CN111243404A - Polarization synthesis experiment teaching device and operation method - Google Patents
Polarization synthesis experiment teaching device and operation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111243404A CN111243404A CN202010058647.5A CN202010058647A CN111243404A CN 111243404 A CN111243404 A CN 111243404A CN 202010058647 A CN202010058647 A CN 202010058647A CN 111243404 A CN111243404 A CN 111243404A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a polarization synthesis experiment teaching device and an operation method, which realize different phase differences of two beams of electromagnetic waves at the mouth surface of a receiving antenna by adjusting the distance between two transmitting antennas with orthogonal polarization modes in the polarization synthesis experiment device so as to synthesize the electromagnetic waves with different polarization forms, receive the synthesized electromagnetic wave signals by rotating the receiving antenna, and judge the polarization forms of the synthesized electromagnetic waves by the change of readings of frequency-selecting amplifiers at different angles. Therefore, students can more intuitively understand the synthetic process of different polarization modes of electromagnetic waves and verify the corresponding principle through the polarization synthesis experimental device.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of teaching experimental instruments, in particular to a polarization synthesis experiment teaching device and an operation method.
Background
The electromagnetic field and the electromagnetic wave are a professional basic course which is bound by the professional department of the electronic information and the electric appliance information in the higher school. The polarization characteristic of electromagnetic wave is an important theory, and is available important information besides time domain, frequency domain and space domain information, and the method is widely applied to radar signal filtering, detection, enhancement, anti-interference, target identification/recognition and the like, so the method has important significance to the learning, research and application of the polarization theory. However, the concept of polarization is abstract, students are difficult to understand, and the learning of the polarization theory is always the key point and difficulty in the teaching of electromagnetic fields and wave courses. At present, the polarization experiment teaching of electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic waves is carried out in part of colleges and universities in China by adopting a microwave spectrometer and a grating plate, the device mainly carries out demonstration and verification experiments of relevant electromagnetic wave optical characteristics around the optical characteristics of the electromagnetic waves, and is large in size, multiple in auxiliary facilities and complex in experimental process, complex and not visual enough for the teaching of the polarization experiment, and is not beneficial to the understanding and learning of students on the polarization concept.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention is to provide a polarization synthesis experiment teaching apparatus and an operation method thereof, which can synthesize electromagnetic waves of different polarization modes by a simple apparatus.
A polarization synthesis experiment teaching device, comprising:
a signal source for generating a radio frequency signal;
the power divider divides the radio frequency signal into two paths with equal amplitude and equal phase;
the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2) respectively receive one path of radio frequency signals and transmit the radio frequency signals in an electromagnetic wave form, and the two paths of electromagnetic waves have the same phase and are mutually orthogonal in a polarization mode; the heights and relative positions of the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2) can be adjusted;
the receiving antenna (3) is linearly polarized and is used for receiving two paths of electromagnetic waves transmitted by the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2) and synthesizing the two paths of electromagnetic waves into a path of radio frequency signals; the height of the receiving antenna (3) is adjustable and can rotate around the central axis of the receiving antenna;
the detector receives the radio frequency signal from the receiving antenna (3) and converts the radio frequency signal into a current signal;
and the frequency-selective amplifier is used for displaying the current signal.
Preferably, the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2) are at different heights, so that the mouth surfaces of the two transmitting antennas are not shielded; the center of the mouth surface of the receiving antenna (3) is positioned in the middle of the connecting line of the center of the mouth surfaces of the two transmitting antennas, and the distance between the two transmitting antennas and the receiving antenna (3) meets the far field condition.
Preferably, the polarization directions of the two electromagnetic waves transmitted by the two transmitting antennas are mutually orthogonal, and the two electromagnetic waves are linearly polarized or circularly polarized.
Preferably, the distance between the two transmitting antennas is selected from the even number times of the quarter wavelength of the electromagnetic wave transmitted by the signal source, and the distance between the two transmitting antennas and the receiving antenna (3) meets the far field condition.
Preferably, the distance between the two transmitting antennas is an odd multiple of a quarter wavelength, and the distance between the two transmitting antennas and the receiving antenna (3) meets the far-field condition.
Preferably, the distance between the two transmitting antennas is not an integral multiple of a quarter wavelength of the electromagnetic wave transmitted by the signal source, and the distance between the two transmitting antennas and the receiving antenna (3) meets the far field condition.
