CN111205045A - Special sprayed concrete material for tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment - Google Patents
Special sprayed concrete material for tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000011378 shotcrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 4
- 208000010392 Bone Fractures Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 206010017076 Fracture Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001147416 Ursus maritimus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008030 superplasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/06—Aluminous cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00008—Obtaining or using nanotechnology related materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00034—Physico-chemical characteristics of the mixtures
- C04B2111/00146—Sprayable or pumpable mixtures
- C04B2111/00155—Sprayable, i.e. concrete-like, materials able to be shaped by spraying instead of by casting, e.g. gunite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a special sprayed concrete material for a tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment, wherein the total amount of a cementing material in concrete is 400-420 kg per cubic meter; the cementing material comprises 83 to 89 percent of ordinary Portland cement, 10 to 15 percent of sulphoaluminate cement and 1 to 2 percent of nano silicon dioxide by weight percentage; the steel fiber is added according to the volume ratio of 0.4-0.6%; the shrinkage reducing agent is added according to 5 percent of the weight of the gelled material; when concrete is prepared, the accelerating agent is added according to 3-5% of the weight of the cementing material; the glue-bone ratio is 1: 4.0-1: 4.5; the water-to-glue ratio is not more than 0.50. The special shotcrete has higher compressive strength and tensile strength than common shotcrete with the same strength grade under the synergistic effect of materials and a certain proportioning ratio. According to different dry and hot environment temperatures, the bonding strength reaches 2-4 times of that of common sprayed concrete, and the resilience rate is only 1/3-1/2 of that of the common sprayed concrete.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of concrete, and particularly relates to a special sprayed concrete material for a tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment.
Background
The tunnel engineering development trend of China is that the tunnel engineering is large in number, length, section and buried depth. The deeply buried long tunnel has irreplaceable effects in the aspects of overcoming terrain obstacles such as high mountains and canyons, shortening the space distance, improving the operation quality of land-road traffic engineering and the like. With the progress of design theory and construction technology, more deeply buried long and large tunnels are built in the fields of railways, highways, water and electricity, water transfer across drainage basins, mineral resources and the like, and the accompanying problem of high ground temperature is increasingly prominent. The high ground temperature of the tunnel occurs mainly in two forms, one is dry heat, i.e. where the geological formation is good, the heat inside the geological formation is transferred to the tunnel surface through the rock. The other is damp heat, namely in the fracture and breakage, fracture and break composite and rock breakage areas, the fracture development degree is high, and underground hot water is enriched to form a hot spring. The dry heat environment mainly originates from volcanic radiation geothermal heat (underground hot water radiates heat through rocks), radioactive element fission radiant heat and earth mantle convection heat, and the two are mainly harmful to tunnel engineering.
Practical engineering investigations have shown that dry heat environments are ubiquitous in high-ground-temperature tunnels. Under the dry and hot environment, the sprayed concrete is rapidly heated and dehydrated, so that the micro structure of the cement-based material is degraded, and the degradation and concrete physical shrinkage and interface non-uniform temperature effect act together, so that the damage mechanism of the adhesive force of the sprayed concrete is more complex. The influence of high-ground-temperature environment on the performance of the shotcrete is that the shotcrete is sprayed on a rock surface, namely, the development of the hydration performance and the strength of the cementing material is influenced, so that the bonding strength and the resilience of the shotcrete are influenced. The common sprayed concrete mainly comprises cement, common sand and an accelerator, in a high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment, the resilience of the common sprayed concrete is remarkably increased, the cohesive force loss is serious, even debonding and cracking occur, the supporting effect on surrounding rocks is invalid, the common sprayed concrete becomes a key factor influencing the performance of the high-ground-temperature sprayed concrete, and an effective solution is not available up to now.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above disadvantages of the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a shotcrete with better performance, which is suitable for tunnel high-ground temperature dry heat environment application.
The object of the present invention is achieved by the following means.
