CN111180774B - Preparation method of neutral iron-sulfur double-flow battery - Google Patents

Preparation method of neutral iron-sulfur double-flow battery Download PDF

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CN111180774B
CN111180774B CN201811341523.7A CN201811341523A CN111180774B CN 111180774 B CN111180774 B CN 111180774B CN 201811341523 A CN201811341523 A CN 201811341523A CN 111180774 B CN111180774 B CN 111180774B
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flow battery
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贾传坤
贾如意
韩拯
孙立东
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Hunan Guochang Energy Technology Co ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/18Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
    • H01M8/184Regeneration by electrochemical means
    • H01M8/188Regeneration by electrochemical means by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/023Porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0232Metals or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/023Porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0234Carbonaceous material
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0002Aqueous electrolytes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells

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Abstract

The invention relates to the field of redox flow batteries, in particular to a preparation method of a neutral iron-sulfur flow battery with ultralow cost, long circulation and high coulombic efficiency. In the neutral iron-sulfur flow battery, a negative electrode electrolyte is a polysulfide-containing solution, and a positive electrode electrolyte is a potassium ferricyanide solution. The positive electrolyte is arranged in a positive liquid storage tank, and the positive liquid storage tank is connected with a positive inlet and a positive outlet of the monocell or the electric pile through a peristaltic pump and a conveying pipeline; the negative electrolyte is arranged in a negative liquid storage tank, and the negative liquid storage tank is connected with a negative inlet and a negative outlet of the monocell or the electric pile through a peristaltic pump and a conveying pipeline. The positive electrolyte and the negative electrolyte of the invention are neutral solutions, thus eliminating the corrosion problem of the traditional flow battery caused by strong acidity or strong basicity of the electrolytes and greatly prolonging the service life of the flow battery. The neutral iron-sulfur double-flow battery can effectively avoid the problem of corrosion which is difficult to avoid by the traditional flow battery, and also has the advantages of low cost, long service life, high coulombic efficiency and the like.

