CN111159778A - Method, device and medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on block chain - Google Patents
Method, device and medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on block chain Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111159778A CN111159778A CN201911401368.8A CN201911401368A CN111159778A CN 111159778 A CN111159778 A CN 111159778A CN 201911401368 A CN201911401368 A CN 201911401368A CN 111159778 A CN111159778 A CN 111159778A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- group
- block chain
- chat group
- account information
- request
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/60—Protecting data
- G06F21/64—Protecting data integrity, e.g. using checksums, certificates or signatures
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/90—Details of database functions independent of the retrieved data types
- G06F16/95—Retrieval from the web
- G06F16/958—Organisation or management of web site content, e.g. publishing, maintaining pages or automatic linking
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Data Mining & Analysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Bioethics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Software Systems (AREA)
- Information Transfer Between Computers (AREA)
Abstract
The application discloses a method, equipment and medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on a block chain, wherein the method comprises the following steps: determining a group owner and an administrator of a chat group, packaging account information of the group owner and account information of the administrator into blocks, and writing the blocks into the block chain; determining members of the chat group, and writing account information of the members into the block chain; and receiving a request for modifying the remarks by the member, and recording the request in the blockchain. Based on the distributed storage and the non-falsification characteristic of the block chain, the group owner modifies the remarks of the group members in the block chain for storing the information of the group members according to the information in the block chain, and illegal users are prevented from modifying the remark information maliciously to cheat.
Description
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of blockchain technology, and in particular, to a method, device, and medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on blockchain.
Background
In recent years, telecommunication fraud criminal activities implemented by communication means such as mobile phone short messages, telephones, networks and the like are very prominent, the criminal means is scientific and technological, fraud means is continuously renewed, and unnecessary economic losses can be caused once victims believe the lie of suspected fraud suspects. And the suspected person of telecommunication fraud crime follows the social hotspot, carefully designs the deception, is tailored to different groups, sets the deception step by step, renews the deception in a certain way after a while, makes the person to be too defensive and can be cheated by carelessness. Lawbreakers have acquired the account number of the chatting software of the victim by means of deception or hacker, or have directly modified the way of remarks to give the victim's relatives and friends a chance to borrow money, but in the prior art, the software is easily attacked by hacker and is not safe.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the specification provides a method, equipment and medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on a block chain, which are used for solving the following technical problems in the prior art:
in the social contact of the acquaintances, no molecules are issued to serve as relatives and friends of victims to carry out fraud.
The embodiment of the specification adopts the following technical scheme:
a first aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preventing online chat group fraud based on a block chain, including:
determining a group owner and an administrator of a chat group, packaging account information of the group owner and account information of the administrator into blocks, and writing the blocks into the block chain;
determining members of the chat group, and writing account information of the members into the block chain;
and receiving a request for modifying the remarks by the member, and recording the request in the blockchain.
In one example, the nodes of the blockchain include a group owner and an administrator.
In one example, after receiving a request for a member to modify a note and recording the request in a blockchain, the method further comprises:
and the group owner node receives the modified remark information and modifies the remarks of the members according to the request.
In one example, the determining the members of the chat group and writing the account information of the members into the block chain includes:
and the group owner node and the administrator node verify the account information of the member, and after the verification is passed, the account information of the member is written into the block chain.
In one example, the chat group is a class chat group, the group owner is a class owner, and the administrator is a parental board member.
In one example, further comprising:
receiving request information which is sent by a user and applies for joining a chat group;
the group owner node confirms whether the user is allowed to join the chat group and become a member of the chat group.
In one example, further comprising:
and after the user becomes a member of the chat group, the group main node changes the remark information of the user and records the remark information in the block chain.
In one example, further comprising:
and receiving the transaction information in the chat group, and recording the transaction information in a block chain.
A second aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus for preventing online chat group fraud based on a block chain, including:
at least one processor; and the number of the first and second groups,
a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein,
the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to:
determining a group owner and an administrator of a chat group, packaging account information of the group owner and account information of the administrator into blocks, and writing the blocks into the block chain;
determining members of the chat group, and writing account information of the members into the block chain;
and receiving a request for modifying the remarks by the member, and recording the request in the blockchain.