The special sprayed concrete material for the tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment is characterized in that the total amount of the concrete calculated by each cubic meter is 400-420 kg, and the cementing material respectively comprises 83-89% of ordinary portland cement, 10-15% of sulphoaluminate cement and 1-2% of nano silicon dioxide by weight percent; the steel fiber is added according to the volume ratio of 0.4-0.6%; the shrinkage reducing agent is added according to 5 percent of the weight of the gelled material; the accelerator is added according to 3-5% of the weight of the cementing material; the mixing amount of the water reducing agent is 0.8 to 1.5 percent of the weight of the cementing material; the glue-bone ratio is 1: 4.0-1: 4.5; the water-to-glue ratio is not more than 0.50.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides a special sprayed concrete material for a tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment, because steel fibers have high heat conduction speed, after the steel fibers are doped, the concrete can more quickly reach the uniformity of the internal temperature in the high-ground-temperature environment, thereby reducing the internal stress generated by temperature gradient and reducing the internal damage, and meanwhile, the development of the original crack is prevented or retarded by virtue of the adhesive force, the frictional resistance and the mechanical biting force on the end hook type steel fiber interface, so that the interface performance can be obviously improved, and the bonding strength is improved. The doped nano silicon oxide has extremely high surface area, so that the nano silicon oxide has strong micro-aggregate effect and pozzolanic effect and nucleating effect, and can promote the rapid hydration and coagulation of the sprayed concrete under the severe condition of too fast water loss in a high-temperature environment, improve the early-age strength and reduce the rebound. The sulphoaluminate cement with a certain amount is added to replace common Portland cement, so that the setting time can be adjusted, the early-age strength is improved, meanwhile, the sulphoaluminate cement has micro-expansibility, the concrete shrinkage in a dry-heat environment can be reduced, the rebound rate is further reduced, and the balance economy can be considered while the mixing proportion is optimized. By adding the shrinkage reducing agent, the shrinkage deformation caused by too fast water loss of the sprayed concrete in a high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment can be reduced, cracking is limited, the stability is enhanced, and the bonding property of a sprayed concrete-rock interface is improved.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to specific embodiments.
According to the special sprayed concrete material for the high-ground-temperature tunnel dry-heat environment, the total amount of the cementing material in the concrete is 400-420 kg per cubic meter; the cementing material comprises 83 to 89 percent of ordinary Portland cement, 10 to 15 percent of sulphoaluminate cement and 1 to 2 percent of nano silicon dioxide by weight percentage; the steel fiber is added according to the volume ratio of 0.4-0.6%; the shrinkage reducing agent is added according to 5 percent of the weight of the gelled material; when concrete is prepared, the accelerating agent is added according to 3-5% of the weight of the cementing material; the mixing amount of the water reducing agent is 0.8 to 1.5 percent of the weight of the cementing material; the glue-bone ratio is 1: 4.0-1: 4.5; the water-to-glue ratio is not more than 0.50.
In the present example, the sulphoaluminate cement was a 42.5 strength grade. The content of nano-silicon dioxide in the nano-silicon dioxide is more than or equal to 98.5 percent, and the specific surface area is more than or equal to 450m2(ii) in terms of/g. The steel fiber is end hook type, the tensile strength is more than or equal to 1100MPa, the diameter is 0.7-0.8 mm, and the length is 30-35 mm. The shrinkage reducing agent is an inorganic shrinkage reducing agent, the yield ratio is less than or equal to 90 percent, and the compressive strength ratio is more than or equal to 105 percent. The water reducing agent is a high-performance water reducing agent, and the water reducing rate is more than or equal to 28 percent.
In the embodiment of the invention, the tunnel high-ground-temperature drying environment is simulated by the electrothermal blowing constant-temperature drying box, and different temperature environments are set. Placing the sprayed concrete large plate and the sprayed concrete-rock large plate which are formed by wet spraying in a dry and hot environment and curing to a specified age, developing tests for measuring the compressive strength, the splitting tensile strength, the sprayed concrete-surrounding rock bonding strength and the rebound rate of the sprayed concrete, and comparing and analyzing the reference mixing ratio working condition and the test result of the invention, wherein the test result shows that: under the synergistic effect of the end hook type steel fiber, the sulphoaluminate cement, the nano-silica and the shrinkage reducing agent, the severe problems of too fast water loss, insufficient hydration, large dry shrinkage, uneven temperature effect and the like of the concrete in the dry and hot environment of the high-ground-temperature tunnel can be well solved. The special shotcrete is applied to the high-ground-temperature tunnel dry-heat environment, and compared with common shotcrete with the same strength grade, the special shotcrete has the advantages that the compressive strength can be improved by about 30%, the tensile strength is improved by about 20%, the bonding strength is improved by 2-4 times, and the resilience rate is reduced to 1/3-1/2.
