CN111255427A - Method for mechanical separate-layer fracturing of oil well - Google Patents
Method for mechanical separate-layer fracturing of oil well Download PDFInfo
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- CN111255427A CN111255427A CN202010049539.1A CN202010049539A CN111255427A CN 111255427 A CN111255427 A CN 111255427A CN 202010049539 A CN202010049539 A CN 202010049539A CN 111255427 A CN111255427 A CN 111255427A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 241000191291 Abies alba Species 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B23/00—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing or removing tools, packers or the like in boreholes or wells
- E21B23/08—Introducing or running tools by fluid pressure, e.g. through-the-flow-line tool systems
- E21B23/10—Tools specially adapted therefor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B34/00—Valve arrangements for boreholes or wells
- E21B34/06—Valve arrangements for boreholes or wells in wells
- E21B34/14—Valve arrangements for boreholes or wells in wells operated by movement of tools, e.g. sleeve valves operated by pistons or wire line tools
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/14—Obtaining from a multiple-zone well
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for mechanical separate-layer fracturing of an oil well. A method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well, comprising: an oil pipe is put into the casing pipe, and wellhead setting operation is executed; injecting a completion fluid so that the fluid level of the completion fluid between the tubing and the casing exceeds the top of the top packer; setting all the packers, and then closing a stop valve at the bottom of the oil pipe; opening a hydraulic circulating valve at the top of the oil pipe, and performing circulating well killing operation; performing pressurizing and pressure testing on the upper part of the casing, replacing residual slurry in the casing with completion fluid, and performing wellhead dismantling operation; performing releasing operation to separate the part of the oil pipe above the releasing joint from the part of the oil pipe below the releasing joint, and executing wellhead-sitting Christmas tree operation; carrying out layered fracturing operation, and injecting fracturing fluid; after the fracturing operation of the composite layer, the composite layer is directly produced from the oil pipe. The invention solves the problems of inaccurate and safe fracturing and multiple construction procedures in the prior art.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of oil field separate layer fracturing technology, in particular to a method for oil well mechanical separate layer fracturing.
Background
At present, oil fields begin to find oil to a deep layer, more and more deep wells and high-temperature and high-pressure wells need fracturing operation, but the fracturing process of the wells is restricted by conditions such as pipe columns and well conditions, and the fracturing target cannot be safely and efficiently realized.
The existing separate-layer fracturing of an oil well generally adopts 2 modes, one mode is mechanical type separate-section fracturing, matched tools such as a packer and a fracturing sliding sleeve are mainly adopted, and fracturing liquid directly realizes the packing and fracturing of a stratum from an oil pipe. However, the multi-stage partial pressure mode has the problems of more tools entering the well and complex pipe column procedures, and has better effect when being used in a common normal-temperature normal-pressure well, but has high safety risk of pipe column operation caused by the problems of more tools entering the well, complex construction procedures and the like when being used in a high-temperature high-pressure ultra-deep well, because the underground pressure is high, the conventional multi-stage fracturing pipe column is adopted, so that the ultra-deep high-pressure well is fractured by adopting a multi-pipe column operation and a step-by-step upward return mode, the time for completing the fracturing of all intervals is long, the pipe column operation times are more, the performance stability of high-density well-killing fluid is challenged, and the pollution probability of the. Meanwhile, the fracturing fluid friction resistance caused by the long oil pipe column in the ultra-deep well is high in pumping pressure, and large-displacement fracturing cannot be realized. And the second is a temporary plugging steering partial pressure mode, namely after each layer of perforation is completed once, the first stage is fractured firstly, after the fracturing is completed, a temporary plugging agent is thrown to plug the fracturing perforation in the early stage to fracture the second stage, and the multistage fracturing is completed by analogy. The mode has limited application range, can not realize accurate fracturing, has difficult evaluation of fracturing effect, and is not suitable for high-pressure wells.
