CN111277311A - Active and passive combined beam forming design method for millimeter wave symbiotic communication system - Google Patents

Active and passive combined beam forming design method for millimeter wave symbiotic communication system Download PDF

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CN111277311A
CN111277311A CN202010084530.4A CN202010084530A CN111277311A CN 111277311 A CN111277311 A CN 111277311A CN 202010084530 A CN202010084530 A CN 202010084530A CN 111277311 A CN111277311 A CN 111277311A
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millimeter wave
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CN111277311B (en
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梁应敞
杨刚
魏涛
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of wireless communication, and particularly relates to an active and passive combined beam forming design method for a millimeter wave symbiotic communication system. The method of the invention guarantees the lowest communication speed requirement C of the direct linkminTo maximize the communication rate C of the reflected linkb(FA,FDLambda) as target, jointly optimizing PT end active hybrid beamforming matrix FAAnd FDAnd a passive beamforming matrix Lambda at the BD end, establishing a target function, and obtaining the beamforming matrix through solving. Through simulation verification, the invention obtains higher communication rate of the reflection link without influencing normal communication of PT and PR and additionally increasing energy, frequency spectrum and cost overhead, and has strong application value and development potential.

Description

Active and passive combined beam forming design method for millimeter wave symbiotic communication system
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wireless communication, and particularly relates to an active and passive combined beam forming design method for a millimeter wave symbiotic communication system.
Background
Passive backscatter communication has the advantages of extremely high energy efficiency, high spectral efficiency, and low cost, and is considered to be a wireless communication technology particularly suitable for applications of the internet of things. Backscattering Devices (BDs) are generally passive devices, have a simple circuit structure, can perform limited functions such as data acquisition, storage and backscattering transmission, and have a cost much lower than that of active communication devices. Specifically, the BD can use a part of the received radio frequency signal for collecting energy to satisfy the normal operation of its own circuit; and the rest part is taken as a carrier, and self information is modulated onto the carrier signal by changing the load impedance of the antenna and is sent to a corresponding receiver in a backscattering mode. The existing backscattering communication system (such as RFID) mainly works in a special low frequency band below 6GHz, and an information receiver (such as a reader) integrates the functions of a carrier transmitter and the information receiver, so that the important defects of low communication rate, poor coverage performance, high use cost and the like are overcome.
Millimeter wave communication utilizes a broadband of a millimeter wave frequency band to realize a communication rate of a few gigabits per second, has become one of core wireless transmission technologies of 5G and future cellular mobile communication systems, and is widely applied to various industries. Millimeter wave communication adopts Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology to cope with the challenge of high path loss in the millimeter wave frequency band. Further, a hybrid MIMO architecture is mostly adopted in a practical millimeter wave communication system, so as to solve the problems of high energy consumption and high cost of a full digital MIMO architecture and incapability of realizing diversity gain of a full analog MIMO architecture. Therefore, hybrid beamforming under the hybrid MIMO architecture is a key technology of millimeter wave communication.
In order to solve the problems of low speed, poor coverage, high cost and the like of the existing passive internet of things based on backscattering, a signal source, a frequency band and a receiver of a millimeter wave cellular system are shared and utilized, and the passive internet of things based on the passive internet of things is an important technical approach for solving the problem of high-efficiency data collection of equipment of the passive internet of things. Further, for a BD configured with multiple antennas, passive beam forming can be achieved by adjusting the amplitude and phase of the reflected signal of each antenna, so as to enhance the communication performance of the backscatter (reflection) link.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a symbiotic communication system based on multi-antenna backscattering and integrated with a millimeter wave cellular network-Internet of things, and relates to a system composition structure, a working principle and an active and passive combined beam forming design method, so as to solve the problem of high-efficiency data collection of low-cost passive Internet of things equipment. The invention provides a millimeter wave symbiotic communication system which is particularly suitable for data collection tasks of Internet of things equipment in scenes such as indoor scenes and body area networks.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is a millimeter wave symbiotic communication system: the composition structure is shown in figure 1 and comprises a configuration Nt(Nt>1) Primary Transmitter (PT) of millimeter wave of root antenna, a configuration Nr(Nr>1) Primary Receiver (PR) of root antenna, and a configuration M (M)>1) The internet of things backscattering equipment BD of the root antenna.