A method of operating a polarization synthesis experiment teaching apparatus, comprising:
s1: the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2) are positioned at different heights, the mouth surfaces of the two transmitting antennas are not shielded, and the receiving antenna (3) is adjusted to ensure that the center of the mouth surface is positioned in the middle of the mouth surfaces of the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2);
s2: opening a signal source, adjusting the signal source and the frequency-selective amplifier to enable the indicated value of the frequency-selective amplifier to be within a measuring range, and enabling the two transmitting antennas to transmit two beams of electromagnetic waves with mutually orthogonal polarization modes;
s3: adjusting the distance between the two transmitting antennas to be a set value;
s4: rotating the receiving antenna (3) by a set angle, and recording the corresponding readings of the frequency-selecting amplifier at the moment;
s5: repeating the step S4 until the receiving antenna (3) rotates for one circle;
and drawing a mapping relation curve of the reading number of the frequency selective amplifier and the rotation angle of the receiving antenna (3) in a polar coordinate system, thereby judging the polarization form of the electromagnetic wave received by the receiving antenna (3).
Preferably, in S3, the set value is an odd multiple of a quarter wavelength.
Preferably, in S3, the set value is an even multiple of a quarter wavelength.
Preferably, in S3, the set value is an integer other than a quarter wavelength.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention relates to a polarization synthesis experiment teaching device and an operation method, which realize different phase differences of two beams of electromagnetic waves at the mouth surface of a receiving antenna by adjusting the distance between two transmitting antennas with orthogonal polarization modes in the polarization synthesis experiment device so as to synthesize the electromagnetic waves with different polarization forms, receive the synthesized electromagnetic wave signals by rotating the receiving antenna, and judge the polarization forms of the synthesized electromagnetic waves by the change of readings of frequency-selecting amplifiers at different angles. Therefore, students can more intuitively understand the synthetic process of different polarization modes of electromagnetic waves and verify the corresponding polarization synthetic principle through the polarization synthetic experimental device.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a polarization synthesis experiment teaching device of the present invention, wherein: 1-a first transmitting antenna, 2-a second transmitting antenna, 3-a receiving antenna, 4-a graduated disc, 5-a transmitting antenna bracket, 6-a sliding block, 7-a guide rail, 8-a receiving antenna bracket and 9-a phase stabilizing cable.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The polarization of a uniform plane wave is an important concept in the theory of electromagnetic fields, which characterizes the orientation of the electric field intensity vector at a given point in space as a function of time and is represented by the trajectory described in space by the tail end of the electric field intensity vector E. If the trajectory is a straight line, it is called a linearly polarized wave; if the track is a circle, the circular polarized wave is called; if the trajectory is elliptical, it is called an elliptically polarized wave.
The electric field vector of a uniform planar electromagnetic wave is always perpendicular to the direction of propagation, which can be generally expressed as two mutually perpendicular components. To be provided with
For directional electromagnetic waves as an example, the electric field vector E (z, t) generally has Ex(z, t) and EyTwo components of (z, t), i.e.
The expression for each component can be written as
Wherein E isxmAnd EymRespectively, electric field vector is in
And
the maximum value of the amplitude of the direction,
and
respectively, electric field vector is in
And
the initial phase of the direction, ω is the angular velocity and k is the propagation constant.
For any given field point P (z)0) By applying trigonometric functions, differential product formulas and some mathematical operations to the above two formulas, we can finally obtain
The above equation is a curve equation with time t as a variable, and describes the motion trajectory of the tail end of the electric field vector in the plane perpendicular to the propagation direction.
When in use
Or
The tail end of the electric field vector moves only in a straight line along with the change of time, and the polarization state is called linear polarization.
If it is not
At the same time Exm＝Eym＝EmThe tail end of the electric field vector moves circularly in a plane perpendicular to the propagation direction over time with a radius equal to the amplitude of each component, and this polarization state is called circular polarization.
If it is not
Or
The tail end of the electric field vector moves circularly in a plane perpendicular to the propagation direction with time, the radius of the circle is equal to the amplitude of each component, and this polarization state is called circular polarization.
In the general case of the above-mentioned,
not equal to 0, ± pi/2 or ± pi, ExmIs also not equal to EymThe tail end of the resultant electric field vector makes an elliptical motion with time in a plane perpendicular to the propagation direction, and this polarization state is called elliptical polarization.
