CN111175194A - Method for testing wettability of composite material of connecting rod - Google Patents
Method for testing wettability of composite material of connecting rod Download PDFInfo
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- CN111175194A CN111175194A CN201911351130.9A CN201911351130A CN111175194A CN 111175194 A CN111175194 A CN 111175194A CN 201911351130 A CN201911351130 A CN 201911351130A CN 111175194 A CN111175194 A CN 111175194A
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- carbon fiber
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
Abstract
The invention provides a method for testing the wettability of a composite material of a connecting rod, and belongs to the field of design of airplane structures. The invention comprises the following steps: s1, obtaining the cross section of the carbon fiber, calculating the area of the cross section of the carbon fiber, and converting the area into the diameter of a circle with the same area by using a circle area formula to serve as the diameter of the carbon fiber; s2, drying the carbon fibers in an oven at 100 ℃, shearing the carbon fibers, measuring by using a dynamic contact angle measuring instrument, wherein the insertion depth of the carbon fiber monofilaments into the liquid surface is 5mm, and the forward and backward infiltration speeds are both 0.008 mm/S; s3, testing the contact angle theta of the carbon fiber and the epoxy resin by adopting a dynamic contact angle measurement method; respectively measuring the contact angles theta of two liquids and carbon fibers1And theta2According to the measured contact angle theta1And theta2Calculating the surface energy of the carbon fiber: and S5, modifying the resin matrix according to the surface energy of the carbon fibers and the contact angle theta between the carbon fibers and the epoxy resin, and improving the wettability of the composite material.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a composite material connecting rod, in particular to a method for testing the wettability of a composite material of the connecting rod, and belongs to the field of design of airplane structures.
Background
The development of the airplane mainly aims at low cost and high carrying capacity, and the problem of weight reduction of the structure is firstly solved to achieve the aim, and the lower connecting rod of the hanging box section is an important force transmission part of the hanging box section and is used for connecting the bottom of the hanging box section and the lower wing surface of the wing to transmit the thrust of an engine. The traditional airplanes, including B737, B777 and C919 airplanes, are made of metal materials, but with the progress of composite material technology, compared with the traditional steel connecting rod structure, if the hanging connecting rod is made of metal and composite materials, the weight can be reduced by 50% -60%, and potential economic benefits are huge. Therefore, the development of the composite material connecting rod is one of the key technologies for achieving the weight reduction purpose of the airplane.
The airplane hanging team always hopes to adopt the composite material lower connecting rod technology to help the airplane reduce weight, and the material performance plays an important role in the connecting rod, so that effective exploration is not carried out at present.
Good wettability is a necessary condition for achieving good compounding of two phases of fibers and resin in the composite material, so that a material system is selected, firstly, wettability between the resin and the fibers is evaluated, and further, compatibility between the resin and the fibers is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for testing the wettability of a composite material of a connecting rod, aiming at improving the wettability of the composite material.
The invention discloses a method for testing wettability of a composite material of a connecting rod, wherein the composite material comprises a resin matrix and carbon fibers, and the method comprises the following steps:
s1, obtaining the cross section of the carbon fiber, calculating the area of the cross section of the carbon fiber, and converting the area into the diameter of a circle with the same area by using a circle area formula to serve as the diameter d of the carbon fiber; s2, drying the carbon fibers in a drying oven at 100 ℃, cutting the carbon fibers into small sections with the length of 50mm, and randomly extracting 4 monofilaments to be bonded and fixed on a clamp; the distance between adjacent carbon fiber monofilaments is 10mm, redundant carbon fiber parts are cut off, the lengths of the carbon fiber parts exposed out of the clamp are equal as much as possible, the depth of the carbon fiber monofilaments inserted into the liquid surface is 5mm when the carbon fiber monofilaments are measured by a dynamic contact angle measuring instrument, and the forward and backward infiltration speeds are both 0.008 mm/s;
s3, testing the contact angle theta of the carbon fiber and the epoxy resin by adopting a dynamic contact angle measurement method:
F＝Pγlcosθ
f denotes wetting power, P denotes contact perimeter of liquid and solid, and P ═ π × d, γlRepresents the surface tension of the liquid;
s4, respectively measuring the contact angles theta of the two liquids and the carbon fiber1And theta2According to the measured contact angle theta1And theta2Calculating the surface energy of the carbon fiber:
γ1and gamma2Respectively representing the surface tension of liquid 1 and liquid 2,
representing the dispersive component surface energy of the carbon fiber,
representing the dispersive component surface energy of the liquid 1,
representing the dispersive component surface energy of the liquid 2,
representing the polar component surface energy of the carbon fiber,
representing the polar component surface energy of the liquid 1,
represents the polar component surface energy, gamma, of the liquid 2sRepresents the surface energy of the carbon fiber;
and S5, modifying the resin matrix according to the surface energy of the carbon fibers and the contact angle theta between the carbon fibers and the epoxy resin, and improving the wettability of the composite material.
Preferably, in S1, the diameters of the plurality of carbon fibers are measured, and the average of the diameters of the plurality of carbon fibers is determined as the diameter of the carbon fiber.
The method has the beneficial effects that the diameter and the contact angle of the carbon fiber are measured to obtain the contact angle theta of the carbon fiber and the epoxy resin and the surface energy of the carbon fiber, the resin matrix is modified, and the wettability of the composite material is improved, namely: non-polar surfaces are prone to good wetting with non-polar liquids.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
The composite material of the present embodiment includes a resin matrix TDE-85 (epoxy resin) which is a pale yellow viscous liquid having an epoxy value of 0.85Eq/100g and a viscosity of 2.0Pa · s (25 ℃), and carbon fibers, and has a chemical structure shown below:
TDE-85 is a trifunctional high-performance alicyclic epoxy resin, and the molecule contains 1 alicyclic epoxy group and 2 glycidyl ester groups. Has higher shearing strength, lower shrinkage and excellent temperature resistance. Its curing is mainly composed of two reactions: the reaction of glycidyl ester group and the further crosslinking of alicyclic group, no small molecule exists in the reaction, and the modified aromatic amine curing agent and absolute ethyl alcohol are selected as diluents.
The fiber is the main load-bearing part of the composite material, and the performance of the composite material is mainly determined by the reinforcing fiber. The requirements for the reinforcing fiber material are:
a) high strength and modulus, low density;
b) the thermal stability is good, and the thermal expansion coefficients of the fiber and the matrix are relatively consistent or close;
c) the resin has good wettability;
d) has good winding manufacturability, uniform tightness of fiber bundles and the like.
The carbon fiber is a novel material with higher strength and lighter specific weight than steel, and the PAN-based carbon fiber has excellent mechanical property, so that the PAN-based carbon fiber is widely applied to the high and new technical field and the civil industry. Its main properties are as follows:
(l) Compared with metal materials, the specific gravity is small and is only 1.7-2.0g/cm3The light composite material is easy to be prepared, and the light weight of the product is easy to realize.
(2) The tensile strength is high, and is generally between 3.0 and 7.0 GPa. Because of its small specific gravity, high strength and thus high specific strength.
(3) The Young's modulus is high, and is generally between 200 and 650 GPa. And thus the specific modulus (stiffness) is rather high.
(4) The elongation at break is between 1.5 and 2.2 percent, and the fabric is soft and can be woven, and has good processing performance.
(5) Fatigue resistance, high fatigue strength and long service life.
(6) The damping and energy absorbing performance is excellent, the vibration is not easy to start, the vibration can be quickly suppressed after the vibration starts, and the excellent vibration attenuation characteristic is presented.
(7) The graphite is friction-resistant and wear-resistant, and has excellent graphite self-lubricating property.
(8) Small coefficient of thermal expansion (0-1.1X 10)-6K-1) The product has stable size and strong adaptability to sudden changes of environmental conditions. The thermal expansion coefficient of the product can be reduced to the minimum degree through careful design and strict construction.
(9) High thermal conductivity (10-160 Wm)-1K-1) And the phenomena of heat accumulation and overheating can not occur.
(10) The heat resistance is excellent in an inert atmosphere without lowering the strength, which is not comparable to any material.
In the present embodiment, M55J series carbon fibers manufactured by Toray of Japan were used, and the density of the fibers was 1.91g/cm3The tensile strength was 4.02GPa, the elastic modulus was 540GPa, and the elongation was 0.7%.
The surface of the carbon fiber has a plurality of concave-convex grooves and grooves with obvious depth, which is the characteristic of the wet spinning process. The increase of the concave-convex and the groove on the surface of the carbon fiber can increase the surface area of the carbon fiber on one hand, thereby increasing the surface energy of the fiber, being beneficial to forming stronger mechanical meshing action between the fiber and the matrix at the interface and being beneficial to improving the interlaminar shear strength of the composite material.
The cross section of the high-modulus carbon fiber is irregular and round, is flat and is concave in the middle, and the cashew nut-shaped cross section and other irregular cross sections such as cashew nut-shaped cross sections are beneficial to improving the specific surface area of the carbon fiber and improving the mechanical meshing effect at the interface of the composite material, so that the bending strength and the interlaminar shear strength of the composite material are improved. On the other hand, however, a circular cross-section has a smaller surface area under the same conditions, and the surface area is smaller as it approaches the circular shape. The smaller the surface area, the less the probability of surface microcracks and defects, which is beneficial to improving the strength of the fiber.
Wetting when a liquid contacts a solid is divided into two cases: (1) the liquid completely wets the solid surface, namely the contact angle between a liquid-gas (l-g) interface and a solid-liquid (s-l) interface is 0 degrees; (2) the liquid partially wets the solid surface, i.e. the liquid forms droplets on the solid surface, exhibiting a non-zero contact angle. The contact angle is defined as: and (4) making a tangent to the l-g interface through a contact point of the three phases, wherein an included angle between the tangent of the l-g interface and the s-l interface is the contact angle. For macroscopic droplets in this case, the three-phase interfacial tension satisfies the Young equation:
γl-gcosθ＝γs-g-γs-l
where γ is the interfacial tension, subscripts l, g, s represent the liquid, gas and solid phases respectively, and θ is the contact angle.
When gamma iss-g>γs-lWhen is, cos θ>0，θ<90°，γs-gAnd gammas-lThe larger the difference, the better its wettability; when gamma iss-g<γs-lWhen is, cos θ<0，θ>90°，γs-gAnd gammas-lThe greater the difference, the greater the degree of non-wetting. From this, the contact angle is a criterion for determining the wettability of the liquid on the solid surface. The wettability of the liquid on the solid surface is related to the surface energy of the liquid and the solid, and the lower the surface energy of the liquid is, the more favorable the wettability of the liquid on the solid surface is; the higher the surface energy of the solid, the more favorable the wetting of the liquid on its surface. Thus, the larger the surface energy of the fiber, the smaller the contact angle, and the better the wettability of the fiber with the resin.
The method for testing the wettability of the composite material of the connecting rod comprises the following steps:
s1, obtaining the cross section of the carbon fiber, calculating the area of the cross section of the carbon fiber, and converting the area into the diameter of a circle with the same area by using a circle area formula to serve as the diameter d of the carbon fiber;
the diameter of the carbon fiber is an important parameter of the carbon fiber, the diameter is obtained to be important for measuring the contact angle and the interface strength, and the diameter is an important input parameter during measurement. For the measurement of the diameter of the carbon fiber having a non-regular circular cross section, the present embodiment adopts an area conversion method to obtain the equivalent diameter of the carbon fiber. First, the area of the cross section of the carbon fiber is calculated in the present embodiment, and then converted into the diameter of the circle of equal area by the area formula of the circle. The diameters of 3 carbon fibers were measured, and the average thereof was taken as the equivalent diameter of the carbon fiber. The equivalent diameter of the M55J strand was 5.17 μ M, and the equivalent diameter of the M55J bulk was 5.07. mu.m.
S2 contact angle test, comprising:
1. putting the carbon fiber into a drying oven at 100 ℃ for drying;
2. cut into the long segment of 50mm with the carbon fiber, extract 4 monofilament bonds of wantonly and fix on anchor clamps, notice: 4, the fiber monofilaments are parallel to each other and vertical to the clamp, so that each fiber is ensured to vertically enter the liquid level; b. the distance between adjacent carbon fiber filaments was 10 mm.
3. Cutting off the redundant carbon fiber to ensure that the lengths of the carbon fiber exposed out of the clamp are as equal as possible, and are about 8 mm;
4. the depth of the carbon fiber monofilament inserted into the liquid surface is 5mm, and the forward and backward infiltration speeds are both 0.008mm/s, measured by using a dynamic contact angle measuring instrument; therefore, each carbon fiber is ensured to contact with the liquid level without bending at the same time, and each fiber is not interfered with each other, so that the error caused by fiber sample preparation is reduced to the minimum.
S3, testing the contact angle theta of the carbon fiber and the epoxy resin by adopting a dynamic contact angle measurement method:
F＝Pγlcosθ
f represents wetting power, P represents contact perimeter of the epoxy resin and the carbon fiber surface, and P ═ pi × d, γlRepresents the surface tension of the epoxy resin;
the contact angle of the M55J carbon fiber and the TDE-85 epoxy resin is 99.22 degrees.
By measuring the change of the force of the fiber inserted into the liquid, the force when the insertion depth is 0 is extrapolated by the least square method, namely the infiltration acting force. Assuming that the fiber is inserted vertically into the liquid, the wetted perimeter is the perimeter of the fiber, π d.
The surface energies of the liquids used in the tests, as well as their dispersion and polar components, are given in Table 1, whereTDE-85 is an experimentally determined value, a reference for the surface energy of two other liquids. Dispersion component gammadReflecting the magnitude of the diffusion interactions and the van der Waals forces between them, the polar component gammapReflected is the sum of the polarity, hydrogen bonding, induction effects and acid-base interactions.
The surface energy of the liquid used in Table 1 and its dispersion and polar components
| Liquid, method for producing the same and use thereof | The dispersion component (m J m)-2) | Polar component (m J m)-2) | Total surface energy (m J m)-2) |
| Diiodomethane | 44.1 | 6.7 | 50.8 |
| Water (W) | 22.1 | 50.7 | 72.8 |
| TDE-85 | —— | —— | 48.06 |
S4, respectively measuring the contact angles theta of the two liquids and the carbon fiber1And theta2According to the measured contact angle theta1And theta2Calculating the surface energy of the carbon fiber:
establishing equation set to solve gammas dAnd gammaL dFurther, the surface energy γ of the fiber is determineds；
γ1And gamma2Respectively representing the surface tension of liquid 1 and liquid 2,
representing the dispersive component surface energy of the carbon fiber,
representing the dispersive component surface energy of the liquid 1,
representing the dispersive component surface energy of the liquid 2,
representing the polar component surface energy of the carbon fiber,
representing the polar component surface energy of the liquid 1,
represents the polar component surface energy, gamma, of the liquid 2sRepresents the surface energy of the carbon fiber;
and S5, modifying the resin matrix according to the surface energy of the carbon fibers and the contact angle theta between the carbon fibers and the epoxy resin, and improving the wettability of the composite material.
The liquid of this embodiment is selected from two liquids, one polar and one non-polar: water and diiodomethane were used as the calculation liquids, and the calculation results are shown in table 2.
From the total surface energy, M55JB surface energy was 39.16(M J. M)-2). It can be seen from the table that the surface of the M55JB carbon fiber is a non-polar surface, which is prone to good wetting with non-polar liquids, but not to wetting with polar liquids thereon.
The change rule of the contact angle between the carbon fiber and the TDE-85 is consistent with that of water, and the TDE-85 surface contains more polar groups, so that the TDE-85 is considered to belong to polar liquid, and the phenomenon that the contact angle between M55JB and the TDE-85 of the polar surface is large is explained.
TABLE 2 fiber surface energy and its component
In summary, in order to improve the wettability between the high-modulus carbon fiber and the polar resin, one should start with increasing the polar component of the surface energy, so the TDE-85 epoxy resin is modified to improve the compatibility between the resin and the fiber.
Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. It should be understood that features described in different dependent claims and herein may be combined in ways different from those described in the original claims. It is also to be understood that features described in connection with individual embodiments may be used in other described embodiments.
Claims (2)
1. A method for testing wettability of a composite material of a connecting rod, wherein the composite material comprises a resin matrix and carbon fibers, and the method comprises the following steps:
s1, obtaining the cross section of the carbon fiber, calculating the area of the cross section of the carbon fiber, and converting the area into the diameter of a circle with the same area by using a circle area formula to serve as the diameter d of the carbon fiber; s2, drying the carbon fibers in a drying oven at 100 ℃, cutting the carbon fibers into small sections with the length of 50mm, and randomly extracting 4 monofilaments to be bonded and fixed on a clamp; the distance between adjacent carbon fiber monofilaments is 10mm, redundant carbon fiber parts are cut off, the lengths of the carbon fiber parts exposed out of the clamp are equal as much as possible, the depth of the carbon fiber monofilaments inserted into the liquid surface is 5mm when the carbon fiber monofilaments are measured by a dynamic contact angle measuring instrument, and the forward and backward infiltration speeds are both 0.008 mm/s;
s3, testing the contact angle theta of the carbon fiber and the epoxy resin by adopting a dynamic contact angle measurement method:
F＝Pγlcosθ
f denotes wetting power, P denotes contact perimeter of liquid and solid, and P ═ π × d, γlRepresents the surface tension of the liquid;
s4, respectively measuring the contact angles theta of the two liquids and the carbon fiber1And theta2According to the measured contact angle theta1And theta2Calculating the surface energy of the carbon fiber:
γ1and gamma2Respectively representing the surface tension of liquid 1 and liquid 2,
to representThe surface energy of the dispersive component of the carbon fiber,
representing the dispersive component surface energy of the liquid 1,
representing the dispersive component surface energy of the liquid 2,
representing the polar component surface energy of the carbon fiber,
representing the polar component surface energy of the liquid 1,
represents the polar component surface energy of the liquid 2, γ s represents the carbon fiber surface energy;
and S5, modifying the resin matrix according to the surface energy of the carbon fibers and the contact angle theta between the carbon fibers and the epoxy resin, and improving the wettability of the composite material.
2. The method for testing wettability of a composite material for a connecting rod according to claim 1, wherein in S1, a plurality of carbon fiber diameters are measured, and an average value of the plurality of carbon fiber diameters is determined as the diameter of the carbon fiber.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112666052A (en) * | 2020-12-11 | 2021-04-16 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 | Method for testing resin curing shrinkage volume and fiber-resin contact angle |
| CN114062199A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2022-02-18 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Method and device for testing surface energy of solid material |
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Application publication date: 20200519 |