay stabilizer tested by the experimental evaluation method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the anti-swelling effect of the same clay stabilizer tested by an enterprise industry standard shale dilatometer experimental method;
FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are comparison results of the anti-swelling effect test of the same clay stabilizer by the experimental evaluation method of the invention and the experimental method of the standard shale dilatometer in the enterprise industry. The two graphs show that the results obtained by the two experimental evaluation methods have large difference, and the old shale expansion instrument experimental method does not consider the influence of the formation water mineralization and the original expansion state of clay minerals on the effect of the clay stabilizer, so that the anti-expansion effect of the high-concentration clay stabilizer solution can be over-estimated.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
Example (b):
the following further illustrates embodiments of the invention:
(1) taking 100 g of sodium bentonite meeting the requirements of SY/T5490, putting the sodium bentonite into a drying oven, keeping the temperature at 105 ℃ for 6 hours, and putting the sodium bentonite into a dryer for cooling for later use;
(2) informing the reservoir stratum water mineralization degree of 50000ppm by an analysis report;
(3) preparing 1000 ml of 5% sodium chloride solution for later use;
(4) taking 5 g of dried sodium bentonite sample, preparing a sodium bentonite pressed cake sample by using a press machine and a sleeve of a shale expansion instrument, and putting the sodium bentonite pressed cake sample into a measuring cylinder of the shale expansion instrument to prepare for beginning an expansion test;
(5) the mineralization degree of the fracturing flow-back fluid of the same reservoir well is 24000ppm, 85 ml of sodium chloride solution with the concentration of 5% and 90 ml of clay stabilizer solution are determined to be added into a measuring cylinder of a shale expansion instrument, and 200 ml of clay stabilizer solution with the concentration of 0.5% is prepared for standby application;
(6) adding 85 ml of 5% sodium chloride solution into a shale expansion instrument measuring cylinder filled with sodium bentonite, and starting to automatically record the expansion rate of the sample, wherein the process simulates the original expansion state of clay minerals in the stratum in contact with original stratum water, and the expansion reaches stability after 24 hours of contact;
(7) adding 90 ml of 0.5% clay stabilizer solution into a measuring cylinder of a shale expansion instrument, mixing with the salt solution added before, observing that the bentonite which originally expands to be stable can continue to expand, and lasting for 48 hours to obtain a 0.5% clay stabilizer expansion rate curve;
(8) stopping data recording, cleaning a measuring cylinder of the shale expansion instrument and drying;
(9) repeating the process 2 to 8 to test the clay stabilizer solution with the concentration of 1%, 3% and 5% respectively; the set of experiments was discarded if the original swelling ratio of bentonite in step 6 exceeded ± 5% of the mean value of each set. The swelling rate curve of the clay stabilizer solution with the concentration of 1%, 3% and 5% obtained after the test is shown in figure 1;
(10) the expansion rate curves of distilled water and kerosene are tested by repeating the processes 1 to 8, and the anti-expansion rates of the clay stabilizer solutions with different concentrations are calculated according to the formula 1. The data are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Claims (5)
1. A method for evaluating the anti-swelling effect of a clay stabilizer applicable to a hydraulic fracturing process is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1), drying the sodium bentonite at constant temperature; determining the mineralization degree of original formation water according to the formation water sampling;
step 2) preparing a salt solution with the same salinity as the formation water according to the index of the salinity of the formation water for later use;
the salt solution is a sodium chloride solution or a mixed solution of sodium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride;
step 3), pressing the dried bentonite into a cake to prepare a sample, and putting the sample into a measuring cylinder of a shale expansion instrument to prepare for beginning an expansion test;
step 4) determining the volumes of the salt solution and the clay stabilizer solution according to the original formation water mineralization and the same-reservoir fracturing flowback fluid mineralization, wherein the mixed solution mineralization of the salt solution and the clay stabilizer solution reaches the same-reservoir fracturing flowback fluid mineralization;
step 5) adding the salt solution into a measuring cylinder of a shale expansion instrument filled with sodium bentonite, and automatically recording the expansion rate of the sample until the expansion of the bentonite is stable;
step 6) preparing a clay stabilizer solution to be tested, adding the clay stabilizer solution into a measuring cylinder of a shale expansion instrument to be mixed with a salt solution, and continuing to expand the bentonite which originally expands to be stable until the bentonite expands to be stable again; stopping data recording;
step 7) preparing clay stabilizer solutions with different concentrations, and repeating the steps from 2) to 6);
preparing at least five clay stabilizer solutions with different concentrations;
step 8) calculating the anti-swelling rate according to the formula (1);
in the formula:
b-swell prevention, expressed in percentage;
s2-the swelling ratio of the test piece in the distilled water test, expressed as a percentage;
s1-the experimental swelling rate of the test specimen in the clay stabilizer, expressed in percentage;
s0-the expansion ratio of the sample in kerosene test, expressed as a percentage.
2. The method for evaluating the anti-swelling effect of a clay stabilizer suitable for use in a hydraulic fracturing process according to claim 1, wherein:
in the step (1), the sodium bentonite is placed in a drying oven at a constant temperature of 105 +/-2 ℃ and placed in a dryer for cooling for later use.
3. The method for evaluating the anti-swelling effect of a clay stabilizer suitable for use in a hydraulic fracturing process according to claim 1, wherein:
in the step (2), the salt solution is a sodium chloride solution.
4. The method for evaluating the anti-swelling effect of a clay stabilizer suitable for use in a hydraulic fracturing process according to claim 1, wherein:
and (4) in the step (4), the mass concentration of the clay stabilizer solution is 0.1-5%.
5. The method for evaluating the anti-swelling effect of a clay stabilizer suitable for use in a hydraulic fracturing process according to claim 1, wherein:
and (5) in the step (5), the contact time of the salt solution and the sodium bentonite is more than or equal to 24 hours.
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