The basic working principle of the millimeter wave symbiotic communication system is as follows: PT keeps normal millimeter wave communication with PR through active hybrid beam forming; the BD transmits self information by reflecting millimeter wave signals sent by the PT, simultaneously adjusts the amplitude and phase of each antenna respectively, and performs passive beam forming, thereby enhancing the reflection communication rate; PR uses the difference in the strength of the signals of the direct link and the reflected link to detect the signals of PT and BD by using the Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) technique.
The invention provides an active and passive combined beam forming design method of a millimeter wave symbiotic communication system, which is characterized in that the minimum communication speed requirement C of a direct link (a link from PT to PR) is ensuredmin(Cmin>0) In order to maximize the communication rate (upper bound) C of the reflective link (PT over BD to PR link)b(FA,FDLambda) as the target, jointly optimizing the PT-end (active) hybrid beamforming matrix FAAnd FDAnd a passive beamforming matrix Λ at the BD end. The specific optimization problem is as follows:
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000021
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000022
representing the feasible region of the analog precoding matrix (N with modulus value of 1 per column)t×NRFThe set of matrices). The first constraint being direct radiationQuality of Service (QoS) requirements of link communication rates, a second constraint ensuring hardware feasibility of analog precoding, a third constraint being a normalized transmit power limit, and a last constraint being a passive backscatter characteristic of BD. In this example, to maximize the reflected link signal power, the amplitude of the reflected signal assumes a maximum value of 1 (note: BD only reflects the received electromagnetic signal and cannot amplify the reflected signal), assuming that each antenna of BD only changes the phase of its reflected signal.
The above problem is a non-Convex optimization problem containing coupling variables and non-Convex constraint functions, which can be solved by an iterative optimization algorithm using an alternating optimization (such as Block Coordinate reduction (BCD) technique "Stephen boy and lieven vanderberghe, constellation optimization. bridge unity. press, 2004", Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (Modified Orthogonal Matching Pursuit) technique "El Ayach, s. rajagol, s. abo-sura, z.pi, and r. w. heat, jr.," spatial mapping in spatial encoding in spatial dimensions, "IEEE. wide communications, 13, No.3, MIMO. 1499-1513,2014" or "adaptive Search in spatial Search, discovery, and" filtering "Method for solving the problem by means of transform and mapping, and" filtering Method "discovery" and optimization technique "mapping in mapping.
The invention has the beneficial effects that the invention provides a symbiotic communication system fusing a millimeter wave cellular network and an Internet of things and an active and passive combined beam forming optimization design method. The PR detects signals of the PT and the BD simultaneously through the SIC technology, and the system realizes transmission of BD information on the premise of ensuring normal communication of the PT and the PR. The millimeter wave symbiotic communication system shares a signal source, a frequency band and a receiver of the existing millimeter wave cellular system, and solves the problem of high-efficiency data collection of passive Internet of things equipment. The invention realizes the maximization of the communication rate of the reflection link under the condition of meeting the millimeter wave communication rate requirement of the direct transmission link by jointly optimizing the active beam forming of the PT terminal and the passive beam forming of the BD terminal. Through simulation verification, the invention obtains higher communication rate of the reflection link without influencing normal communication of PT and PR and additionally increasing energy, frequency spectrum and cost overhead, and has strong application value and development potential.
Drawings
FIG. 1: a schematic diagram of a millimeter wave symbiotic communication system based on multi-antenna backscattering;
FIG. 2: a schematic diagram of a millimeter wave hybrid MIMO transmitter architecture;
FIG. 3: a functional module block diagram of a backscatter device;
FIG. 4: a reflected link rate contrast diagram of an active and passive combined beamforming and omnidirectional transmission scheme;
FIG. 5: a compromise diagram of the reflection link rate and the direct link rate of the active and passive combined beam forming and omnidirectional transmission scheme is obtained.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and simulation examples.
The invention provides a symbiotic communication system based on multi-antenna backscattering and integrated with a millimeter wave cellular network-Internet of things. As shown in FIG. 1, the system consists of a configuration Nt(Nt>1) PT of root antenna, one configuration Nr(Nr>1) PR and one configuration M (M) of root antenna>1) BD of root antenna.
PT will flow data as shown in FIG. 2
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000041
Via a digital precoder
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000042
To NRFA radio frequency link, and then through an analog precoder
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000043
Transmitting to antenna for sending. The BD carries out backscatter modulation on self information c to the reflected signals, passive beam forming is realized by respectively adjusting the amplitude and the phase of the reflected signals of each antenna, and a corresponding beam forming matrix is marked as a diagonal matrix lambda-diag { lambda }1,…,λMTherein of
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000044
Representing the beamforming weights (including amplitude and phase) of the mth reflecting antenna, thereby enhancing the communication rate of the reflecting link. The PR uses the SIC technique to detect information to restore the PT and BD simultaneously.