Therefore, two linear polarized waves with mutually perpendicular polarization can be known, and when the initial phase difference of the two linear polarized waves is 0 or +/-pi, the two linear polarized wavesThe polarization mode after the electromagnetic wave synthesis is linear polarization; when the initial phase differs by + -pi/2, and Exm＝Eym＝EmWhen the electromagnetic wave is generated, the polarization mode of the synthesized two beams of electromagnetic waves is circular polarization; when in
When the polarization mode is not equal to 0, plus or minus pi/2 or plus or minus pi, the polarization mode of the two electromagnetic waves after synthesis is elliptical polarization. The initial phase difference and amplitude determine the polarization of the composite electromagnetic wave. According to the wave path difference of two beams of electromagnetic waves transmitted in space, a corresponding phase difference can be generated, the phase difference of the two beams of electromagnetic waves reaching the same position can be changed by setting the wave path difference of the two beams of electromagnetic waves transmitted, and therefore the two orthogonal beams of electromagnetic waves are combined into different polarization modes in space.
The teaching device for the polarization synthesis experiment changes the wave path difference from the electromagnetic waves transmitted by the two transmitting antennas to the receiving antenna by changing the distance from the two transmitting antennas to the receiving antenna, correspondingly changes the phase difference of the electromagnetic waves transmitted by the two transmitting antennas at the mouth surface of the receiving antenna, and accordingly changes the polarization mode of the electromagnetic waves synthesized at the mouth surface of the receiving antenna. As shown in fig. 1, the polarization synthesis experiment teaching device mainly includes:
the signal source is used for generating radio frequency signals and is connected with the power divider;
the power divider divides an input radio frequency signal into two paths with equal amplitude and equal phase;
the first transmitting antenna 1 and the second transmitting antenna 2 are respectively fixed on the two transmitting antenna brackets 5; the two transmitting antennas are connected with the power divider through a phase-stabilizing cable 9 and are used for respectively receiving two paths of radio frequency signals and converting the two paths of radio frequency signals into electromagnetic waves with the same phase and mutually orthogonal polarization modes to be transmitted; the two transmitting antenna supports 5 are adjustable in height, the supports 5 are arranged on the guide rail 7 through the sliding blocks 6, and the transmitting antenna supports 5 can slide along the guide rail 7. And a graduated scale is fixed on the side surface of the guide rail 7, so that the distance between the two transmitting antennas can be read.
The receiving antenna 3 is linearly polarized and used for receiving the spatially synthesized electromagnetic waves transmitted by the first transmitting antenna 1 and the second transmitting antenna 2; an annular scale disc 4 is sleeved outside the receiving antenna 3, the scale disc 4 is fixed on a receiving antenna support 8 with adjustable height, and the receiving antenna 8 can rotate around the central axis of the receiving antenna 8; the scale disk 4 is used for reading the angle of rotation of the receiving antenna 8.
The detector is connected with the receiving antenna 3 and converts the received radio frequency signal into a current signal;
the frequency-selective amplifier is connected with the detector and is used for displaying the received signals;
the transmitting antenna support 5 is adjusted to enable the two transmitting antennas to be at different heights, the mouth surfaces of the two transmitting antennas which are arranged in tandem are not shielded, and the center of the mouth surface of the receiving antenna 3 is located in the middle of the connecting line of the mouth surfaces of the two transmitting antennas by adjusting the height of the receiving antenna support 8. The electromagnetic wave polarization transmitted by the two transmitting antennas is mutually orthogonal linear polarization or circular polarization, and the distances between the two transmitting antennas and the receiving antenna meet the far field condition.
Adjusting the distance between the two transmitting antennas to be integral multiple of one-quarter wavelength of the electromagnetic wave transmitted by the signal source (namely n lambda 4, lambda is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave, and n is an integer), wherein:
when the integral multiple is an odd number, that is, the distance between the two transmitting antennas is an odd number multiple of a quarter wavelength, the receiving antenna 3 is rotated, and the angle value of the rotation of the receiving antenna and the reading of the frequency selective amplifier at a corresponding angle are recorded every certain rotation angle until the receiving antenna 3 rotates for one circle. Drawing a mapping relation curve of the indication number of the frequency selective amplifier and the rotation angle of the receiving antenna 3 in a polar coordinate system, and judging that the polarization form of the electromagnetic wave received by the receiving antenna 3 is circular polarization according to the curve shape;
when the integral multiple is an even number, that is, when the distance between the two transmitting antennas is an even multiple of a quarter wavelength, the receiving antenna 3 is rotated, the angle value of the rotation of the receiving antenna 3 and the reading of the frequency selective amplifier at the corresponding angle are recorded every certain rotation angle until the receiving antenna 3 rotates for one circle, a mapping relation curve of the indication number of the frequency selective amplifier and the rotation angle of the receiving antenna 3 is drawn in a polar coordinate system, and the linear polarization of the electromagnetic wave received by the receiving antenna 3 can be judged according to the curve shape.
