CN111188727B - Wind turbine blade root structure and production method thereof - Google Patents
Wind turbine blade root structure and production method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111188727B CN111188727B CN202010030148.5A CN202010030148A CN111188727B CN 111188727 B CN111188727 B CN 111188727B CN 202010030148 A CN202010030148 A CN 202010030148A CN 111188727 B CN111188727 B CN 111188727B
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003562 lightweight material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 240000007182 Ochroma pyramidale Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005429 filling process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000009755 vacuum infusion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000771208 Buchanania arborescens Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000011157 advanced composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D1/06—Rotors
- F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
- F03D1/0675—Rotors characterised by their construction elements of the blades
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/30—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
- B29C70/36—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and impregnating by casting, e.g. vacuum casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/08—Blades for rotors, stators, fans, turbines or the like, e.g. screw propellers
- B29L2031/082—Blades, e.g. for helicopters
- B29L2031/085—Wind turbine blades
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Abstract
The invention discloses a wind turbine blade root structure and a production method thereof, wherein the blade root structure comprises: the root of the leaf; the outer shell is wrapped on the periphery of the blade root; the outer shell is provided with an airfoil and comprises an outer shell layer, an inner shell layer and an outer shell sandwich layer, wherein the outer shell sandwich layer is clamped between the outer shell layer and the inner shell layer; the blade sandwich layer is arranged between the blade root part and the outer shell; wherein, the blade root, the blade sandwich layer and the outer shell are tightly attached and fixed. The blade root, the blade sandwich layer and the outer shell are integrally formed and prepared, so that the mold occupying time is reduced, and the production efficiency is improved; the links of pasting the outer shell and fixing the outer shell outside the blade root are omitted, the labor and material cost is saved, no adhesive is used, and the material cost can be reduced; the outer shell is integrally formed and produced along with the blade root, so that the structural strength of the outer shell is high, the blade root does not need to be provided with a limiting fixing flange or a baffle, and the operation and maintenance links and the cost of subsequent blades can be greatly reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of wind turbine blade roots, in particular to a wind turbine blade root structure and a production method thereof.
Background
With the increase of new energy requirements, the installed capacity of a single machine of a wind turbine is gradually increased, the wind turbine blade is used as a core power output component of the wind turbine, and the maximum chord length size of the wind turbine blade is gradually increased due to the fact that the wind turbine blade is larger and larger in length. In order to ensure the aerodynamic efficiency of the blade root of the large blade and take the aerodynamic efficiency of the blade root and the strength of the blade root into consideration, the prior art envelopes or sleeves a hollow shell structure with an obtuse trailing edge airfoil shape at the cylindrical section of the blade root so as to weaken the three-dimensional separation flow of the blade root, improve the aerodynamic performance of the blade root and further improve the generated energy of the fan. For example, patent CN103629044B proposes a blade root structure of a horizontal axis wind turbine blade, in which the base blade includes a blade root cylindrical section 50, a transition section and a main body section 100 in sequence from the blade root to the blade tip in the spanwise direction, that is, a hollow structure 40 is attached to the outer surfaces of the cylindrical section 50 and the transition section of the base blade, so as to improve the aerodynamic performance of the cylindrical section 50 and the transition section of the blade and improve the wind energy utilization efficiency of the blade. The hollow structure 40 is sleeved on the leaf root section or adhered to the leaf root section in the form of an accessory, and a section of cylindrical structure or flange structure is added near the initial spread position of the hollow structure to be used as a limiting fixer for limiting the spread movement of the hollow structure. The hollow structure 40 is integrally bonded with the inner shell at the rear edge of the wind power blade at a specific position of the rear edge of the wind power blade through bonding glue in the bonding process of the wind power blade, as shown in fig. 1.
The prior art leaf root structure has the following problems:
the existing base blade has the defects of complex shape, large curvature, complex production and easy generation of wrinkles in glass fiber laying in the region from the root to the maximum chord length. The cylindrical section to the maximum chord length (the section between the blade root transition section and the main body section) of the conventional base blade is a whole, the maximum chord length width is large, and a thicker hollow structural layer is required to prevent buckling instability, so that the blade is heavier in weight and high in material cost. The shapes of blades of different types are generally different, and the shapes of root areas cannot be generally used. Different moulds are needed for producing different blades, and the investment cost of the moulds is high. The hollow structure sleeved on the blade root is generally produced in a prefabricating way, and has high production cost and complex installation process. The existing blade root airfoil shell structure is connected with the surface of a blade in an attachment mode or a fastening connection mode, so that the installation and operation are complex, the reliability is poor, the blade root airfoil shell structure is easy to fall off, and the operation and maintenance cost is high.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to avoid the bonding defect caused by the attachment of the hollow structure, improve the reliability of the blade root structure, reduce the man-hour and the die used for producing the wind power blade, reduce the cost, reduce the die occupying time of the blade and improve the production efficiency.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a wind turbine blade root structure, comprising:
the root of the leaf;
the outer shell is wrapped on the periphery of the blade root and provided with an airfoil; and
a blade sandwich layer disposed between the blade root and the outer shell;
wherein, the blade root, the blade sandwich layer and the outer shell are tightly attached and fixed.