For the convenience of detailed description of the design method of the millimeter wave co-existing communication system proposed by the present invention, first, the millimeter wave channel model is introduced. The Millimeter wave channels in this embodiment all use cluster channel models (e.g., Saleh-Vallenzuela model "T.S. Rappaport, R.W.Heath, R.C. Daniels, and J.N.Murdock, Millimer wave Wireless communications, New York, NY, USA: Pearson Edutation, 2014"), where direct link channel is used here
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000045
The detailed description is given for the sake of example. PT to BD channel
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000046
And BD to PR channel
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000047
Similarly, no further description is given. The direct link channel H is modeled as:
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000048
wherein N isclIndicates the number of clusters, NrayRepresenting the number of rays in each cluster αilRepresents the channel gain of the ith cluster of the ith ray, an
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000049
Wherein
Figure RE-GDA00024495256600000410
Is the average power of the ith cluster,
Figure RE-GDA00024495256600000411
the mean is μ and the variance is σ2Circularly symmetric complex gaussian distribution of (a);
Figure RE-GDA00024495256600000412
indicating the receive antenna array for a particular receive azimuth angle
Figure RE-GDA00024495256600000413
And a pitch angle
Figure RE-GDA00024495256600000414
The combined normalized steering vector of the steering wheel,
Figure RE-GDA00024495256600000415
then corresponds to the normalized steering vector of the transmit antenna array. If a Uniform Linear Array (ULA) is used, the expression for the normalized steering vector is as follows:
Figure RE-GDA00024495256600000416
where k is 2 pi/λ, λ is the electromagnetic wavelength, and d is the antenna spacing.
The invention provides a millimeter wave symbiotic communication system, the duration period T of BD information symbol ccIs an information symbol s in any data stream of PTnDuration period T ofsQ times, i.e.: t isc＝QTs. In the following, the signal model of the proposed system is described in the simple case of Q ═ 1, and then expanded to Q>1.
Case 1: and Q is 1, and corresponds to a scene that the Internet of things equipment needs to perform high-speed data transmission. In this case, the PR received signal y can be expressed as:
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000051
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000052
is Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), has a mean value of 0 and a power of
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000053
Namely, it is
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000054
ρdAnd ρbRepresenting the received signal-to-noise ratio of the direct link and the reflected link, respectively.
Since the reflected link signal is subject to twice channel fading, its strength is significantly weaker than the direct link signal. Thus, PR first detects the signal s from PT by treating the reflected link signal as interference, then reconstructs and cancels the direct link signal from the received signal, and finally detects the signal c from BD. The achievable communication rate performance of the system is given below.
PR first demodulates PT signal s, and treats the reflected link signal as interference, the direct link communication rate can be recorded as:
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000055
wherein, R represents the covariance matrix of interference and noise signals, and the specific expression is as follows:
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000056
the PR then cancels the direct link signal with SIC to detect the BD signal c. Since s still exists in the reflected link signal, the reflected link communication rate varies according to s, and the average reflected link communication rate can be expressed as:
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000057
case 2: q>The method is corresponding to a scene that the equipment of the Internet of things only needs to perform medium-low rate data transmission (compared with direct link millimeter wave high-speed transmission). In this case, the PT symbol is set at the Q-th (1. ltoreq. Q. ltoreq. Q)In the symbol period, PR receives signal yqCan be expressed as:
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000058
first, the PR demodulates the PT signal s by treating the reflected link signal as interference in each PT symbol periodqThe resulting communication rate C of the direct linkd,Q>1(FA,FDΛ) is also given by formula (4); for symbol simplification, the direct link rate in both cases is denoted as Cd(FA,FD,Λ)＝Cd,Q＝1(FA,FDΛ). Subsequently, the PR uses SIC to cancel the direct link signal in each PT symbol period, and performs Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) on the reflected link signals in Q consecutive PT symbol periods, thereby realizing the detection of the BD signal c. The reflected link average communication rate may be expressed as:
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000061
in both cases, the invention takes its upper bound C, since directly optimizing the average communication rate involves complex integrationsb(FA,FDΛ) for system design; wherein, in case 1
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000062
In case 2
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000063
The invention provides a combined optimization design method of PT end active beam forming and BD end passive beam forming, aiming at a millimeter wave cellular network-Internet of things symbiotic communication system. At the requirement of guaranteeing minimum communication rate of direct link Cmin(Cmin>0) To maximize the communication rate (upper bound) C of the reflected linkb(FA,FDLambda) as the target, jointly optimizing the PT-end (active) hybrid beamforming matrix FAAnd FDAnd BDAnd an end passive beamforming matrix lambda. The specific optimization problem is as follows:
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000064
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000065
representing the feasible region of the analog precoding matrix (N with modulus value of 1 per column)t×NRFThe set of matrices). The first constraint is the QoS requirement of the communication rate of the direct link, the second constraint ensures the hardware feasibility of analog precoding, the third constraint is the normalized transmission power limit, and the last constraint is the passive backscatter characteristic of the BD. In this example, to maximize the reflected link signal power, assuming that each BD antenna only changes the phase of its reflected signal, the amplitude of the reflected signal takes a maximum value of 1.