The following implementation has the following raw material use conditions: p.o42.5r ordinary portland cement of sikawa cement co.ltd; grade 42.5 sulphoaluminate cement from Jiahua corporation of Sichuan corporation; the nanometer silicon oxide has a nanometer silicon dioxide content of 98.5% or more and a specific surface area of 450m or more2(ii)/g; novel materials of Sichuan giant Star JX-E3A liquid accelerator, the total alkali content is 3.5%, the initial setting time is 2min30s, the final setting time is 7min50s, the 1d compressive strength is 8.0MPa, and the 28d compressive strength ratio is 87%; the water reducing rate of the high-performance polycarboxylate superplasticizer JX-GBNHy2, a novel material Co., Ltd, of Sichuan giant star is 28%; CQJSJ-B inorganic shrinkage reducing agent of Tangshan polar bear building materials Co., Ltd, wherein the shrinkage ratio is 90%; the Taian Ming Gui composite material end hook type steel fiber has the length of 30mm, the diameter of 0.75mm, the tensile strength of more than 1100MPa and the density of 7850kg/m3. Guanghan river sand, grading II area, fineness modulus of 2.77, and apparent density of 2632kg/m3The bulk density is 1630kg/m3The mud content is 1.6%; crushed stone of Guanghan province, 5-10 mm continuous size fraction.
Example 1: high ground temperature dry heat environment at 100 DEG C
The application condition and the main proportion parameters of the main raw materials of the concrete per cubic meter are as follows:
(1) the total amount of the cementing material is 420kg (83 percent of ordinary portland cement, 15 percent of sulphoaluminate cement and 2 percent of nano-silica);
(2) 775kg of stones;
(3) 45kg of steel fibers;
(4) the mixing amount of the shrinkage reducing agent is 5 percent;
(5) the mixing amount of the water reducing agent JX-GBNHy2 high-performance polycarboxylic acid is 1.2 percent;
(6) quick-setting admixture JX-E3The liquid mixing amount is 5%;
(7) the glue-bone ratio is 1: 4.1; the sand rate is 0.55; the water-to-glue ratio is 0.45.
The specific compounding ratio is shown in Table 1 (unit: kg).
TABLE 1 this example 1 uses of the main raw materials for concrete per cubic meter
The technical index test comprises the following steps: slump, compressive strength, tensile strength at split, bonding strength and rebound rate. The concrete test result of this embodiment 1 and the comparison result of the reference working condition are shown in table 2 below, wherein the reference working condition means: the water-cement ratio and the sand rate are the same, the cementing material is only ordinary portland cement, the steel fiber and the shrinkage reducing agent are not added, and the mixing amount of the water reducing agent is controlled according to the slump test result of the invention. The slump test result was 145 mm.
TABLE 2 comparison of concrete test results and reference working conditions of this example 1
Example 2: high ground temperature dry heat environment of 80 DEG C
The application condition and the main proportion parameters of the main raw materials of the concrete per cubic meter are as follows:
(1) the total amount of the cementing material is 400kg (88 percent of ordinary portland cement, 11 percent of sulphoaluminate cement and 1 percent of nano-silica);
(2) 758kg of stones;
(3) 40kg of steel fibers;
(4) the mixing amount of the shrinkage reducing agent is 5 percent;
(5) the mixing amount of the water reducing agent JX-GBNHy2 high-performance polycarboxylic acid is 1.2 percent;
(6) quick-setting admixture JX-E3Liquid, method for producing the same and use thereofThe mixing amount is 5 percent;
(7) the glue-bone ratio is 1: 4.3; the sand rate is 0.56; the water-to-glue ratio is 0.47.
The specific formulation is shown in Table 2 below (unit: kg).
TABLE 3 application of the main raw materials for concrete per cubic meter in this example 2
The technical index test comprises the following steps: slump, compressive strength, tensile strength at split, bonding strength and rebound rate. The concrete test result of this embodiment 2 is shown in table 4 below as compared with the reference working condition, where the reference working condition is: the water-cement ratio and the sand rate are the same, the cementing material is only ordinary portland cement, the steel fiber and the shrinkage reducing agent are not added, and the mixing amount of the water reducing agent is controlled according to the slump test result of the invention. The slump test result was 140 mm.
TABLE 4 comparison of concrete test results and reference working conditions of this example 2
Example 3: 60 ℃ high ground temperature dry heat environment
(1) The total amount of the cementing material is 400kg (89% of ordinary portland cement, 10% of sulphoaluminate cement and 1% of nano-silica);
(2) 758kg of stones;
(3) 39kg of steel fibers;
(4) the mixing amount of the shrinkage reducing agent is 5 percent;
(5) 1.1 percent of high-performance polycarboxylic acid doping amount of the water reducing agent JX-GBNHy 2;
(6) quick-setting admixture JX-E3The liquid mixing amount is 5%;
(7) the glue-bone ratio is 1: 4.3; the sand rate is 0.56; the water-to-glue ratio is 0.48.