Preferably, the outer shell comprises an outer shell layer, an inner shell layer and an outer shell sandwich layer sandwiched between the outer shell layer and the inner shell layer, and the outer shell sandwich layer is filled with a lightweight material, and the lightweight material comprises at least one of a foam core material, a lightweight wood material and polyvinyl chloride.
Preferably, at least 5-10 layers of glass fiber cloth are paved on each of the outer shell body outer layer and the outer shell body inner layer, and the at least 5-10 layers of glass fiber cloth comprise: the triaxial glass fiber cloth has at least one layer, the biaxial glass fiber cloth has at least two layers, and the uniaxial glass fiber cloth has at least two layers.
Preferably, the blade sandwich layer is filled with a lightweight material comprising at least one of a foam core, a balsa wood, a polyvinyl chloride.
Preferably, the blade sandwich layer comprises a plurality of supporting pieces, and light materials are filled between the supporting pieces.
Preferably, the outer shell, the blade sandwich layer and the blade root are integrally formed by adopting a vacuum infusion process.
Preferably, the outer surface of the outer shell is smoothly transited.
The invention also provides a production method of the wind turbine blade root structure, which comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing an outer shell by first layering;
s2: after the first layering is finished, second layering is carried out to prepare a blade sandwich layer;
s3: after layering of the sandwich layers of the blades is finished, third layering is carried out to prepare blade roots; the outer shell, the blade sandwich layer and the blade root part form an integral blade root structure together;
s4: and after the layering of the integral blade root structure is finished, carrying out a vacuum filling process on the integral blade root structure, and integrally forming the integral blade root structure.
Preferably, step S1 includes: laying at least 5-10 layers of glass fiber cloth to form an outer layer of the outer shell, then laying at least 5-10 layers of glass fiber cloth to form an inner layer of the outer shell, and finally filling a sandwich layer of the outer shell with a light material to form the outer shell of the glass fiber cloth-light material-glass fiber cloth.
Preferably, step S2 includes: and a plurality of supporting pieces are laid at intervals on the inner side of the outer shell according to preset marking lines, and light materials are filled among the rib plates, wherein the light materials comprise at least one of foam core materials, light wood materials and polyvinyl chloride.
Preferably, the at least 5-10 layers of glass fiber cloth comprise: the triaxial glass fiber cloth has at least one layer, the biaxial glass fiber cloth has at least two layers, and the uniaxial glass fiber cloth has at least two layers.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the invention, the blade root part of the wind turbine blade, the blade sandwich layer and the outer shell are integrally connected, so that the links of pasting and fixing the outer shell outside the blade root part are saved, the labor and material costs are saved, a bonding adhesive is not needed, and the material cost can be reduced; the blade root outer shell is integrally formed and produced along with the blade main body, so that the structural strength of the outer shell is high, a limiting fixing flange or a baffle is not required to be designed at the blade root of the blade root, and the links and the cost of subsequent operation and maintenance of the blade can be reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art blade root configuration of a wind turbine blade;
in the figure: 50-cylindrical section of blade root, 40-hollow structure, 100-main body section.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a wind turbine blade root configuration of the present invention;
in the figure: 1-outer shell, 2-blade sandwich layer, 3-blade root.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a blade root configuration of a wind turbine of the present invention;
in the figure: 1-outer hull, 3-root of leaf.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a blade root configuration of a wind turbine of the present invention;
in the figure: 1-outer shell, 2-blade sandwich layer, 3-blade root, 101-outer shell layer, 102-outer shell sandwich layer; 103-inner layer of outer shell, 201-rib, 202-free area between ribs.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The aerodynamic profile of the invention refers to a profile adapted to move in a gaseous medium, for an object moving in the medium, in order to reduce the resistance to movement.
