CN111276197B - An optimization method for the design of multilayer film radiative cooling materials - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及辐射致冷领域，特别涉及一种多层膜辐射致冷材料设计的优化方法。The invention relates to the field of radiation refrigeration, in particular to an optimization method for the design of a multilayer film radiation refrigeration material.
背景技术Background technique
世界能源使用过度，资源紧缺，在全球变暖的情况下，极端天气频发，夏季气温呈上升趋势。而日常生活中使用的空调制冷机不仅需要消耗大量的电力资源，同时也会对环境造成一定的破坏。我们迫切需要一种低能耗、无污染的制冷技术，辐射制冷以热辐射的形式，将地面热辐射通过大气窗口传输到宇宙中，从而实现制冷的效果，是一种节能减排、绿色环保的制冷方式，具有广阔及深远的应用前景。The world is overusing energy and resources are scarce. In the case of global warming, extreme weather occurs frequently, and summer temperatures are on the rise. The air-conditioning refrigerators used in daily life not only need to consume a lot of power resources, but also cause certain damage to the environment. We urgently need a low-energy, pollution-free refrigeration technology. Radiant refrigeration transmits ground heat radiation to the universe through the atmospheric window in the form of thermal radiation, so as to achieve the effect of refrigeration. It is an energy-saving, emission-reducing, green and environmentally friendly The refrigeration method has broad and far-reaching application prospects.
辐射制冷技术在近几十年内已经取得了不错的发展，但是真正可用于日间的辐射制冷技术直到2014年才取得实验上的突破。Raman等人利用2μm的多层膜结构，实现了低于环境温度4.9℃的制冷效果。Kou等人通过在500μm的SiO2上涂敷100μm的聚合物PDMS，实现了8.2℃的降温效果。到目前为止，关于多层膜结构的设计主要是通过设计材料的光谱趋近于理想模型，但是该方式忽略了太阳辐射以及大气透射率随光谱分布的不均性，导致设计中可能出现材料的光谱特性非常好，但是辐射制冷功率却不是最高的情况，即其实际的制冷效果没有优化到最好的情况。此外，传统的设计多依赖于参数扫描，具有非常繁杂的工作量，且设计过程相对较慢。Radiation cooling technology has made good progress in recent decades, but it was not until 2014 that the radiation cooling technology that can be used in the daytime achieved an experimental breakthrough. Raman et al. used a 2μm multilayer film structure to achieve a cooling effect lower than the ambient temperature of 4.9°C. Kou et al. achieved a cooling effect of 8.2 °C by coating 100 μm of polymer PDMS on 500 μm of SiO2 . So far, the design of the multilayer film structure is mainly by designing the spectrum of the material to approach the ideal model, but this method ignores the inhomogeneity of the solar radiation and the atmospheric transmittance with the spectral distribution, resulting in the possibility of material deviation in the design. The spectral characteristics are very good, but the radiation cooling power is not the highest, that is, the actual cooling effect is not optimized to the best situation. In addition, the traditional design mostly relies on parameter sweep, which has a very complicated workload, and the design process is relatively slow.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为了解决上述问题，本发明提出一种用于多层膜辐射制冷材料设计的优化方法，采用了改进的遗传算法与传输矩阵算法结合，并将辐射制冷功率作为评价函数的一部分，使得辐射制冷结构材料的优化过程更加的高效与合理。In order to solve the above problems, the present invention proposes an optimization method for the design of multilayer film radiation cooling materials, which uses an improved genetic algorithm combined with a transfer matrix algorithm, and uses the radiation cooling power as a part of the evaluation function, so that the radiation cooling structure The material optimization process is more efficient and reasonable.