Aiming at the polarization synthesis experiment teaching device, the invention also provides an operation method, which comprises the following specific processes:
s1: the power divider and the two transmitting antennas (1 and 2) are connected through a phase-stabilizing cable 9, the initial phases of the electromagnetic waves transmitted by the first transmitting antenna 1 and the second transmitting antenna 2 are the same, and the polarization modes are orthogonal; adjusting a transmitting antenna bracket 5 to enable a first transmitting antenna 1 and a second transmitting antenna 2 to be at different heights and the mouth surfaces of the two transmitting antennas to be not shielded from each other, and adjusting a receiving antenna bracket 8 to enable the center of the mouth surface of a receiving antenna 3 to be at the middle position of a connecting line of the mouth surfaces of the first transmitting antenna 1 and the second transmitting antenna 2;
s2: opening a signal source, setting the frequency f and the power P of the signal source, adjusting a frequency-selective amplifier to enable the indicated value of the frequency-selective amplifier to be within a measuring range, and enabling two transmitting antennas to transmit two beams of electromagnetic waves with mutually orthogonal polarization modes;
s3: moving the first transmitting antenna 1 and the second transmitting antenna 2 by adjusting the sliding block 6, so that the distance d between the two transmitting antennas is an odd multiple of a quarter wavelength, namely the distance d is 0.25 x (2n +1) x c/f (wherein n is an integer, and c is the speed of light), the distances between the two transmitting antennas (1 and 2) and the receiving antenna 3 both meet the far-field condition, and recording the reading of the scale disc 4 where the receiving antenna 3 is located and the reading of the frequency-selective amplifier;
s4: rotating the receiving antenna 3 on the scale disc 4 for 5 degrees, and recording the corresponding reading of the frequency-selective amplifier at the moment;
s5: repeating step S4 until the reception antenna 3 rotates one revolution;
s6: according to the test result, a mapping relation curve of the indication number of the frequency selective amplifier and the rotation angle of the receiving antenna 3 is drawn in a polar coordinate system, and the shape of the curve can be used for judging that the polarization form of the electromagnetic wave received by the receiving antenna 3 is circular polarization, namely, the orthogonal polarization electromagnetic waves emitted by two transmitting antennas with the distance d being odd times of quarter wavelength are verified to be synthesized into circular polarization electromagnetic waves at the mouth surface of the receiving antenna 3;
s7: moving the first transmitting antenna 1 and the second transmitting antenna 2 by adjusting the sliding block 6, so that the distance d between the two transmitting antennas is even times of a quarter wavelength, namely the distance d is 0.25 × 2n × c/f (wherein n is an integer, and c is the speed of light), the distances between the two transmitting antennas (1 and 2) and the receiving antenna 3 all meet the far-field condition, and recording the reading of the scale disc 4 where the receiving antenna 3 is located and the reading of the frequency-selective amplifier;
s8: repeating step S4 until the reception antenna 3 rotates one revolution;
s9: according to the test result, a mapping relation curve of the reading of the frequency selective amplifier and the rotation angle of the receiving antenna 3 is drawn in a polar coordinate system, and the shape of the curve can be used for judging that the polarization form of the electromagnetic wave received by the receiving antenna 3 is linear polarization, namely, the orthogonal polarization electromagnetic waves emitted by two transmitting antennas with the distance d being even multiple of quarter wavelength are synthesized into the linear polarization electromagnetic wave at the mouth surface of the receiving antenna 3.
S10: the first transmitting antenna 1 and the second transmitting antenna 2 are moved by adjusting the sliding block 6, so that the distance d between the two transmitting antennas is not an integral multiple of a quarter wavelength, namely the distance d is not equal to 0.25 multiplied by n multiplied by c/f (wherein n is an integer, and c is the speed of light), the distances between the two transmitting antennas (1 and 2) and the receiving antenna 3 meet the far-field condition, and the reading of the scale disc 4 where the receiving antenna 3 is located and the reading of the frequency-selective amplifier are recorded;
s11: repeating step S4 until the reception antenna 3 rotates one revolution;
s12: according to the test result, a mapping relation curve of the reading number of the frequency selective amplifier and the rotation angle of the receiving antenna 3 is drawn in a polar coordinate system, and the shape of the curve can be used for judging that the polarization form of the electromagnetic wave received by the receiving antenna 3 is elliptical polarization, namely, the orthogonal polarization electromagnetic waves emitted by two transmitting antennas with the distance d not being integral multiple of quarter wavelength are verified to be combined into the elliptical polarization electromagnetic wave at the mouth surface of the receiving antenna 3.