The vacuum infusion process is a conventional technology in the field, is an advanced composite material low-cost liquid molding technology, has the advantages of low cost, environmental protection, suitability for integral molding of large-size composite material members and the like, and has the process principle that a reinforced material preformed body is coated and sealed by a flexible vacuum bag film on a single-sided rigid mould, gas in a mould cavity is removed under vacuum negative pressure, the impregnation of resin on fibers and fabrics thereof is realized by utilizing the flowing and permeation of the resin, and the composite material members are obtained by curing molding.
As shown in fig. 2 to 4, the invention provides a wind turbine blade root structure, which includes a blade root 3, an outer shell 1 wrapped around the blade root 3, and a blade sandwich layer 2 disposed between the blade root 3 and the outer shell 1, wherein the blade sandwich layer 2 has a certain rigidity strength and is used for supporting the outer shell 1.
The blade root part 3, the outer shell 1 and the blade sandwich layer 2 are tightly attached and fixed.
The blade root 3 in the prior art generally has a cylindrical section, a transition section and a main body section, and the outer shell 1 is wrapped outside the whole blade root 3, so that the blade root structure forms a wing type, and the power generation efficiency of the wind turbine can be increased.
The blade root part 3 is prepared by adopting a conventional blade laying technology, and the blade root part 3 is used as a bearing structure of the blade root structure, so that the bearing effect of the blade root is ensured.
Further, the outer shell 1, the blade sandwich layer 2 and the blade root 3 are integrally formed by adopting a vacuum infusion process; the outer surface 11 of the outer shell 1 is in smooth transition.
Further, the outer shell is a thin layer of glass fiber reinforced plastic or plastic. When the outer shell is made of glass fiber reinforced plastics, the outer shell is divided into a three-layer structure of an outer shell inner layer 103, an outer shell outer layer 101 and an outer shell sandwich layer 102 sandwiched between the outer shell inner layer and the outer shell outer layer. The outer layer 101 and the inner layer 103 of the outer shell are made of glass fiber cloth, a vacuum infusion process is adopted, and at least 5-10 layers of glass fiber cloth are laid on the glass fiber cloth, wherein at least one layer of triaxial glass fiber cloth is arranged, at least two layers of biaxial glass fiber cloth are arranged, and at least two layers of uniaxial glass fiber cloth are arranged. The outer shell sandwich layer 102 is laminated by adopting a light material 102, and is used as a structural support part of the outer shell 1. The outer shell 1 is of a structure of glass fiber cloth-light material-glass fiber cloth, and the weight and the cost of the outer shell can be reduced under the condition that the wing-shaped length of the outer shell is ensured.
Further, the blade sandwich layer 2 is filled with a lightweight material (including but not limited to a foam core material, a lightweight wood material, and the like, and the lightweight material is a hollow reinforced structure), and the weight of the blade can be reduced by using the lightweight material, so that the cost is saved. The blade sandwich layer 2 further comprises support members 201, in this embodiment rib plates 201, and the light material fills the empty areas 202 between the rib plates 201. The blade sandwich layer 2 may be used to support the outer shell 1.
The invention also provides a production method of the wind turbine blade root structure, which comprises the following steps:
s1: first, a first ply is made to prepare the outer shell 1, the first ply being: firstly, paving at least 5-10 layers of glass fiber cloth to prepare an outer shell layer 101, then paving at least 5-10 layers of glass fiber cloth to prepare an inner shell layer 103, and then filling an outer shell sandwich layer 102 with a light material to form an outer shell 1 of the glass fiber cloth-light material-glass fiber cloth;
s2: after the layering is finished, carrying out second layering to prepare a blade sandwich layer 2, paving a plurality of ribbed plates 201 at intervals on the inner side of the outer shell 1 according to preset marking lines, and filling light materials in vacant areas 202 among the ribbed plates 201;
s3: after layering of the blade sandwich layer 2 is finished, third layering is carried out to prepare a blade root part 3, wherein the third layering refers to conventional blade layering;
s4: after the layering of the integral blade root structure (including the blade root 3, the blade sandwich layer 2 and the outer shell 1) is finished, auxiliary materials for vacuum infusion (such as a diversion net, an ohmic tube and the like required in infusion) are laid on the integral blade root structure, and meanwhile, the integral blade root structure is subjected to a vacuum infusion process to be integrally formed.