Concrete matching ratio is as follows (unit: kg)
TABLE 5 application of 3. mu.m of concrete as main raw material
The technical index test comprises the following steps: slump, compressive strength, tensile strength at split, bonding strength and rebound rate. The concrete test result of this embodiment 3 is shown in table 6 below, compared with the reference working condition, where the reference working condition is: the water-cement ratio and the sand rate are the same, the cementing material is only ordinary portland cement, the steel fiber and the shrinkage reducing agent are not added, and the mixing amount of the water reducing agent is controlled according to the slump test result of the invention. The slump test result was 145 mm.
TABLE 6 comparison of the concrete test results of this example 3 with the reference conditions
By adopting the basic scheme of the invention, the material proportion is within the variation range of the content of the invention, and the material proportion has good effect sought by the invention.
The compressive strength, the tensile strength, the bonding strength and the resilience rate of the shotcrete can meet the design index requirements of the shotcrete in the high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment at 40-105 ℃, and an effective technical approach is provided for preparing the shotcrete used in the high-ground-temperature tunnel dry-heat environment engineering field by adopting sulphoaluminate cement, steel fibers, nano silicon oxide and a shrinkage reducing agent.
Claims (6)
1. The special sprayed concrete material for the tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment is characterized in that the total amount of the concrete, calculated by per cubic meter, of the cementing material is 400-420 kg, and the cementing material comprises, by weight, 83-89% of ordinary portland cement, 10-15% of sulphoaluminate cement and 1-2% of nano-silica; the steel fiber is added according to the volume ratio of 0.4-0.6%; the shrinkage reducing agent is added according to 5 percent of the weight of the gelled material; the accelerator is added according to 3-5% of the weight of the cementing material; the mixing amount of the water reducing agent is 0.8 to 1.5 percent of the weight of the cementing material; the glue-bone ratio is 1: 4.0-1: 4.5; the water-to-glue ratio is not more than 0.50.
2. The shotcrete material for high geothermal dry heat environment of tunnel according to claim 1, wherein the sulphoaluminate cement is 42.5 strength grade.
3. The special shotcrete material for the tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment according to claim 1, wherein the nano-silica has a nano-silica content of not less than 98.5% and a specific surface area of not less than 450m2/g。
4. The shotcrete material special for the tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment as claimed in claim 1, wherein the steel fibers are end-hooked, and have a tensile strength of not less than 1100MPa, a diameter of 0.7-0.8 mm and a length of 30-35 mm.
5. The shotcrete material special for the tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment as claimed in claim 1, wherein the shrinkage reducing agent is an inorganic shrinkage reducing agent, the yield ratio is less than or equal to 90%, and the compressive strength ratio is greater than or equal to 105%.
6. The special shotcrete material for the tunnel high-ground-temperature dry-heat environment according to claim 1, wherein the water reducing agent is a high-performance water reducing agent, and the water reducing rate is greater than or equal to 28%.
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Cited By (4)
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| CN112500093A (en) * | 2020-10-11 | 2021-03-16 | 桂林理工大学 | Concrete suitable for TBM (tunnel boring machine) pressure casting construction and preparation method thereof |
| CN113716915A (en) * | 2021-08-19 | 2021-11-30 | 华新超可隆新型建材科技(黄石)有限公司 | Sprayed ultrahigh-performance concrete for corrosion prevention and reinforcement |
| CN114956744A (en) * | 2022-04-20 | 2022-08-30 | 长安大学 | Nano-modified high-density sprayed concrete and construction method of water-rich tunnel using same |
| CN116283145A (en) * | 2023-03-14 | 2023-06-23 | 西南交通大学 | High-strength and high-toughness heat-insulation functional sprayed concrete for high-temperature hot water tunnel |
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| CN113716915A (en) * | 2021-08-19 | 2021-11-30 | 华新超可隆新型建材科技(黄石)有限公司 | Sprayed ultrahigh-performance concrete for corrosion prevention and reinforcement |
| CN114956744A (en) * | 2022-04-20 | 2022-08-30 | 长安大学 | Nano-modified high-density sprayed concrete and construction method of water-rich tunnel using same |
| CN116283145A (en) * | 2023-03-14 | 2023-06-23 | 西南交通大学 | High-strength and high-toughness heat-insulation functional sprayed concrete for high-temperature hot water tunnel |
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