Therefore, the problems of inaccurate and safe fracturing and more construction processes exist in the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a mechanical layered fracturing method for an oil well, which aims to solve the problems of inaccurate and unsafe fracturing and more construction procedures in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well, comprising: an oil pipe is put into the casing pipe, and wellhead setting operation is executed; injecting a completion fluid so that the fluid level of the completion fluid between the tubing and the casing exceeds the top of the top packer; setting all the packers, and then closing a stop valve at the bottom of the oil pipe; opening a hydraulic circulating valve at the top of the oil pipe, and performing circulating well killing operation; performing pressurizing and pressure testing on the upper part of the casing, replacing residual slurry in the casing with completion fluid, and performing wellhead dismantling operation; performing releasing operation to separate the part of the oil pipe above the releasing joint from the part of the oil pipe below the releasing joint, and executing wellhead-sitting Christmas tree operation; carrying out layered fracturing operation, and injecting fracturing fluid; after the fracturing operation of the composite layer, the composite layer is directly produced from the oil pipe.
Further, the stop valve is connected to the lower part of the oil pipe, and the stop valve is closed, so that the inside of the oil pipe is not communicated up and down at the stop valve and keeps sealed.
Furthermore, the hydraulic circulating valve is opened in an oil sleeve annulus pressure mode, and after the hydraulic circulating valve is opened, the oil pipe is communicated with the sleeve pipe to perform circulating well killing operation.
Further, the layered fracturing operation comprises the steps of: step S11: opening a sand blasting sliding sleeve of a first-stage perforation section in the oil pipe by throwing a ball into the oil pipe, and simultaneously injecting fracturing fluid into the oil pipe and the sleeve to perform fracturing operation of the first-stage perforation section; step S12: and after the fracturing operation of the first-stage perforation section is completed, throwing a ball to open the sand blasting sliding sleeve of the second-stage perforation section, performing the fracturing operation of the second-stage perforation section, and then analogizing to complete the fracturing operation of the Nth-stage perforation section.
Further, when a separate fracturing operation is performed, a fracturing fluid is injected into the oil pipe and the casing simultaneously.
And further, after the releasing operation is finished, taking out all the oil pipes from the casing, and directly carrying out the layered fracturing operation in the casing.
Further, the top packer is a top packer of a hanging packer.
Further, the sand blasting sliding sleeve positioned between two adjacent packers is multiple.
Furthermore, the sleeve is provided with a plurality of shower holes, and the plurality of sand blasting sliding sleeves respectively correspond to the plurality of shower holes.
Further, the method for mechanical layered fracturing of the oil well further comprises workover operation, and the workover operation comprises the following steps: step S21: performing circulating well killing operation; step S22: taking out the part of the oil pipe above the releasing joint; step S23: and (5) putting a salvaging pipe column into the sleeve to connect with a special tool for salvaging.
By applying the technical scheme of the invention, the fracturing fluid is injected into the casing and the oil pipe simultaneously or independently from the casing, so that the on-way friction resistance can be effectively reduced, the ground pump pressure is greatly reduced, and the large-displacement fracturing transformation is realized; step-by-step accurate fracturing of the high-pressure deep well is realized through the layered fracturing operation; all the layered fracturing operations can be completed by one trip of the oil pipe into the well, the construction times and the construction procedures are greatly reduced, the fracturing operation time is shortened due to the reduction of the construction times and the construction procedures, the performance of the high-density well killing fluid is kept stable all the time, and the safety of the fracturing operation is ensured.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows a flow diagram of a method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well in the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a schematic of the injection of completion fluids in a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a cyclical kill in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a release operation and a zonal fracture in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a stratified fracture in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of production from tubing in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2;
fig. 7 shows a schematic view of a plurality of blasting slips in a second embodiment of the invention.