In conclusion, the blade root 3, the blade sandwich layer 2 and the outer shell 1 of the wind turbine blade root structure are integrally formed (namely integrally layering and integrally pouring forming), so that links of prefabricating the outer shell and adhering and fixing the prefabricating outer shell outside the blade root are omitted, labor and material costs are saved, adhesive glue is not needed, and the material cost can be reduced; the blade root outer shell 1 is integrally formed and produced along with the blade main body, so that the structural strength of the outer shell 1 is high, a limiting fixing flange or a baffle is not required to be designed at the position of the blade root 3, and the operation and maintenance links and the cost of subsequent blades can be reduced.
While the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the above description should not be taken as limiting the invention. Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined from the following claims.
Claims (8)
1. A method of producing a wind turbine blade root structure, the wind turbine blade root structure comprising: the root of the leaf; the outer shell is wrapped on the periphery of the blade root and provided with an airfoil; the blade sandwich layer is arranged between the blade root part and the outer shell; wherein the blade root, the blade sandwich layer and the outer shell are tightly attached and fixed;
the method comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing an outer shell by first layering;
s2: after the first layering is finished, second layering is carried out to prepare a blade sandwich layer;
s3: after layering of the sandwich layers of the blades is finished, third layering is carried out to prepare blade roots; the outer shell, the blade sandwich layer and the blade root part form an integral blade root structure together;
s4: and after the layering of the integral blade root structure is finished, carrying out a vacuum filling process on the integral blade root structure, and integrally forming the integral blade root structure.
2. The method for producing a wind turbine blade root structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer shell includes an outer shell skin, an inner shell skin, and an outer shell sandwich sandwiched between the outer shell skin and the inner shell skin, the outer shell sandwich being filled with a lightweight material including at least one of a foam core material, a balsa wood, a polyvinyl chloride.
3. The method for producing a wind turbine blade root structure as claimed in claim 2, wherein the step S1 includes: laying at least 5-10 layers of glass fiber cloth to form an outer layer of the outer shell, then laying at least 5-10 layers of glass fiber cloth to form an inner layer of the outer shell, and finally filling a sandwich layer of the outer shell with a light material to form the outer shell of the glass fiber cloth-light material-glass fiber cloth.
4. The method for manufacturing a wind turbine blade root structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein said blade sandwich is filled with a lightweight material comprising at least one of a foam core material, a balsa wood, a polyvinyl chloride.
5. The method for manufacturing a wind turbine blade root structure as claimed in claim 4, wherein said blade sandwich layer includes a plurality of struts, and wherein lightweight material is filled between the struts.
6. The method for producing a wind turbine blade root structure as claimed in claim 5, wherein the step S2 includes: and laying a plurality of supporting pieces at intervals inside the outer shell according to preset marking lines, and filling light materials between the supporting pieces.
7. The method for producing a wind turbine blade root structure as claimed in claim 3, wherein said at least 5-10 layers of fiberglass cloth comprise: the triaxial glass fiber cloth has at least one layer, the biaxial glass fiber cloth has at least two layers, and the uniaxial glass fiber cloth has at least two layers.
8. The method for producing a wind turbine blade root structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein said outer shell has a smooth transition from the outer surface thereof.
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| CN202010030148.5A CN111188727B (en) | 2020-01-13 | 2020-01-13 | Wind turbine blade root structure and production method thereof |
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| CN202010030148.5A CN111188727B (en) | 2020-01-13 | 2020-01-13 | Wind turbine blade root structure and production method thereof |
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| CN111188727B true CN111188727B (en) | 2021-09-24 |
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| CN112966351A (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2021-06-15 | 三一重能股份有限公司 | Wind power blade root layering design method and wind power blade root structure |
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| CN103057126A (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2013-04-24 | 内蒙古金岗重工有限公司 | Large-scale composite material integral molding blade and molding process thereof |
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| CN103507277A (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2014-01-15 | 连云港中复连众复合材料集团有限公司 | Improved method for layering of root of blade of wind driven generator |
| DE102015010453A1 (en) * | 2015-08-10 | 2017-02-16 | Enbreeze Gmbh | Wings for wind turbines, rotors of helicopters or wings of small aircraft and method for its production |
| CN207195099U (en) * | 2017-05-05 | 2018-04-06 | 保定华翼风电叶片研究开发有限公司 | A kind of wind turbine blade root structure |
| CN108005846A (en) * | 2017-11-28 | 2018-05-08 | 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 | Main bearing beam and hybrid wing spar composite wind power blade for large wind power blade and preparation method thereof |
| CN110439743A (en) * | 2019-09-10 | 2019-11-12 | 上海电气风电集团有限公司 | A kind of novel wind motor subsection blade |
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