A third aspect of embodiments of the present invention provides a non-volatile computer storage medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on block chains, storing computer-executable instructions configured to:
determining a group owner and an administrator of a chat group, packaging account information of the group owner and account information of the administrator into blocks, and writing the blocks into the block chain;
determining members of the chat group, and writing account information of the members into the block chain;
and receiving a request for modifying the remarks by the member, and recording the request in the blockchain.
The embodiment of the specification adopts at least one technical scheme which can achieve the following beneficial effects:
based on the distributed storage and the non-falsification characteristic of the block chain, the group owner modifies the remarks of the group members in the block chain for storing the information of the group members according to the information in the block chain, and illegal users are prevented from modifying the remark information maliciously to cheat.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the application and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the application and together with the description serve to explain the application and not to limit the application. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method provided by embodiments of the present disclosure;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus framework provided in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present disclosure more apparent, the technical solutions of the present disclosure will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the specific embodiments of the present disclosure and the accompanying drawings. It should be apparent that the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present application, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any inventive step based on the embodiments in the description belong to the protection scope of the present application.
The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present application are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The embodiment of the application provides a method and a corresponding scheme for preventing online chat group fraud based on a block chain, wherein in the block chain for storing the information of group members, a group owner modifies remarks of the group members according to the information in the block chain based on the distributed storage and the non-tampering characteristics of the block chain, so that illegal users can be prevented from modifying the remark information maliciously to perform fraud.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method provided in an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the method comprises:
s101, determining a group owner and an administrator of a chat group, packaging account information of the group owner and account information of the administrator into blocks, and writing the blocks into a block chain;
s102, determining members of the chat group, and writing account information of the members into the block chain;
s103, receiving the request of the member for modifying the remarks, and recording the request in the block chain.
The block chain is a chain data structure formed by combining data blocks in a sequential connection mode according to a time sequence, and is a distributed account book which is guaranteed in a cryptographic mode and cannot be tampered and forged. Although the underlying technology of blockchains has been developed for many years, it has not been possible to achieve effective application in a particular scenario.
According to the embodiment of the invention, in step S101, an intelligent contract for managing game transaction information is set on the blockchain, and the intelligent contract is an automatically running script deployed on the blockchain and has a transparent characteristic due to being set on the blockchain. A user presets rules through an intelligent contract so as to write data into a block chain and acquire data browsing permission, and disclosure of privacy information is avoided to a great extent. Of course, the smart contracts are not the only implementation manner of the present application, and are set correspondingly according to different blockchain platforms, such as an ethernet house, a super book, and the like.
According to the specific embodiment of the present invention, the setting of the node of the block chain is not particularly limited, and may be a group owner or an administrator. In the embodiment of the invention, a communication interface is opened between the chat platform and the block chain, and the information change of the chat group is stored in each node of the block chain through the communication interface.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, after the receiving a request for a member to modify a note and recording the request in a blockchain, the method further includes: and the group owner node receives the modified remark information and modifies the remarks of the members according to the request. In the scheme of the embodiment, in order to prevent the group members from being able to modify the remark information for fraud, only the group owner has the right to modify the remark information of the group members, so as to prevent lawless persons from doing fraud by modifying the remark information.
According to a specific embodiment of the present invention, the determining the members of the chat group and writing the account information of the members into the block chain includes: and the group owner node and the administrator node verify the account information of the member, and after the verification is passed, the account information of the member is written into the block chain. Generally speaking, it is possible to fraudulently by modifying notes in such a way that chat groups are established by appearing on the basis of real-life work or life, that is, in such chat groups, group members and group managers, or group owners, are mutually aware. Therefore, in the acquaintance social contact, some basic data of group members are written into a block chain, such as information of account numbers, real name information, contact information, addresses and the like of chatting. The group owner can then modify the remark information of the group members by writing this information in the blockchain.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the chat group may be a currently common class group, the group owner may be a group owner, and the administrator may be a member of a parental board. Because, the greater the number of parents that the members of the class owner and the parental board know.
According to a specific embodiment of the present invention, the method of the embodiment of the present invention further includes: receiving request information which is sent by a user and applies for joining a chat group; the group owner node confirms whether the user is allowed to join the chat group and become a member of the chat group. The block chain receives a request message for applying to join the chat group sent by the user through an intelligent contract, and then sends the request message to the group owner node, and the group owner node determines whether the user enters the group. And the group main node checks the information according to the information stored in the block chain, and the group main node can agree after checking the information.