The above problem is a non-convex optimization problem including a coupling variable and a non-convex constraint function, and can be solved by an efficient iterative algorithm by comprehensively using an alternate optimization (e.g., Block Coordinate reduction (BCD) technique [2], a Modified orthogonal Matching Pursuit (Modified OMP) technique [3] or an exhaustive search Method (ES), and a Coordinate reduction (Coordinate reduction) technique [4 ]), and the specific steps are as follows:
s11, initializing a passive beamforming matrix lambda of a BD end0The decision threshold value (a very small positive number) epsilon at which the iterative algorithm terminates, order
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000071
S12, solving (P2) by utilizing an orthogonal matching pursuit technology or an exhaustive search technology to obtain a solution
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000072
S13, solving (P3) by using a coordinate descent technology to obtain a solution lambdai；
Step S14, judgment
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000073
If yes, go to step S15, otherwise go to step S16;
step S15, when i is set to i +1, the process proceeds to step S12;
s16, returning the optimal solution
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000074
In the ith iteration, the solved optimization problems (P2) and (P3) are as follows:
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000075
Figure RE-GDA0002449525660000076
wherein, F in (P2)optIs a reflection link cascade equivalent channel G Λi-1And the generation mode of the left block matrix of the right singular matrix of the F is as follows: performing Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) G Λ on the cascade equivalent channel of the reflective linki-1F＝UΣi-1VHThen, V is blocked, i.e. V is [ V ]1V2]In which V is1Dimension of (A) is Nt×NsTaking Fopt＝V1。
The utility of the present invention is verified by simulation experiments. Consider a multi-antenna backscatter based millimeter wave co-generation communication system in which the PT configures NtPR configuration N for 256 antennasrThe BD has 4,16 and 36 antennas, and the number of data streams transmitted by the PT terminal is Ns2. Since the reflected link experiences two channel fades, the direct link signal is assumed to be 20dB stronger than the reflected link signal. The design scheme that the PT end and the BD end both use omnidirectional transmission (namely no beamforming) is taken as reference, the beneficial effects of active and passive combined beamforming are verified, and the requirement C of the minimum communication rate of a direct link is evaluatedminAnd reflectionLink communication rate CbThe optimum compromise relationship of (1). The millimeter wave channel parameters are set as follows: n is a radical ofHc＝5,NHray＝3， NFc＝NGc＝3,NFray＝NGrayThe angle within each cluster extends to 10 degrees 2. In the simulation example, the ratio Q of the BD symbol period to the PT symbol period is set to 1; for Q>The simulation results for case 1 are similar.
FIG. 4 is a graph comparing the performance of the reflection link rate varying with the SNR of the reflection link for both active and passive combined beamforming and omni-directional transmission schemes, where the minimum rate requirement of the direct link is set to Cmin4 bps/Hz. First, for each rate curve, the reflected link rate increases as the SNR increases. Meanwhile, compared with an omnidirectional transmission scheme, the combined beamforming optimization design scheme can obviously enhance the rate of the reflection link. For example, for the case that the signal-to-noise ratio of the reflection link is-10 dB (the signal-to-noise ratio of the direct link is 10dB), when the BD is respectively configured with 4 and 16 antennas, the reflection link rate of the combined beamforming scheme is improved by 260% and 182% respectively compared with the beamforming-free scheme. The reason for achieving performance gain with the joint beamforming scheme is as follows: on one hand, through the combined beam forming, the beam energy of the PT is more concentrated in the directions towards the PT and the BD, and meanwhile, the direct link signal power received by the PT and the signal power received by the BD are enhanced; on the other hand, the BD further enhances the reflected link signal power received by the PT through passive beamforming. In addition, for both schemes of joint beamforming and omni-directional transmission, higher reflected link rate can be achieved when the number M of antennas of the BD is increased from 4 to 16 and then to 36. As the number of the reflecting antennas increases, the intensity of the reflected signal obtained by the BD through passive beamforming is obviously increased, so that the speed of the reflecting link is improved.