Wherein the figures include the following reference numerals:
10. an oil pipe; 11. a hydraulic circulation valve; 12. releasing the joint; 13. a top layer packer; 14. sandblasting the sliding sleeve; 15. a non-top layer packer; 16. a stop valve; 20. a first stage perforation section; 30. a second stage perforation segment; 40. a third stage perforation section; 50. a sleeve.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
It is noted that, unless otherwise indicated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
In the present invention, unless specified to the contrary, use of the terms of orientation such as "upper, lower, top, bottom" or the like, generally refer to the orientation as shown in the drawings, or to the component itself in a vertical, perpendicular, or gravitational orientation; likewise, for ease of understanding and description, "inner and outer" refer to the inner and outer relative to the profile of the components themselves, but the above directional words are not intended to limit the invention.
The invention provides a method for mechanical layered fracturing of an oil well, aiming at solving the problems of inaccurate and unsafe fracturing and more construction procedures in the prior art.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1 to 6, the method for mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well of the present invention comprises: the oil pipe 10 is put into the casing 50 to execute wellhead setting operation; injecting completion fluid so that the surface of the completion fluid between the tubing 10 and the casing 50 exceeds the top of the top packer 13; setting all packers and then closing the stop valve 16 at the bottom of the tubing 10; opening a hydraulic circulating valve 11 at the top of the oil pipe 10 to perform circulating well killing operation; performing pressurizing and pressure testing on the upper part of the casing 50, replacing residual slurry in the casing 50 with completion fluid, and performing wellhead dismantling operation; performing releasing operation to separate the part of the oil pipe 10 above the releasing joint 12 from the part of the oil pipe 10 below the releasing joint 12, and executing wellhead-sitting Christmas tree operation; carrying out layered fracturing operation, and injecting fracturing fluid; after completion of the fracturing operation, production is performed directly from tubing 10.
The fracturing fluid is injected into the casing 50 and the oil pipe 10 simultaneously, so that the on-way friction resistance can be effectively reduced, the ground pump pressure is greatly reduced, and the large-displacement fracturing transformation is realized; step-by-step accurate fracturing of the high-pressure deep well is realized through the layered fracturing operation; all the layered fracturing operations can be completed by one trip of the oil pipe 10, the construction times and the construction procedures are greatly reduced, the fracturing operation time is shortened due to the reduction of the construction times and the construction procedures, the performance of the high-density well killing fluid is kept stable all the time, and the safety of the fracturing operation is ensured.
As shown in fig. 2, the shut-off valve 16 is connected to the lower portion of the oil pipe 10, and the shut-off valve 16 is closed, so that the inside of the oil pipe 10 is not communicated up and down at the shut-off valve 16 and is kept sealed, so that the oil pipe 10 becomes a sealed whole from above the shut-off valve 16, thereby ensuring that no pressure leakage occurs during the fracturing operation.
As shown in fig. 3, the hydraulic circulation valve 11 is opened by means of oil casing annulus pumping, and after the hydraulic circulation valve 11 is opened, the oil pipe 10 is communicated with the casing 50 to perform the circulating well killing operation. The circulating kill operation may displace the high gravity mud in the casing 50 to the surface, establishing a pressure balance between the casing and the formation, preventing a blowout from occurring.
The layered fracturing operation of the invention comprises the following steps: step S11: opening the sand blasting sliding sleeve 14 of the first-stage perforation section 20 in the oil pipe 10 by throwing balls into the oil pipe 10, and simultaneously injecting fracturing fluid into the oil pipe 10 and the sleeve 50 to perform fracturing operation of the first-stage perforation section 20; step S12: after the fracturing operation of the first-stage perforation section 20 is completed, the sand blasting sliding sleeve 14 of the second-stage perforation section 30 is opened by throwing balls, the fracturing operation of the second-stage perforation section 30 is carried out, and the rest is done in the same way, so that the fracturing operation of the Nth-stage perforation section is completed.
