CN111189881A - Two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on differential measurement mode - Google Patents

Two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on differential measurement mode Download PDF

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CN111189881A
CN111189881A CN202010023570.8A CN202010023570A CN111189881A CN 111189881 A CN111189881 A CN 111189881A CN 202010023570 A CN202010023570 A CN 202010023570A CN 111189881 A CN111189881 A CN 111189881A
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excitation
grid sensor
differential
voltage
phase flow
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翟路生
杨杰
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Tianjin University
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Abstract

The invention relates to a two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on a differential measurement mode, which comprises the following steps: designing a conductive grid sensor based on alternating current excitation, and installing the conductive grid sensor on a circular pipeline, wherein the conductive grid sensor is composed of two layers of parallel metal thin wires which are perpendicular to each other and are not in contact with each other; working in a cyclic excitation mode; collecting stable voltage signals output by each receiving electrode; and obtaining differential voltage, proportionally adjusting the differential voltage into effective voltage signals, and obtaining the effective voltage signals at each intersection point in the pipeline.

Description

Two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on differential measurement mode
Technical Field
The invention relates to a two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on a differential measurement mode
Background
The two-phase flow phenomenon widely exists in the fields of chemical engineering, petroleum, nuclear engineering and the like, such as gas-liquid two-phase flow, oil-water two-phase flow and the like. The turbulent characteristic of the two-phase flow is complex, and the inter-phase slip is serious, so that the two-phase flow has a complex space-time structure and multi-scale characteristics. For example, in a gas-liquid two-phase flow process, taylor bubbles moving pseudo-periodically, unstable megawave structures, and randomly distributed bubbles may occur. In general, the size of the taylor bubble and the megawave structure is large, and the structure can be easily detected by using an electrical or hyperchemical method; however, for small-scale bubbles randomly distributed in a gas-liquid two-phase flow, a relatively effective measurement method is still lacking at present.
For two-phase flow with obvious difference in conductive characteristics, the grid sensor can realize visual monitoring of the flow structure of the grid sensor. Praser et al originally proposed a conductive grid sensor structure (Flow Measurement & Instrumentation,1998,9(2): 111-. The conductance grid can image the two-phase distribution of the cross section of the pipeline by utilizing the obvious conductivity difference between the two phases in the pipeline. Conductive grid sensors have advantages in detecting large scale flow structures. For example, Parsi et al studied the complex interface structure of gas-liquid two-phase Flow using a conductive mesh sensor (International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2017,96: 1-23); kesana et al (Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2017,46:477-490) measured the pseudo-slug structure of a Gas-liquid two-phase flow using a conductive grid sensor and studied the effect of liquid viscosity changes on the flow structure. Although the conductive mesh sensors have made some progress in two-phase flow visualization, the prior art has focused mainly on visualization studies of large-scale flow structures; the detection of small-scale, non-conductive bubbles (or oil droplets) using a conductive grid sensor remains a major challenge.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on a differential measurement mode. In the invention, the grid sensor system based on alternating current excitation can overcome the polarization phenomenon of fluid in the measurement process and provide a response signal of two-phase flow for visual imaging; a visualization method based on a differential measurement mode can overcome the interference of leakage current to a measurement system, and improves the sensitivity of a sensor to small-scale and non-conductive disperse phases in two-phase flow, so that a flow structure of the two-phase flow is clearly visualized and imaged, and phase holding rate information of a pipeline section is accurately measured. The technical scheme is as follows:
a two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on a differential measurement mode comprises the following steps:
(1) designing a conductive grid sensor based on AC excitation, and installing it on a circular pipeline, wherein the conductive grid sensor is composed of two layers of mutually perpendicular and non-contact parallel metal thin wires, and adopting 4 × 4 conductive grid sensor, and setting E1，E2，E3，E4Four excitation electrodes, R, representing the sensor1，R2，R3，R4Four receiving electrodes of the sensor are shown, (i, j), i, j being 1,2,3,4, the intersections of the excitation and receiving electrodes are considered, only the intersections distributed inside the pipe.
(2) The hardware system of the conductive grid sensor works in a circular excitation mode, and only an excitation electrode E is used for a specific time of 2 △ t1Connected to the excitation signal, the other excitation electrodes being connected to ground GND1At the crossing points (1,2), are provided
Figure BDA0002361653160000021
For flowing through the receiving electrode R during positive voltage excitation, i.e. from time 0 to time △ t2The forward current of (a) is,
Figure BDA0002361653160000022
flows through the receiving electrode R during the negative voltage excitation period from △ t to 2 △ t2The reverse current of (2);
(3) collecting receiving electrode R during positive voltage excitation2Outputting a regulated voltage signal
Figure BDA0002361653160000023
Figure BDA0002361653160000024
Wherein
Figure BDA0002361653160000025
Is leakage current between electrodes, RIV2A feedback resistor for I/V current;
(4) during the negative voltage excitation period, collecting and receiving electrode R2Outputting a regulated voltage signal