Fig. 5 is a graph of the direct link communication rate minimum requirement CminAnd reflected link communication rate CbThe receiving end signal-to-noise ratio of the direct link is set to 0 dB. For each rate curve, the backscatter link communication rate CbAll following the direct link communication rate minimum requirement CminIs increased and decreased. The reason why the two link rates have a trade-off relationship is as follows: on the one hand, with CminThe beam direction of PT is more towards PR, so that the intensity of the BD receiving signal is weakened; on the other hand, to satisfy the minimum rate C of the direct linkminThe BD adjusts the reflected signal direction by passive beamforming to reduce interference to the direct link signal. Similarly, as the number of BD antennas increases, the effect of passive beamforming becomes better, and the rate of the reflected link increases accordingly.

Claims (2)

1. An active and passive combined beam forming design method for a millimeter wave symbiotic communication system, wherein the millimeter wave symbiotic communication system is a symbiotic communication system integrating a millimeter wave cellular network and an Internet of things, and comprises a configuration NtRoot antenna's millimeter wave main sender PT, a configuration NrThe system comprises a millimeter wave main receiver PR of a root antenna and an Internet of things backscattering device BD provided with M antennas;
in the millimeter wave symbiotic communication system, PT keeps normal millimeter wave communication with PR through active mixed beam forming; the BD transmits self information by reflecting millimeter wave signals sent by the PT, and simultaneously adjusts the amplitude and phase of each antenna respectively to perform passive beam forming; the PR detects signals of the PT and the BD by using the strength difference of signals of a direct link and a reflected link and adopting a serial interference cancellation technology;
the method is characterized in that the beam forming design method comprises the following steps:
at the requirement of guaranteeing minimum communication rate of direct link CminTo maximize the communication rate C of the reflected linkb(FA,FDLambda) as target, jointly optimizing PT end mixed beam forming matrix FAAnd FDAnd a passive beamforming matrix lambda of the BD end, and establishing a target function as follows:
Figure FDA0002381570490000011
s.t.Cd(FA,FD,Λ)≥Cmin
Figure FDA0002381570490000012
Figure FDA0002381570490000013
|λm|＝1,m＝1,2,...,M
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0002381570490000014
representing the feasible region of the analog precoding matrix, wherein the first constraint is the QoS requirement of the communication rate of the direct link, the second constraint ensures the hardware feasibility of the analog precoding, and the third constraint is the normalized sending power limit, NsFor the number of data streams sent by the PT terminal, the last constraint is the passive backscattering property of BDmRepresenting the beam forming weight of the mth reflection antenna;
obtaining a beamforming matrix F by solving an objective functionA、FDAnd Λ.
2. The active-passive combined beamforming design method for the mm-wave symbiotic communication system according to claim 1, wherein the solution method of the objective function is as follows:
step S1, initializing a BD end passive beamforming matrix Lambda0The decision threshold value epsilon for the termination of the iterative algorithm, order
Figure FDA0002381570490000015
The iteration number i is 1;
step S2, solving the following problem by using an orthogonal matching pursuit method or an exhaustive search method to obtain a solution
Figure FDA0002381570490000021
Figure FDA0002381570490000022
s.t.Cd(FA,FD,Λi-1)≥Cmin
Figure FDA0002381570490000023
Figure FDA0002381570490000024
Wherein FoptIs a reflection link cascade equivalent channel G Λi-1The block matrix of the right singular matrix of F, G is the channel from BD to PR, and F is the channel from PT to BD, and the generation mode is as follows: singular value decomposition of cascade equivalent channel of reflection link G lambdai-1F＝U∑i-1VHThen, V is blocked, i.e. V is [ V ]1V2]In which V is1Dimension of (A) is Nt×NsTaking Fopt＝V1；
Step S3, solving by using a coordinate descent method:
Figure FDA0002381570490000025
Figure FDA0002381570490000026
|λm|＝1,m＝1,2,...,M
to obtain solution Ai；
Step S4, judgment
Figure FDA0002381570490000027
If yes, go to step S5, otherwise go to step S6;
step S5, return to step S2 with i ═ i + 1;
step S6, returning the optimal solution
Figure FDA0002381570490000028
Λ*＝Λi。
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