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案为：一种用于多层膜辐射制冷材料设计的优化方法，所述的优化方法基于改进的遗传算法与传输矩阵算法，以及以材料的辐射制冷功率作为评价函数，具体步骤包括：The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problem is: an optimization method for the design of multilayer film radiation refrigeration materials, the optimization method is based on the improved genetic algorithm and transfer matrix algorithm, and the radiation refrigeration power of the material As an evaluation function, the specific steps include:
第一步，改进的遗传算法随机生成初始种群，初始种群的染色体被分为多个部分，转换为多层膜结构的对应参数；In the first step, the improved genetic algorithm randomly generates the initial population, and the chromosomes of the initial population are divided into multiple parts, which are converted into the corresponding parameters of the multilayer membrane structure;
第二步，对应参数被输入传输矩阵算法，分别计算出对应多层膜结构TE模式和TM模式下的反射率、透射率以及吸收率，最终的反射率、透射率以及吸收率由两个模式下的平均值计算得到；In the second step, the corresponding parameters are input into the transfer matrix algorithm, and the reflectance, transmittance and absorptivity of the corresponding multilayer film structure in TE mode and TM mode are calculated respectively, and the final reflectance, transmittance and absorptivity are determined by the two modes Calculated from the average value below;
第三步，最终的反射率、透射率以及吸收率输入评价函数计算出制冷功率，与材料总厚度一同归一化处理后作为种群的适应度；In the third step, the final reflectance, transmittance and absorptivity are input into the evaluation function to calculate the cooling power, and normalized together with the total thickness of the material as the fitness of the population;
第四步，改进的遗传算法通过结合以上部分，并利用复制、交叉以及变异过程，优化输出辐射制冷材料的结构参数。In the fourth step, the improved genetic algorithm optimizes the structural parameters of the output radiative cooling material by combining the above parts and using the process of replication, crossover and mutation.
其中，传输矩阵算法的应用大幅提升了整体运算速度，初步验证可达参数扫描方法的25倍以上。Among them, the application of the transmission matrix algorithm has greatly improved the overall operation speed, and the preliminary verification can reach more than 25 times that of the parameter scanning method.
其中，改进的遗传算法能够对多次运算的最终优化结果进行判断比较，有效的避免了陷入局部收敛。Among them, the improved genetic algorithm can judge and compare the final optimization results of multiple operations, effectively avoiding falling into local convergence.
其中，采用材料的辐射制冷功率作为评价函数的一部分，与材料整体厚度进行归一化处理后作为适应度，使得优化过程更加合理。Among them, the radiation cooling power of the material is used as a part of the evaluation function, which is normalized with the overall thickness of the material as the fitness, which makes the optimization process more reasonable.
其中，优化方法总层数可根据需要任意设置，目前可优化的最大层数Nmax≥40。Among them, the total number of layers of the optimization method can be set arbitrarily according to needs, and the maximum number of layers that can be optimized at present is N max ≥ 40.
其中，优化方法能够对不同层的材料进行优化，目前每层可选材料种类M≥4。Among them, the optimization method can optimize the materials of different layers. At present, M≥4 types of materials can be selected for each layer.
本发明的有益效果在于：The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
本发明采用了遗传算法与传输矩阵算法结合的方式，并将制冷功率作为评价函数进行优化，具有优化速度快，准确率高，成本低等优势。本发明可以用于设计高性能以及家用型辐射制冷材料，对推进辐射制冷的实用化具有重要意义。The invention adopts the method of combining the genetic algorithm and the transmission matrix algorithm, and optimizes the refrigeration power as an evaluation function, and has the advantages of fast optimization speed, high accuracy rate, and low cost. The invention can be used to design high-performance and household-type radiation refrigeration materials, and has great significance for promoting the practical application of radiation refrigeration.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明的算法流程图；Fig. 1 is the algorithm flowchart of the present invention;
图2为实施例1中所述多层膜辐射制冷材料的结构及其吸收谱；Fig. 2 is the structure and absorption spectrum thereof of the multilayer film radiation cooling material described in embodiment 1;
图3为实施例1中所述多层膜辐射制冷材料不同波段的光谱特性：其中图3a)为材料在0.39-2.5μm的反射率，图3b)为8-13μm的吸收率；Fig. 3 is the spectral characteristics of different wave bands of the multilayer film radiation refrigeration material described in Example 1: wherein Fig. 3a) is the reflectance of the material at 0.39-2.5 μm, and Fig. 3b) is the absorptivity of 8-13 μm;
图4为实施例1中所述多层膜辐射制冷材料不同角度的平均反射率与吸收率：其中图4a)为材料在0.39-2.5μm的平均反射率的角度变化特性，图4b)为8-13μm的平均吸收率的角度变化特性；Fig. 4 is the average reflectance and absorptivity of the multilayer film radiative cooling material described in Example 1 at different angles: wherein Fig. 4a) is the angular change characteristic of the average reflectance of the material at 0.39-2.5 μm, and Fig. 4b) is 8 Angular variation characteristics of the average absorption rate at -13μm;
图5为实施例1中所述多层膜辐射制冷材料的角度光谱特性：其中图5a)为可见及近红外波段反射率随波长以及角度的变化特性，图5b)为中红外大气窗口波段吸收率随波长以及角度的变化特性。Fig. 5 is the angular spectral characteristic of the multilayer film radiative refrigeration material described in embodiment 1: wherein Fig. 5 a) is the change characteristic of visible and near-infrared band reflectance with wavelength and angle, and Fig. 5 b) is mid-infrared atmospheric window band absorption The variation characteristics of the rate with wavelength and angle.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图及具体实施方式对本发明进行详细说明，但本发明的保护范围并不仅限于下面实施例，应包括权利要求书中的全部内容。而且本领域技术人员从以下的一个实施例即可实现权利要求中的全部内容。The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited to the following examples, but should include all content in the claims. Moreover, those skilled in the art can realize all the content in the claims from the following embodiment.