In summary, the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A polarization synthesis experiment teaching device, comprising:
a signal source for generating a radio frequency signal;
the power divider divides the radio frequency signal into two paths with equal amplitude and equal phase;
the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2) respectively receive one path of radio frequency signals and transmit the radio frequency signals in an electromagnetic wave form, and the two paths of electromagnetic waves have the same phase and are mutually orthogonal in a polarization mode; the heights and relative positions of the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2) can be adjusted;
the receiving antenna (3) is linearly polarized and is used for receiving two paths of electromagnetic waves transmitted by the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2) and synthesizing the two paths of electromagnetic waves into a path of radio frequency signals; the height of the receiving antenna (3) is adjustable and can rotate around the central axis of the receiving antenna;
the detector receives the radio frequency signal from the receiving antenna (3) and converts the radio frequency signal into a current signal;
and the frequency-selective amplifier is used for displaying the current signal.
2. The polarization synthesis experiment teaching device according to claim 1, wherein the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2) are at different heights, so that the mouth surfaces of the two transmitting antennas are not shielded from each other; the center of the mouth surface of the receiving antenna (3) is positioned in the middle of the connecting line of the center of the mouth surfaces of the two transmitting antennas, and the distance between the two transmitting antennas and the receiving antenna (3) meets the far field condition.
3. The experimental teaching device for polarization synthesis according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the two electromagnetic waves emitted from the two transmitting antennas have linear polarization or circular polarization with the polarization directions orthogonal to each other.
4. The polarization synthesis experiment teaching device according to claim 3, wherein the distance between the two transmitting antennas is selected from an even multiple of a quarter wavelength of the electromagnetic wave transmitted by the signal source, and the distance between the two transmitting antennas and the receiving antenna (3) satisfies a far field condition.
5. The polarization synthesis experiment teaching device according to claim 3, wherein the distance between the two transmitting antennas is an odd multiple of a quarter wavelength, and the distance between the two transmitting antennas and the receiving antenna (3) satisfies the far field condition.
6. The polarization synthesis experiment teaching device according to claim 3, wherein the distance between the two transmitting antennas is not an integral multiple of a quarter wavelength of the electromagnetic wave transmitted by the signal source, and the distance between the two transmitting antennas and the receiving antenna (3) satisfies the far field condition.
7. A method of operating the polarization synthesis experimental teaching device according to claim 1, comprising:
s1: the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2) are positioned at different heights, the mouth surfaces of the two transmitting antennas are not shielded, and the receiving antenna (3) is adjusted to ensure that the center of the mouth surface is positioned in the middle of the mouth surfaces of the first transmitting antenna (1) and the second transmitting antenna (2);
s2: opening a signal source, adjusting the signal source and the frequency-selective amplifier to enable the indicated value of the frequency-selective amplifier to be within a measuring range, and enabling the two transmitting antennas to transmit two beams of electromagnetic waves with mutually orthogonal polarization modes;
s3: adjusting the distance between the two transmitting antennas to be a set value;
s4: rotating the receiving antenna (3) by a set angle, and recording the corresponding readings of the frequency-selecting amplifier at the moment;
s5: repeating the step S4 until the receiving antenna (3) rotates for one circle;
and drawing a mapping relation curve of the reading number of the frequency selective amplifier and the rotation angle of the receiving antenna (3) in a polar coordinate system, thereby judging the polarization form of the electromagnetic wave received by the receiving antenna (3).
8. The method for teaching experimental teaching of polarization synthesis as claimed in claim 7, wherein in S3, the set value is an odd multiple of a quarter wavelength.
9. The method for teaching experimental teaching of polarization synthesis as claimed in claim 7, wherein in said S3, said set value is an even multiple of a quarter wavelength.
10. The method for teaching experimental teaching of polarization synthesis according to claim 7, wherein in S3, the set value is an integer other than a quarter wavelength.
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| CN113823157A (en) * | 2021-05-11 | 2021-12-21 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Device technology for polarization and polarization analysis and polarization degree measurement of random elliptical polarization radio wave |
| CN115993581A (en) * | 2023-02-28 | 2023-04-21 | 成都雷电微力科技股份有限公司 | Multi-frequency multi-polarization millimeter wave phased array radar receiving front end |
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| CN113823157A (en) * | 2021-05-11 | 2021-12-21 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Device technology for polarization and polarization analysis and polarization degree measurement of random elliptical polarization radio wave |
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