Figure BDA0002361653160000026
Figure BDA0002361653160000027
(5) Subtracting the formula (2) from the formula (1) to perform differential operation to obtain a differential voltage delta V2：
Figure BDA0002361653160000028
(6) In the formula (3)
Figure BDA0002361653160000029
And
Figure BDA00023616531600000210
for the effective current to be measured, the two are equal in magnitude, and the absolute value is set as IR2Then differential voltage Δ V2Expressed as:
ΔV2＝2×IR2×RIV2(4)
differential voltage DeltaV2The current is in linear relation with the effective current and is not influenced by leakage current;
(7) differential voltage DeltaV2Scaled to an effective voltage signal V2：
Figure BDA00023616531600000211
In the above formula V2Accurately indicating the phase distribution at the intersection (1, 2);
(8) similarly, obtaining an effective voltage signal at each intersection point in the pipeline;
(9) and interpolating effective voltage signals at all the cross points, and realizing the visualization of two-phase flow in the pipeline by using an interpolation matrix.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the following advantages:
the invention provides a two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on a differential measurement mode, wherein the unequal reference ground potentials in the sensors can cause leakage current between electrodes, the method can eliminate the influence of the leakage current on two-phase flow visualization imaging, and improve the sensitivity of a sensing system on small-scale and non-conductive phases in two-phase flow, so that more accurate two-phase flow phase-splitting holdup information is obtained.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a conductivity grid sensor measurement system (4X 4 as an example)
FIG. 2 is a graph of conductive grid sensor excitation scheme and current response
FIG. 3 is a graph of a conductance grid sensor measurement system response signal: (a) a response signal diagram when the pipeline is filled with water and no bubble exists in the water; (b) response signal diagram when there is air bubble in water
Fig. 4 is a visualization of a single bubble with a high-speed camera and a grid sensor using a differential measurement mode: DM denotes a differential mode.
FIG. 5 is a visualization of a bubble cluster by a high speed camera and a grid sensor using a differential measurement mode
Fig. 6 is a graph of water holdup measurements of the conductivity grid sensor in the differential measurement mode and the non-differential measurement mode, respectively, under different conditions: (a) a single inlet, working condition 3.1; (b) single inlet, working condition 2.1; (c) double inlets, working condition 5.1; (d) double entry, Condition 6.1
FIG. 7 is a graph comparing the visualization of bubbles when the grid sensor employs differential and non-differential measurement modes, respectively: DM represents a differential mode; NDM denotes a non-differential mode.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and examples. The invention comprises the following steps:
(1) an ac excitation based conductive grid sensor system, as shown in fig. 1. Fig. 1 illustrates a 4 × 4 measurement system to illustrate the working principle of an ac-excited conductive grid sensor. The sensing system comprises a 4 multiplied by 4 grid sensor, a controller, a switch array, an excitation signal source, an I/V converter and a data acquisition card.
The conductive grid sensor shown in fig. 1 is operated in a cyclic excitation mode, and an alternating voltage signal (± 5V) is used as the excitation signal in order to avoid polarization phenomena. Excitation signal passing through analog switchGate array K1-K4Time-division multiplexing to each excitation electrode (E)1-E4) The above. The excitation electrodes are cyclically excited, and the receiving electrodes are connected with respective signal conditioning circuits to measure the current flowing at each intersection. The signal timing of the measurement system is shown in fig. 2. VEIs an ac excitation voltage source. VMIs a square wave signal, signal V, output by the controllerMAs a marking signal, the purpose is to mark the excitation sequence. Marking signal VMIs 2 △ t, which is equal to the excitation signal VEThe period of (c). VEiIs applied to an excitation electrode EiI ═ 1,2,3,4), IR2Is flowed through the receiving electrode R2When exciting the electrode E1When excited, corresponds to the current at the black cross-over in the pipe in fig. 1, and is finally converted into a voltage signal V2。
(2) The invention provides a two-phase flow visualization method based on a differential measurement mode. The method aims to solve the problem that leakage current influences two-phase flow visualization due to unequal reference ground potentials inside the sensor, so as to improve the sensitivity of small-scale and non-conductive dispersed phases in the two-phase flow, and further obtain more accurate two-phase flow visualization information.
At a specific time 2 △ t, only excitation electrode E is shown in FIGS. 1 and 21Connected to the excitation signal, the other excitation electrodes being connected to ground GND1. At the cross points (1,2), the current flows
Figure BDA0002361653160000041
Flow to the receiving electrode R during positive excitation2The current flow during negative excitation being reversed, i.e.
Figure BDA0002361653160000042
The prior grid sensing method is to collect stable voltage signals in each positive excitation period
Figure BDA0002361653160000043
To achieve two-phase flow visualization:
Figure BDA0002361653160000044
however, due to the existence of leakage current, crosstalk always occurs in the design of the conductive grid sensor measurement system. In the I/V converter, the positive input terminal of the operational amplifier is connected with the ground GND2Are connected. According to the principle of operational amplifier 'virtual short', as shown in FIG. 1, the voltage signal at the negative input terminal
Figure BDA0002361653160000045
Equal to GND2The potential of (2). The non-excited excitation electrode is connected to the ground GND through the analog switch array1. In most cases, ground GND is referenced1And GND2Are not exactly the same. We can assume the reference ground GND1Is a little higher, there will be leakage current
Figure BDA0002361653160000046
To the negative input of the operational amplifier. Thus, during positive voltage excitation, the signal