具体实现过程如下：The specific implementation process is as follows:
如图1所示，该用于多层膜辐射制冷材料设计的优化方法，基于改进的遗传算法、传输矩阵算法和包含辐射制冷功率的评价函数。为了深入理解多层膜辐射制冷材料的设计原理，下面将结合日间辐射制冷的原理、一般的设计方法以及具体实例来介绍本发明。As shown in Figure 1, the optimization method for the design of multilayer film radiation cooling materials is based on improved genetic algorithm, transfer matrix algorithm and evaluation function including radiation cooling power. In order to deeply understand the design principles of multilayer film radiation cooling materials, the present invention will be described below in combination with the principles of daytime radiation cooling, general design methods and specific examples.
首先，日间辐射制冷是指地面上的物体在日照下通过反射大量太阳辐射以减少吸收，并将热辐射通过中红外大气窗口向宇宙发射，实现材料降温的过程。为达到上述目的，要求材料能够在0.39-2.5μm波段具有较高的反射率，而在8-13μm波段具有较高的吸收率(根据基尔霍夫辐射定律，热平衡下的物体吸收率与发射率相同)。一般的设计方法是通过设计带通滤波器的形式来进行材料的光谱设计，但由于太阳辐射以及大气透射率的大小会随光谱变化，使得这种方法设计的材料不能在维持薄的厚度的同时达到较高的辐射制冷效果。我们采用直接将辐射制冷功率作为评价函数的方法，很好的解决了这个问题，并利用算法达到了更好的优化效果。First of all, daytime radiative cooling refers to the process that objects on the ground reflect a large amount of solar radiation to reduce absorption under sunlight, and emit thermal radiation to the universe through the mid-infrared atmospheric window to achieve material cooling. In order to achieve the above purpose, the material is required to have a high reflectivity in the 0.39-2.5μm band, and a high absorptivity in the 8-13μm band (according to Kirchhoff's radiation law, the object absorption rate and emission in thermal equilibrium same rate). The general design method is to design the spectrum of the material by designing a band-pass filter. However, since the solar radiation and atmospheric transmittance will vary with the spectrum, the material designed by this method cannot maintain a thin thickness. To achieve a higher radiation cooling effect. We have solved this problem well by using the method of directly taking the radiation cooling power as the evaluation function, and achieved a better optimization effect by using the algorithm.
实施例1Example 1
本实施例中设计了一个9层的多层膜辐射制冷结构材料，用于验证该优化方法的准确性。图2给出了辐射制冷材料的结构示意图，通过在Ag薄层上加工8层交叠的MgF2和Si3N4，可以实现总厚度为2μm时，达到8.2℃的降温效果。图2(a)中膜层厚度从上到下依次为：146nm,467nm,123nm,286nm,122nm,366nm,305nm,84nm以及100nm。In this embodiment, a 9-layer multilayer film radiation cooling structural material is designed to verify the accuracy of the optimization method. Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of the radiative cooling material. By processing 8 overlapping layers of MgF 2 and Si 3 N 4 on the thin Ag layer, a cooling effect of 8.2°C can be achieved when the total thickness is 2 μm. The thickness of the film layer in Figure 2(a) from top to bottom is: 146nm, 467nm, 123nm, 286nm, 122nm, 366nm, 305nm, 84nm and 100nm.