Description

Preparation method of neutral iron-sulfur double-flow battery
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of redox flow batteries, in particular to a preparation method of a neutral iron-sulfur double flow battery with ultralow cost, long circulation and high coulombic efficiency.
Background
With the increasing exhaustion of traditional fossil fuels and the serious problems of environmental pollution, the technology of searching new energy and developing new energy is imperative. At present, electric energy is mainly provided by power generation modes such as firepower, wind power, water power, solar energy and the like, but serious environmental pollution is caused by thermal power generation, renewable energy sources such as wind power, water power, solar energy and the like have the characteristics of intermittence, discontinuity and the like, the requirement of direct power utilization cannot be met, and in order to solve the problem, an efficient and cheap energy storage device must be opened.
The flow battery serving as a large-scale energy storage device can completely meet the requirements of a power grid and life, has the advantages of flexible design, long cycle life, quick response, independent and adjustable storage capacity and output power and the like, and is completely possibly suitable for the field of power grid energy storage. However, the all-vanadium redox flow battery has low energy density and high cost, and because the solubility of vanadium ions is low, a strong acid electrolyte is required to be used as a solvent to improve the solubility of vanadium ions in the electrolyte, so that the electrolyte has strong corrosivity, and the further development of the all-vanadium redox flow battery is limited by the defects.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a preparation method of a neutral iron-sulfur double flow battery with ultralow cost, long circulation and high coulombic efficiency, and solves the problems of high cost, high corrosivity and the like in the prior art. The energy storage battery with low cost and high performance can be obtained by adopting the method, and the purposes of reducing cost and corrosion are achieved.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of a neutral iron-sulfur double-flow battery comprises the following steps and process conditions:
(1) respectively preparing by using deionized water: KCl, NaCl or MgCl2Salt solution, alkaline solution of KOH or NaOH, and K2S or Na2A sulfide solution of S;
(2) immersing a Nafion diaphragm into the alkaline solution prepared in the step (1), and keeping the temperature at 50-90 ℃ for 1-3 h, wherein the thickness of the Nafion diaphragm is 40-60 mu m;
(3) immersing the Nafion membrane obtained in the step (2) into deionized water, and keeping the temperature at 50-90 ℃ for 0.5-1 h;
(4) taking out the Nafion membrane obtained in the step (3), and drying at 50-90 ℃;
(5) weighing sulfide, dissolving the sulfide in the salt solution prepared in the step (1) to prepare a neutral solution; wherein the sulfide is Na2Sx、K2Sx1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8;
(6) weighing K3[Fe(CN)6]Dissolving the solid in the salt solution prepared in the step (1) to prepare a neutral solution;
(7) heating and boiling the foam nickel screen in the sulfide solution prepared in the step (1) for 0.5-6 hours until the surface of the foam nickel screen is uniformly blackened;
(8) taking out the foamed nickel net obtained in the step (7), and drying in a vacuum drying oven;
(9) putting the dried foam nickel net obtained in the step (8) into a vacuum glove box for storage;
(10) the electrolytes of the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery are respectively K3[Fe(CN)6]And neutral solutions of sulfides;
(11) assembling the key materials obtained in the steps (4), (5), (6) and (9) into a battery by adopting a conventional method, and testing by using a battery testing system.
The preparation method of the neutral iron-sulfur double-flow battery comprises the following steps that positive electrolyte is placed in a positive liquid storage tank, and the positive liquid storage tank is connected with a positive inlet and a positive outlet of a single cell or a galvanic pile through a peristaltic pump through pipelines; the negative electrolyte is arranged in a negative liquid storage tank, and the negative liquid storage tank is connected with a negative inlet and a negative outlet of the monocell or the electric pile through a peristaltic pump and a pipeline.
In the preparation method of the neutral iron-sulfur double flow battery, in the step (1), the concentration of the salt solution is 0.5 mol.L-1~3mol·L-1The concentration of the alkaline solution is 1 mol. L-1~3mol·L-1The concentration of the sulfide solution is 1 mol. L-1~3mol·L-1
The preparation method of the neutral iron-sulfur double-flow battery comprises the step (5) of preparing a sulfide neutral solution as a negative electrode electrolyte, wherein the concentration of sulfide is 1 mol.L-1~3mol·L-1
The preparation method of the neutral iron-sulfur double flow battery comprises the step (6) of preparing K3[Fe(CN)6]The neutral solution is positive electrolyte, K3[Fe(CN)6]Has a concentration of 0.1 mol. L-1~1mol·L-1
The preparation method of the neutral iron-sulfur double-flow battery comprises the step (8) of drying at the temperature of 60-120 ℃ for 8-16 hours.
During charging, the electrolyte is respectively conveyed to the positive electrode and the negative electrode from the positive electrode liquid storage tank and the negative electrode liquid storage tank through the peristaltic pump, and sulfide containing sulfur ions is preparedThe neutral solution is subjected to reduction reaction at the negative electrode to generate low-valence sulfur ions, K4[Fe(CN)6]Is oxidized to K at the positive electrode3[Fe(CN)6](ii) a During discharging, polysulfide ions in the negative electrolyte are oxidized and flow back to the negative liquid storage tank through the magnetic pump, and K in the positive electrolyte3[Fe(CN)6]Then is converted into K4[Fe(CN)6]。
The design idea of the invention is as follows:
iron and sulfur are two elements rich in reserves in the crust of the earth, and the two elements have more than two ionic valences and good chemical properties. Compared with vanadium ore, the storage amount of iron and sulfur is relatively high, and the material can effectively reduce the cost of the electrolyte of the all-vanadium redox flow battery. Meanwhile, the all-vanadium redox flow battery works under the strong acid condition, so that certain harm is caused to the environment, and the cost of related components of the battery is further increased. The invention adopts the active substance with good chemical characteristics under the neutral condition, effectively eliminates the problems of corrosion and the like under the acidic condition, and utilizes the foam metal nickel as the reaction carrier of the battery electrolyte. The assembled single cell proves that the battery has higher coulombic efficiency and stable battery cycle performance. The method for using iron and sulfur as the active substances of the redox battery provides a new electric pair for the flow battery, and is expected to become one of the next generation large-scale energy storage technologies.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages and beneficial effects:
1. by comparing different pairs, the pair used by the invention is screened out, and the concept of the neutral iron-sulfur flow battery is provided, so that the corrosion problem of the traditional flow battery caused by strong acid and strong alkali electrolyte is effectively reduced.
2. The positive and negative electrode pairs of the neutral iron-sulfur flow battery are respectively K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6]And S2-/S2 2-And the iron and sulfur reserves are abundant, the cost is lower, the large-scale application requirement can be met, and the energy storage device has a better application prospect in the large-scale energy storage field.
3. The whole preparation process has the industrial and practical characteristics of low equipment price, easily available raw materials, simple process, convenient operation and the like, has the advantages of ultralow cost, long circulation, high coulombic efficiency and the like, and is favorable for the commercial development of the propulsion flow battery.
In a word, the invention adopts the porous carbon felt as the anode material of the battery, the porous foam metal nickel as the material and the neutral potassium ferricyanide (K)3[Fe(CN)6]) And polysulfide is used as the positive and negative electrolyte of the battery, and a double-flow battery system with ultralow cost, long circulation and high efficiency is provided. The system has the characteristics of rich raw material reserves, low price, no corrosive substances, environmental friendliness and the like, and is an energy storage system which is expected to be developed on a large scale.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a graph of the discharge capacity and the number of discharged energy of a low-concentration neutral iron-sulfur flow battery as a function of the number of cycles.
FIG. 2 shows that the concentration of the neutral iron-sulfur flow battery is 60mA cm-2Current density of (a).
Fig. 3 is a graph comparing the cost of high concentration neutral iron-sulfur flow battery electrolyte with the cost of all-vanadium flow battery electrolyte.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of a single cell of the present invention. In the figure, 1 a negative pole liquid storage tank; 2, conveying a pipeline; 3, a peristaltic pump; 4, a diaphragm; 5 positive pole liquid storage tank; 6, end plates; 7, collecting a current body; 8 a conductive plastic plate; 9, an oily graphite plate; 10 a positive working electrode; 11 negative working electrode.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
in the specific implementation process, the potassium ferricyanide and the potassium sulfide are used as raw materials, and the two substances are dissolved in a neutral KCl solution to be respectively used as positive and negative electrolyte of the battery.
As shown in fig. 4, the single cell of the present invention is composed of an end plate, a current collector, an oily graphite plate, a conductive plastic plate, a porous carbon felt, a diaphragm, a porous foam metal, a liquid storage tank, a pipeline and a peristaltic pump, and has the following specific structure: the load is connected with anodal working electrode 10 (porous carbon felt) through anodal, and the load is connected with negative pole working electrode 11 (porous foam nickel net) through the negative pole, sets up diaphragm 4 between relative anodal working electrode 10 that sets up and negative pole working electrode 11, and anodal working electrode 10 sets gradually by outer to interior with the both sides of negative pole working electrode 11: end plate 6, current collector 7, conductive plastic plate 8, oily graphite plate 9.
The top of the positive working electrode 10 is communicated with the positive liquid storage tank 5 through a pipeline, the bottom of the positive liquid storage tank 5 is communicated with the positive working electrode 10 through a conveying pipeline 2, and a peristaltic pump 3 is arranged on the conveying pipeline 2; the top of the negative working electrode 11 is communicated with the negative liquid storage tank 1 through a pipeline, the bottom of the negative liquid storage tank 1 is communicated with the negative working electrode 11 through a conveying pipeline 2, and the conveying pipeline 2 is provided with a peristaltic pump 3. The positive liquid storage tank 5 is internally provided with positive electrolyte, and the positive electrolyte is potassium ferricyanide solution; the negative electrode liquid storage tank 1 is provided with a negative electrode electrolyte which is a polysulfide-containing solution.
The invention is further described below with reference to examples:
example 1:
the preparation method of the neutral iron-sulfur double flow battery in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
1. the processing method of the diaphragm material comprises the following steps:
placing a Nafion 212 diaphragm at 1 mol.L-1The KOH aqueous solution is kept at the constant temperature of 80 ℃ for 1.5h, taken out and soaked in 2 mol.L-1Then washed with deionized water, and soaked in deionized water for later use, wherein the thickness of the Nafion 212 diaphragm is 50 μm.
2. The processing method of the anode and cathode materials comprises the following steps:
and (2) placing the foam nickel screen in a potassium sulfide aqueous solution with the molar concentration of 1.5M, boiling for 4 hours until the surface of the foam nickel screen uniformly turns black, then washing with deionized water, and drying for 12 hours at 80 ℃ by using a vacuum oven to serve as a negative electrode for later use, wherein the positive electrode adopts the original polyacrylonitrile-based porous carbon felt.
3. Preparing an electrolyte:
respectively prepare 0.1 mol.L-1K of3[Fe(CN)6]Solution and 2.0 mol. L-1K of2S solution, supporting electrolysis usedThe mass is 2.0 mol.L-125mL of each KCl aqueous solution was placed in a stock solution tank.
In the embodiment, the obtained neutral iron-sulfur flow battery system has good battery performance, very high coulombic efficiency, long cycle life and cycle stability. As shown in fig. 1, the discharge capacity retention rate of the battery was maintained at 96% or more after 1130 cycles had elapsed.
Example 2:
the preparation method of the neutral iron-sulfur double flow battery in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
1. the processing method of the diaphragm material comprises the following steps: the same as example 1;
2. the processing method of the anode and cathode materials comprises the following steps: the same as example 1;
3. preparing an electrolyte:
respectively prepare 0.4 mol.L-1K of3[Fe(CN)6]Solution and 2.0 mol. L-1K2S solution, the supporting electrolyte used is 2.0 mol.L-125mL of each KCl aqueous solution was placed in a stock solution tank.
In this example, the concentration of the iron-sulfur battery at a high concentration was 60mA cm-2The current density of the capacitor can still work, the cycling stability is high, the capacity is still high after long cycling, and the coulomb efficiency is close to 100%. The good battery cycle performance of the flow battery promotes the development of the commercial application of the flow battery.
As shown in FIG. 2, the high concentration neutral iron-sulfur flow battery is at 60mA cm-2The efficiency graph of the current density shows that the coulombic efficiency of the battery is close to 100%, and the energy efficiency of the battery is stabilized to about 50% after long-time circulation of 160 circles.
As shown in fig. 3, as can be seen from a comparison graph of the costs of the electrolytes of the high-concentration neutral iron-sulfur flow battery and the all-vanadium flow battery, under the same conditions, the cost of the electrolyte of the iron-sulfur flow battery is about one seventh of the cost of the electrolyte of the all-vanadium flow battery, and the cost of key materials of the flow battery is effectively reduced.
Example 3:
the preparation method of the neutral iron-sulfur double flow battery in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
1. the processing method of the diaphragm material comprises the following steps:
placing a Nafion 212 diaphragm at 2 mol.L-1Is kept constant at 70 ℃ for 2h in NaOH aqueous solution, taken out and soaked in 1 mol.L-1Is washed with deionized water for 6h, and is soaked in the deionized water for standby, and the thickness of a Nafion 212 diaphragm is 50 mu m.
2. The processing method of the anode and cathode materials comprises the following steps:
placing the foamed nickel net in Na with the molar concentration of 2M2And (3) boiling the aqueous solution of S for 3 hours until the surface of the foamed nickel screen is uniformly blackened, cleaning the foamed nickel screen by using deionized water, and drying the foamed nickel screen for 10 hours at the temperature of 90 ℃ by using a vacuum oven to serve as a negative electrode for later use, wherein the positive electrode adopts the original polyacrylonitrile-based porous carbon felt.
3. Preparing an electrolyte:
respectively prepare 0.6 mol. L-1K of3[Fe(CN)6]Solution and 1.0 mol. L-1K of2S solution, the supporting electrolyte used is 1.0 mol.L-125mL of each of the aqueous solutions of NaCl was placed in a liquid storage tank.
In this example, the concentration of the iron-sulfur battery at a high concentration was 60mA cm-2The current density of the capacitor can still work, the cycling stability is high, the capacity is still high after long cycling, and the coulomb efficiency is close to 100%.
Example 4:
the preparation method of the neutral iron-sulfur double flow battery in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
1. the processing method of the diaphragm material comprises the following steps:
placing a Nafion 212 diaphragm at 3 mol.L-1The KOH aqueous solution is kept at the constant temperature of 60 ℃ for 3 hours, taken out and soaked in 3 mol.L-1MgCl of2The solution was washed with deionized water for 8h, and the membrane was soaked in deionized water to prepare a 50 μm thick Nafion 212 membrane.
2. The processing method of the anode and cathode materials comprises the following steps:
and (3) placing the foam nickel screen in a potassium sulfide aqueous solution with the molar concentration of 3M, boiling for 5 hours until the surface of the foam nickel screen uniformly turns black, then cleaning with deionized water, drying for 8 hours at 100 ℃ by using a vacuum oven, and using the foam nickel screen as a negative electrode for later use, wherein the positive electrode adopts the original polyacrylonitrile-based porous carbon felt.
3. Preparing an electrolyte:
respectively prepare 0.8 mol.L-1K of3[Fe(CN)6]Solution and 3.0 mol. L-1K of2S solution, the supporting electrolyte used is 3.0 mol.L-1MgCl of225mL of each aqueous solution was placed in a stock solution tank.
In this example, the concentration of the iron-sulfur battery at a high concentration was 60mA cm-2The current density of the capacitor can still work, the cycling stability is high, the capacity is still high after long cycling, and the coulomb efficiency is close to 100%.
The results of the examples show that the positive and negative electrolytes of the invention are neutral solutions, thereby eliminating the corrosion problem of the traditional flow battery caused by strong acidity or strong basicity of the electrolytes and greatly prolonging the service life of the flow battery. The neutral flow battery provided by the invention can effectively avoid the problem of corrosion which is difficult to avoid by the traditional flow battery, and has the advantages of low cost, long service life, high coulombic efficiency and the like.

Claims (4)

1. A preparation method of a neutral iron-sulfur double-flow battery is characterized by comprising the following steps and process conditions:
(1) respectively preparing by using deionized water: KCl, NaCl or MgCl2Salt solution, alkaline solution of KOH or NaOH, and K2S or Na2A sulfide solution of S;
(2) immersing a Nafion diaphragm into the alkaline solution prepared in the step (1), and keeping the temperature at 50-90 ℃ for 1-3 h, wherein the thickness of the Nafion diaphragm is 40-60 mu m;
(3) immersing the Nafion membrane obtained in the step (2) into deionized water, and keeping the temperature at 50-90 ℃ for 0.5-1 h;
(4) taking out the Nafion membrane obtained in the step (3), and drying at 50-90 ℃;
(5) weighing sulfide, dissolving the sulfide in the salt solution prepared in the step (1) to prepare a neutral solution; wherein the sulfide is Na2Sx、K2SxX =1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8;
(6) weighing K3[Fe(CN)6]Dissolving the solid in the salt solution prepared in the step (1) to prepare a neutral solution;
(7) heating and boiling the foam nickel screen in the sulfide solution prepared in the step (1) for 0.5-6 hours until the surface of the foam nickel screen is uniformly blackened;
(8) taking out the foamed nickel net obtained in the step (7), and drying in a vacuum drying oven;
(9) putting the dried foam nickel net obtained in the step (8) into a vacuum glove box for storage;
(10) the electrolytes of the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery are respectively K3[Fe(CN)6]And neutral solutions of sulfides;
(11) assembling the materials obtained in the steps (4), (5), (6) and (9) into a battery, and testing by using a battery testing system;
the concentration of the salt solution was 0.5 mol. L-1~3mol·L-1The concentration of the alkaline solution is 1 mol. L-1~3mol·L-1The concentration of the sulfide solution is 1 mol. L-1~3mol·L-1
The sulfide neutral solution prepared in the step (5) is a negative electrode electrolyte, and the concentration of sulfide is 1 mol.L-1~3mol·L-1
K prepared in step (6)3[Fe(CN)6]The neutral solution is positive electrolyte, K3[Fe(CN)6]Has a concentration of 0.1 mol. L-1~1mol·L-1
2. The method for preparing a neutral iron-sulfur double flow battery according to claim 1, wherein a positive electrolyte is placed in a positive liquid storage tank, and the positive liquid storage tank is connected with a positive inlet and an outlet of a single cell or a cell stack through a peristaltic pump through a pipeline; the negative electrolyte is arranged in a negative liquid storage tank, and the negative liquid storage tank is connected with a negative inlet and a negative outlet of the monocell or the electric pile through a peristaltic pump and a pipeline.
3. The method for preparing a neutral iron-sulfur double flow battery according to claim 1, wherein the drying temperature in step (8) is 60 ℃ to 120 ℃ for 8 to 16 hours.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein during charging, the electrolytes are delivered from positive and negative fluid reservoirs to the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, via peristaltic pumps, and the sulfide neutral solution containing sulfur ions is reduced at the negative electrode to form low-valent sulfur ions, K4[Fe(CN)6]Is oxidized to K at the positive electrode3[Fe(CN)6](ii) a During discharging, polysulfide ions in the negative electrolyte are oxidized and flow back to the negative liquid storage tank through the peristaltic pump, and K in the positive electrolyte3[Fe(CN)6]Then is converted into K4[Fe(CN)6]。
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4485154A (en) * 1981-09-08 1984-11-27 Institute Of Gas Technology Electrically rechargeable anionically active reduction-oxidation electrical storage-supply system
WO2012134553A2 (en) * 2011-03-25 2012-10-04 Battelle Memorial Institute Iron-sulfide redox flow batteries
CN104716374A (en) * 2013-12-15 2015-06-17 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 Neutral zinc iron double fluid flow battery
CN106025320A (en) * 2016-07-20 2016-10-12 大连理工大学 Methylene blue flow battery

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4485154A (en) * 1981-09-08 1984-11-27 Institute Of Gas Technology Electrically rechargeable anionically active reduction-oxidation electrical storage-supply system
WO2012134553A2 (en) * 2011-03-25 2012-10-04 Battelle Memorial Institute Iron-sulfide redox flow batteries
CN104716374A (en) * 2013-12-15 2015-06-17 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 Neutral zinc iron double fluid flow battery
CN106025320A (en) * 2016-07-20 2016-10-12 大连理工大学 Methylene blue flow battery

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Nickel foam and carbon felt applications for sodium";Ping Zhao et al.;《Electrochimica Acta》;20050715;全文 *

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