Figure BDA0002361653160000047
Can be described as:
Figure BDA0002361653160000048
apparently, leakage current
Figure BDA0002361653160000049
A dc bias voltage is induced. It is worth emphasizing that it is possible to,
Figure BDA00023616531600000410
depending on the number of excitation electrodes, the more excitation electrodes, the larger the dc bias voltage, and the bias voltage has a significant negative impact on the detection of small bubbles.
In the invention, stability during negative excitation is additionally acquired in the same alternating current excitation periodConstant voltage signal
Figure BDA00023616531600000411
Figure BDA00023616531600000412
Due to, voltage data
Figure BDA00023616531600000413
As well as by leakage currents. And (3) subtracting the formula (2) from the formula (3) to perform differential operation to eliminate the influence of leakage current:
Figure BDA00023616531600000414
wherein
Figure BDA00023616531600000415
And
Figure BDA00023616531600000416
the two are equal in magnitude for the effective current to be measured. Therefore, the differential voltage Δ V2Can be expressed as:
ΔV2＝2×IR2×RIV2(5)
will be differential voltage DeltaV2Scaled to an effective voltage signal V2：
Figure BDA00023616531600000417
Visible, effective voltage signal V2Has a linear relation with the effective current and is not influenced by the leakage current.
After the excitation of all the excitation electrodes is finished, effective voltage signals at all the cross points in the pipeline can be obtained, interpolation processing is carried out on the effective voltage signals at all the cross points, and the visualization of two-phase flow in the pipeline is realized by utilizing an interpolation matrix.
The implementation process of the two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on the differential measurement mode is described below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
(1) the conductive grid sensor is installed in a pipeline with the inner diameter of 40 mm, two layers of metal thin wires form a net structure (14 multiplied by 14) with 196 crossing points, the axial distance between the planes of the two layers of metal thin wires is 2mm, and the distance between adjacent parallel thin wires on the same plane is 2.75 mm. The diameter of the wire is 0.35 mm.
(2) The pipeline is full of water under the initial condition, the top of the pipeline is open, and the bottom of the pipeline is blocked by a rubber plug. Three gas inlets with different inner diameters were designed on the rubber plug as shown in table 1. A syringe pump was connected to the gas inlet using a hose to effect the injection of gas. When bubbles flow through the pipeline, a high-speed camera is used for shooting the fluid in the pipeline and recording the motion track of the bubbles.
(3) With the conductivity grid sensor measurement system designed, a sensor response signal plot as shown in fig. 3 can be obtained.
(4) And (3) processing the data by using the differential measurement mode shown in the formulas (2) to (6), so as to obtain effective voltage signals at each intersection of the conductive grid sensor in the pipeline.
(5) And finally, interpolating effective voltage signals at all the cross points, and realizing the visualization of two-phase flow in the pipeline by using an interpolation matrix. The results of the visualization of the conductive grid sensor are shown in fig. 4 and 5. The gas holdup of the pipeline section calculated from the visualized image is shown in fig. 6.
Experimental verification and results:
fig. 4 and 5 show the visualization of a single bubble and a bubble cluster using a high-speed camera and a grid sensor, respectively. It can be seen that the grid sensor can clearly indicate the distribution of bubbles and the gas-water interface in the differential measurement mode (DM), and the visualization result of the grid sensor shows good consistency with the picture taken by the high-speed camera.
Fig. 6 shows the measurement results of the water holdup of the grid sensor under different gas inlet combination modes and different inlet flow rates, and table 1 shows specific working condition information. In each condition, a differential measurement mode (DM) and a non-differential measurement mode (NDM) are used simultaneously to detect bubble distribution and measure water holdup. When a bubble is generated at a single inlet of the inlet 3, both measurement modes can capture all bubbles since the bubbles are large enough, as shown in fig. 6 (a). However, the range of water holdup fluctuation measured in the differential measurement mode is larger than that in the non-differential measurement mode. In contrast, if we use inlet 2 to generate bubbles, the size of the bubbles will be a little smaller. As shown in fig. 6(b), the performance difference between the two measurement modes is large. Specifically, the differential measurement mode may capture every bubble passing through the grid sensor, whereas the non-differential measurement mode may not capture some bubbles of smaller volume. If two inlets are used to generate bubbles, as shown in fig. 6(c) and (d), both modes can successfully detect every bubble generated by inlet 3. However, the non-differential measurement mode cannot detect small bubbles generated by inlet 2 or inlet 1.
Furthermore, the comparative effect of differential and non-differential measurement modes on bubble visualization can be seen in fig. 7. It can be seen that small bubbles are captured in the differential measurement mode, however, these small bubbles cannot be observed in the non-differential measurement mode, which indicates that the grid sensor in the differential measurement mode is more effective in detecting small-sized bubbles. In summary, the two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on the differential measurement mode provided by the invention has higher precision in the aspects of two-phase flow small scale, visualization of non-conductive dispersed phase and retention rate measurement.
Table 1 experimental verified condition information
Figure BDA0002361653160000061
In the invention, based on a newly designed conductance grid sensing system, a two-phase flow visualization method based on a differential measurement mode is provided, and the method can realize the visualization of small-scale and non-conductive dispersed phases in two-phase flow, thereby realizing the accurate measurement of the phase-holding rate of the two-phase flow.