在算法优化前，设置了最大优化层数为10层，最大优化厚度为2μm，迭代优化次数为5次以及50代的优化次数。并设置了辐射制冷功率与材料的总厚度作为评价函数，辐射制冷功率Pnet可通过下式计算：Before the algorithm optimization, the maximum number of optimization layers was set to 10 layers, the maximum optimization thickness was 2 μm, the number of iterative optimization was 5 times and the number of optimization times was 50 generations. And set the radiation cooling power and the total thickness of the material as the evaluation function, the radiation cooling power P net can be calculated by the following formula:
Pnet＝Prad(T)-Patm(Tamb)-Psun-Pcon(Tamb,T) (1)P net ＝P rad (T)-P atm (T amb )-P sun -P con (T amb ,T) (1)
其中T为材料温度，Tamb为周围空气温度，Prad为材料本身的辐射，Patm为材料吸收的大气辐射，Psun为材料吸收的太阳辐射，Pcon为非辐射热传导引起的能量损失。Where T is the material temperature, Tamb is the ambient air temperature, P rad is the radiation of the material itself, P atm is the atmospheric radiation absorbed by the material, P sun is the solar radiation absorbed by the material, and P con is the energy loss caused by non-radiative heat conduction.
优化过程大致如下：遗传算法生成初始种群并进行编译，编译后的参数导入到传输矩阵，用于计算多层膜结构TE和TM模式的光谱特性，最后输出的光谱参数由两个模式的平均值表示，例如，吸收率A＝(ATE+ATM)/2,其中ATE和ATM分别为TE和TM模式的吸收率；传输矩阵算法输出的光谱特性导出后用于计算辐射制冷功率，然后与材料总厚度通过归一化处理生成适应度，作为优化过程中的评判标准。The optimization process is roughly as follows: the genetic algorithm generates the initial population and compiles it, and the compiled parameters are imported into the transmission matrix for calculating the spectral characteristics of the TE and TM modes of the multilayer film structure, and the final output spectral parameters are calculated by the average value of the two modes Represents, for example, the absorption rate A=(A TE +A TM )/2, where A TE and A TM are the absorption rates of TE and TM modes respectively; the spectral characteristics output by the transfer matrix algorithm are used to calculate the radiative cooling power after derivation, Then it is normalized with the total thickness of the material to generate the fitness, which is used as the evaluation standard in the optimization process.
适应度＝p1*(0.5+arctan(10*R1)/π)+p2*(0.5+arctan(10*R2)/π)(2)Fitness = p1*(0.5+arctan(10*R 1 )/π)+p2*(0.5+arctan(10*R 2 )/π)(2)
R1＝0.5+arctan*(0.01*P)/π，R2＝0.5-arctan(H)/πR 1 =0.5+arctan*(0.01*P)/π, R 2 =0.5-arctan(H)/π
其中P为辐射制冷功率，其优化权重为p1，H为材料的总厚度，优化权重为p2。Among them, P is the radiation cooling power, and its optimization weight is p1, and H is the total thickness of the material, and its optimization weight is p2.
通过辐射制冷功率优化算法设计后的材料表现出良好的光谱特性，如图3所示，在0.39-2.5μm具有95％的平均反射率，而在8-13μm具有89％的平均吸收率，说明了该优化算法同样也能适应一般的优化标准。图4为材料的平均反射率和吸收率随角度变化的曲线，表现出了该材料超宽的角度特性，详细的反射率以及吸收率随光谱以及角度变化的特性表示在图5中。通过令公式(1)中的辐射制冷功率等于零，可以得到该材料能够达到8.2℃的降温效果，体现了材料优异的整体性能。The material designed by the radiative cooling power optimization algorithm exhibits good spectral characteristics, as shown in Figure 3, with an average reflectance of 95% at 0.39-2.5 μm and an average absorption rate of 89% at 8-13 μm, indicating that The optimization algorithm can also adapt to general optimization criteria. Figure 4 is the curve of the average reflectance and absorptivity of the material as a function of angle, which shows the ultra-wide angle characteristics of the material, and the detailed reflectance and absorptance characteristics of the spectrum and angle are shown in Figure 5. By setting the radiation cooling power in formula (1) equal to zero, it can be obtained that the material can achieve a cooling effect of 8.2°C, reflecting the excellent overall performance of the material.
以上设计过程、实施例及仿真结果很好地验证了本发明。The above design process, embodiments and simulation results have well verified the present invention.
因此，上面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行了描述，但是本发明并不局限于上述的具体实施方式，上述的实施方式仅仅是示意性的，而不是限制性的。本发明未详细阐述部分属于本领域技术人员的公知技术。Therefore, the embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned specific implementations, and the above-mentioned implementations are only illustrative rather than restrictive. Parts not described in detail in the present invention belong to the known techniques of those skilled in the art.
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