As shown in fig. 4 to 5, in the present embodiment, the fracturing operation of the first stage perforation section 20 is performed by throwing a ball into the oil pipe 10, opening the sand-blasting sliding sleeve 14 of the first stage perforation section 20 in the oil pipe 10, and then injecting a fracturing fluid into the oil pipe 10 and the casing 50 simultaneously. After the fracturing operation of the first-stage perforation section 20 is completed, the sand blasting sliding sleeve 14 of the second-stage perforation section 30 is opened by throwing balls, and the fracturing operation of the second-stage perforation section 30 is carried out. Then, the ball is thrown to open the sand blasting sliding sleeve 14 of the third-stage perforation section 40, and the fracturing operation of the third-stage perforation section is completed.
Specifically, when a separate fracturing operation is performed, a fracturing fluid is injected into both the tubing 10 and the casing 50 simultaneously. The sleeve 50 and the oil pipe 10 are injected with fracturing fluid simultaneously, so that on-way friction resistance can be effectively reduced, the ground pump pressure is greatly reduced, and large-displacement fracturing transformation is realized.
After completion of the frac operation, production may be performed from tubing 10, as shown in figure 6.
Optionally, after the releasing operation is completed, the oil pipe 10 is completely taken out from the casing 50, and the separate-layer fracturing operation is directly performed in the casing 50. The operation is directly put into production after the operation of the layered fracturing is finished, and the working procedures of the construction are reduced.
It should be noted that the packers in this embodiment are divided into a top packer 13 and a non-top packer 15 depending on where the packers are located on the tubing 10. Wherein the top packer 13 is a suspended packer. The suspended packer is selected as the packer on the top layer of the oil pipe 10, so that one-time oil pipe setting can be realized, an independent setting tool is not needed, and the suspended packer can be set in a ground pressing mode.
The method for mechanical separate layer fracturing of the oil well further comprises workover operation, and the workover operation comprises the following steps: step S21: performing circulating well killing operation; step S22: taking out the part of the oil pipe 10 above the releasing sub 12; step S23: a fishing string is lowered into the casing 50 to connect a special tool for fishing.
In this embodiment, if a well repair is needed in the later period, a circulating well killing operation is performed first, then the part of the oil pipe 10 above the releasing joint 12 is taken out, and a special fishing string connecting tool is put into the casing 50 to perform fishing operation on the top layer packer 13, the non-top layer packer 15 and the sand blasting sliding sleeve 14, so that the well repair operation is simple and rapid.
Example two
The difference from the first embodiment is that the number of the sand blasting sliding sleeves 14 and the number of the perforation holes of the casing 50 are different from those in the first embodiment.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 7, a plurality of sand blasting sliding sleeves 14 are arranged between two adjacent packers. The sleeve 50 is provided with a plurality of shower holes, and the plurality of sand blasting sliding sleeves 14 respectively correspond to the plurality of shower holes. Set up a plurality of sandblast sliding sleeves and the many cluster perforation punchholes that correspond between two adjacent packers, can improve the completion speed of layering fracturing operation, shorten layering fracturing operation time for the performance of kill fluid remains stable always, guarantees the safety of fracturing operation.
It should be noted that the method adopted by the product in this embodiment is also the method described in the first embodiment, and therefore, the details are not repeated here. From the above description, it can be seen that the above-described embodiments of the present invention achieve the following technical effects:
1. effectively reduce on-way friction resistance, reduce ground pump pressure by a wide margin, realize big discharge capacity fracturing transformation.
2. The step-by-step accurate fracturing of the high-pressure deep well is realized.
3. Greatly reducing the construction times and the construction procedures.
4. The performance of the well killing fluid is kept stable all the time, and the safety of fracturing operation is ensured.