Suitably, after the user enters the group, the group owner or administrator modifies the remark of the user according to the information stored in the block chain. And records for grouping and modifying notes are recorded in the blockchain.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the intelligent contract monitors the fund traffic information and the transaction information in the chat group in real time and writes the detected fund traffic information and the detected transaction information into the block chain.
Based on the same idea, some embodiments of the present application further provide a device and a non-volatile computer storage medium corresponding to the above method.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus framework provided in an embodiment of the present specification, and an apparatus for preventing online chat group fraud based on a block chain, includes:
at least one processor; and the number of the first and second groups,
a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein,
the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to:
determining a group owner and an administrator of a chat group, packaging account information of the group owner and account information of the administrator into blocks, and writing the blocks into the block chain;
determining members of the chat group, and writing account information of the members into the block chain;
and receiving a request for modifying the remarks by the member, and recording the request in the blockchain.
Some embodiments of the present application provide a non-volatile computer storage medium corresponding to fig. 1 for block-chain based prevention of online chat group fraud, storing computer-executable instructions configured to:
determining a group owner and an administrator of a chat group, packaging account information of the group owner and account information of the administrator into blocks, and writing the blocks into the block chain;
determining members of the chat group, and writing account information of the members into the block chain;
and receiving a request for modifying the remarks by the member, and recording the request in the blockchain.
The embodiments in the present application are described in a progressive manner, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments can be referred to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from the other embodiments. In particular, for the device and media embodiments, the description is relatively simple as it is substantially similar to the method embodiments, and reference may be made to some descriptions of the method embodiments for relevant points.
The device and the medium provided by the embodiment of the application correspond to the method one to one, so the device and the medium also have the similar beneficial technical effects as the corresponding method, and the beneficial technical effects of the method are explained in detail above, so the beneficial technical effects of the device and the medium are not repeated herein.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.
The present invention is directed to methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the present invention
A flowchart and/or block diagram of an article. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
In a typical configuration, a computing device includes one or more processors (CPUs), input/output interfaces, network interfaces, and memory.
The memory may include forms of volatile memory in a computer readable medium, Random Access Memory (RAM) and/or non-volatile memory, such as Read Only Memory (ROM) or flash memory (flash RAM). Memory is an example of a computer-readable medium.
Computer-readable media, including both non-transitory and non-transitory, removable and non-removable media, may implement information storage by any method or technology. The information may be computer readable instructions, data structures, modules of a program, or other data. Examples of computer storage media include, but are not limited to, phase change memory (PRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), other types of Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), Digital Versatile Discs (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transmission medium that can be used to store information that can be accessed by a computing device. As defined herein, a computer readable medium does not include a transitory computer readable medium such as a modulated data signal and a carrier wave.
It should also be noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The above description is only an example of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application. Various modifications and changes may occur to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application should be included in the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preventing online chat group fraud based on a blockchain, comprising:
determining a group owner and an administrator of a chat group, packaging account information of the group owner and account information of the administrator into blocks, and writing the blocks into the block chain;
determining members of the chat group, and writing account information of the members into the block chain;
and receiving a request for modifying the remarks by the member, and recording the request in the blockchain.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nodes of the blockchain comprise a group owner and an administrator.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein after receiving a request for a member to modify a note and recording the request in a blockchain, further comprising:
and the group owner node receives the modified remark information and modifies the remarks of the members according to the request.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the members of the chat group and writing account information of the members into the blockchain comprises:
and the group owner node and the administrator node verify the account information of the member, and after the verification is passed, the account information of the member is written into the block chain.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the chat group is a class chat group, wherein the group owner is a class owner, and wherein the administrator is a member of a parental committee.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving request information which is sent by a user and applies for joining a chat group;
the group owner node confirms whether the user is allowed to join the chat group and become a member of the chat group.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
and after the user becomes a member of the chat group, the group main node changes the remark information of the user and records the remark information in the block chain.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
and receiving the transaction information in the chat group, and recording the transaction information in a block chain.
9. An apparatus for preventing online chat group fraud based on a blockchain, comprising:
at least one processor; and the number of the first and second groups,
a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein,
the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to:
determining a group owner and an administrator of a chat group, packaging account information of the group owner and account information of the administrator into blocks, and writing the blocks into the block chain;
determining members of the chat group, and writing account information of the members into the block chain;
and receiving a request for modifying the remarks by the member, and recording the request in the blockchain.