Claims (1)

1. A two-phase flow grid sensor visualization method based on a differential measurement mode is realized by the following steps:
(1) designing a conductive grid sensor based on AC excitation, and installing it on a circular pipeline, wherein the conductive grid sensor is composed of two layers of mutually perpendicular and non-contact parallel metal thin wires, and adopting 4 × 4 conductive grid sensor, and setting E1，E2，E3，E4Four excitation electrodes, R, representing the sensor1，R2，R3，R4Four receiving electrodes of the sensor are shown, (i, j), i, j being 1,2,3,4, the intersections of the excitation and receiving electrodes are considered, only the intersections distributed inside the pipe.
(2) The conductive grid sensor works in a cyclic excitation mode, and only an excitation electrode E is used for a specific time of 2 △ t1Connected to the excitation signal, the other excitation electrodes being connected to ground GND1At the crossing points (1,2), are provided
Figure FDA0002361653150000011
For flowing through the receiving electrode R during positive voltage excitation, i.e. from time 0 to time △ t2The forward current of (a) is,
Figure FDA0002361653150000012
flows through the receiving electrode R during the negative voltage excitation period from △ t to 2 △ t2The reverse current of (2);
(3) collecting receiving electrode R during positive voltage excitation2Outputting a regulated voltage signal
Figure FDA0002361653150000013
Figure FDA0002361653150000014
Wherein
Figure FDA0002361653150000015
Is leakage current between electrodes, RIV2A feedback resistor for I/V current;
(4) during the negative voltage excitation period, collecting and receiving electrode R2Outputting a regulated voltage signal
Figure FDA0002361653150000016
Figure FDA0002361653150000017
(5) Subtracting the formula (2) from the formula (1) to perform differential operation to obtain a differential voltage delta V2：
Figure FDA0002361653150000018
(6) In the formula (3)
Figure FDA0002361653150000019
And
Figure FDA00023616531500000110
for the effective current to be measured, the two are equal in magnitude, and the absolute value is set as IR2Then differential voltage Δ V2Expressed as:
ΔV2＝2×IR2×RIV2(4)
differential voltage DeltaV2The current is in linear relation with the effective current and is not influenced by leakage current;
(7) differential voltage DeltaV2Scaled to an effective voltage signal V2：
Figure FDA00023616531500000111
In the above formula V2Accurately indicating the phase distribution at the intersection (1, 2);
(8) similarly, obtaining an effective voltage signal at each intersection point in the pipeline;
(9) and interpolating effective voltage signals at all the cross points, and realizing the visualization of two-phase flow in the pipeline by using an interpolation matrix.
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