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments are only a few, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, the singular is intended to include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, and it should be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification, specify the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of this application and in the drawings described above are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used is interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the application described herein are capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or described herein.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well, the method comprising:
an oil pipe (10) is put into the casing (50) to execute wellhead setting operation;
injecting a completion fluid such that the surface of the completion fluid between the tubing (10) and the casing (50) exceeds the top of the top packer (13);
setting all the packers, and then closing a stop valve (16) at the bottom of the oil pipe (10);
opening a hydraulic circulating valve (11) at the top of the oil pipe (10) to perform circulating well killing operation;
pressurizing and testing the upper part of the casing (50), replacing residual slurry in the casing (50) with completion fluid, and performing wellhead dismantling operation;
performing releasing operation to separate the part of the oil pipe (10) above the releasing joint (12) from the part of the oil pipe (10) below the releasing joint (12) and execute wellhead-sitting Christmas tree operation;
carrying out layered fracturing operation, and injecting fracturing fluid;
after the completion of the fracturing operation, production is performed directly from the tubing (10).
2. A method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well according to claim 1, characterized in that the shut-off valve (16) is connected to the lower part of the oil pipe (10), closing the shut-off valve (16) so that the interior of the oil pipe (10) is not connected up and down and remains sealed at the shut-off valve (16).
3. A method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well according to claim 1, wherein said hydraulic circulation valve (11) is opened by means of annular pressurization of the oil casing, and after opening of said hydraulic circulation valve (11), said oil pipe (10) and said casing (50) are put into communication for performing said cyclic kill operation.
4. The method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well of claim 1, wherein the zonal fracturing operation comprises the steps of:
step S11: opening a sand blasting sliding sleeve (14) of a first-stage perforation section (20) in the oil pipe (10) by throwing balls into the oil pipe (10), and simultaneously injecting the fracturing fluid into the oil pipe (10) and the casing pipe (50) to perform fracturing operation of the first-stage perforation section (20);
step S12: after the fracturing operation of the first-stage perforation section (20) is completed, the sand blasting sliding sleeve (14) of the second-stage perforation section (30) is opened by throwing a ball, the fracturing operation of the second-stage perforation section (30) is carried out, and the rest is done in this way, so that the fracturing operation of the Nth-stage perforation section is completed.
5. A method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well according to claim 1, wherein the fracturing fluid is injected into the oil pipe (10) and the casing (50) simultaneously while the zonal fracturing operation is being performed.
6. A method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well according to claim 1, characterized in that after completion of the release operation, the entire oil pipe (10) is removed from the casing (50) and the zonal fracturing operation is performed directly in the casing (50).
7. Method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well, according to claim 1, characterized in that the top layer packer (13) is a suspended packer.
8. Method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well, according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that there are a plurality of sand-blasting sliding sleeves (14) located between two adjacent packers.
9. Method of oil well mechanical layered fracturing, according to claim 8, characterized in that a plurality of showers are provided on the casing (50), a plurality of said sand-blasting sliding sleeves (14) corresponding respectively to said plurality of showers.
10. A method of mechanical zonal fracturing of an oil well according to any of claims 1 to 7, further comprising a workover operation, comprising the steps of, while performing the workover operation:
step S21: performing the cyclical kill operation;
step S22: taking out the part of the oil pipe (10) above the releasing sub (12);
step S23: and (3) putting a salvaging pipe column into the sleeve (50) to connect with a special tool for salvaging.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202010049539.1A CN111255427A (en) | 2020-01-16 | 2020-01-16 | Method for mechanical separate-layer fracturing of oil well |
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| CN202010049539.1A CN111255427A (en) | 2020-01-16 | 2020-01-16 | Method for mechanical separate-layer fracturing of oil well |
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| CN205445569U (en) * | 2015-12-30 | 2016-08-10 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Construction pipe column capable of realizing layering volume fracturing of directional well |
| CN206397454U (en) * | 2016-11-24 | 2017-08-11 | 盐城市华谊石油机械有限公司 | Backwash cycles valve |
| CN209067186U (en) * | 2018-09-04 | 2019-07-05 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Fracturing string |
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