10. A non-volatile computer storage medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on a blockchain, the non-volatile computer storage medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions configured to:
determining a group owner and an administrator of a chat group, packaging account information of the group owner and account information of the administrator into blocks, and writing the blocks into the block chain;
determining members of the chat group, and writing account information of the members into the block chain;
and receiving a request for modifying the remarks by the member, and recording the request in the blockchain.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911401368.8A CN111159778A (en) | 2019-12-30 | 2019-12-30 | Method, device and medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on block chain |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911401368.8A CN111159778A (en) | 2019-12-30 | 2019-12-30 | Method, device and medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on block chain |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN111159778A true CN111159778A (en) | 2020-05-15 |
Family
ID=70559391
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911401368.8A Pending CN111159778A (en) | 2019-12-30 | 2019-12-30 | Method, device and medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on block chain |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN111159778A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113761510A (en) * | 2020-06-05 | 2021-12-07 | 腾讯科技（深圳）有限公司 | User information processing method, device, equipment and medium thereof |
| CN113923178A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2022-01-11 | 在秀网络科技(深圳)有限公司 | Method and system for storing and extracting instant messaging and group data files |
-
2019
- 2019-12-30 CN CN201911401368.8A patent/CN111159778A/en active Pending
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113761510A (en) * | 2020-06-05 | 2021-12-07 | 腾讯科技（深圳）有限公司 | User information processing method, device, equipment and medium thereof |
| CN113923178A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2022-01-11 | 在秀网络科技(深圳)有限公司 | Method and system for storing and extracting instant messaging and group data files |
| CN113923178B (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2024-02-27 | 在秀网络科技(深圳)有限公司 | Method and system for storing and extracting instant messaging and group data files |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| TWI762818B (en) | Blockchain-based invoice creation method and device, electronic device | |
| US11544794B2 (en) | Claim settlement method and apparatus employing blockchain technology | |
| CN103944737B (en) | Method for authenticating user identity, Third Party Authentication platform, carrier authorization platform | |
| EP3435260A1 (en) | Method and device for outputting risk information and constructing risk information | |
| CN111782668B (en) | Data structure reading and updating method and device and electronic equipment | |
| CN111539731A (en) | Block chain-based federal learning method and device and electronic equipment | |
| US11423473B2 (en) | Blockchain-based leasing | |
| CN108416675A (en) | Assets management method and device, electronic equipment | |
| WO2020207093A1 (en) | Blockchain-based leasing method and apparatus | |
| CN110930578A (en) | Voting method, equipment and medium based on block chain | |
| CN111383114A (en) | Asset information management method and device based on block chain | |
| CN109146699A (en) | Blind date friend-making integrated management approach and system based on block chain | |
| CN111639125A (en) | Resource circulation method and device based on block chain | |
| CN111008893A (en) | Method, equipment and medium for managing network loan based on block chain | |
| CN110874650B (en) | Alliance learning method, device and system fusing public domain data and private data | |
| CN111132172A (en) | Method, device and medium for preventing telecommunication fraud based on block chain | |
| CN111159778A (en) | Method, device and medium for preventing online chat group fraud based on block chain | |
| CN110738473A (en) | Wind control method, system, device and equipment | |
| CN106161824B (en) | Method and device for determining liveness of communication number | |
| CN110246039A (en) | Transaction detection method, apparatus and electronic equipment based on alliance's chain | |
| CN106921708B (en) | Group management method and device | |
| Kolevski et al. | Cloud data breach disclosures: The consumer and their personally identifiable information (PII)? | |
| CN111047327A (en) | Intelligent contract execution method, device and equipment | |
| CN111639998A (en) | Method, device and medium for guaranteeing user deposit rights and interests based on block chain | |
| CN111046267A (en) | Method, device and medium for processing network rumors based on block chains |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| TA01 | Transfer of patent application right | ||
| TA01 | Transfer of patent application right |
Effective date of registration: 20200818 Address after: Room 1-2301, Building 7, North District, Shandong Design and Creative Industry Park, No. 868 Tangye West Road, Licheng District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250102 Applicant after: SHANDONG INSPUR QUALINK TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd. Address before: Room 3110, S01 building, Langchao building, No. 1036, Langchao Road, high tech Zone, Jinan City, Shandong Province 250101 Applicant before: Shandong Aicheng Network Information Technology Co.,Ltd. |
|
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |