CN111152778A - 用于操控机动车的动力传动系的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于在使用模型预测的调节(200)的情况下利用机动车的动力传动系的模型(210)来操控具有内燃机的机动车的动力传动系(110)的方法,其中在使用质量标准的情况下在预测水平(245)的范围内求取用于动力传动系的调节参量(260)的额定值轨迹(250),其中,将所述机动车的和/或机动车的周围环境的当前的和/或未来的状态和过程参量(220)用作所述模型预测的调节(200)的输入参量,其中,将包括至少一个排放值(241)或燃料消耗的成本函数(240)的最小化用作质量标准,并且其中,所述调节参量(260)根据所求取的额定值轨迹(250)来调整。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于操控具有内燃机的机动车的动力传动系的方法以及一种用于执行该方法的计算单元和计算机程序。
背景技术
对于现代内燃机的有害物质排放的极限值的持续强化,尤其是机动车的有害物质排放的极限值的持续强化,提出了高的要求。在此,颗粒排放和氮氧化物排放是特别重要的。同时,监管机构和消费者通常都要求不断减少燃料消耗和二氧化碳排放,因为二氧化碳排放是地球变暖的主要原因。
为此,用于内燃机和废气后处理系统的相应的调节参量或调节环节的额定值例如可以作为内燃机的负载和转速的函数存储在二维特性曲线族中并且在线地被读取。
必要时,这些额定值然后可以根据当前的周围环境条件和/或系统状态(像比如发动机温度、催化器温度等)来校正。也可以使用校正函数来降低在内燃机的瞬态运行中的排放。
为了许可(Zulassung)机动车,典型地需要证明,在限定的行驶循环中或甚至在实际行驶运行中遵守特定的排放界限。
然而,为了长期地作为纯电动车辆驱动(尤其是电池驱动的并且借助于燃料电池运行的车辆)的备选方案也设立内燃机,在所有的行驶情况中力求“零影响Zero Impact ”-机动性,其目标远远超过遵守法律上要求的极限值。
在此,主要的挑战在于,在道路上变换的边界条件和大量可能的行驶状况方面优化车辆驱动。特别是个别的行驶行为和出现的交通状况对于排出的有害物质、特别是所谓的端管排放的水平是决定性的。单个排放值或单个排放物种类的减少-也就是说特定的有害物质或特定的有害物质组分-受到许多目标冲突的影响,使得通常不可能同时减少所有的有害物质。
因此,引起特定有害物质组分的减少的措施通常导致一种或多种其它有害物质组分的增加。在此所基于的关系通常是指数性质,并且机动车的排放策略的设计由此通常都被折衷。
发明内容
根据本发明,提出具有独立权利要求的特征的用于操控机动车的动力传动系的方法以及用于执行该方法的计算单元和计算机程序。有利的设计方案是从属权利要求以及以下说明的主题。
根据本发明的方法用于在机动车运行期间减少排放、也就是有害物质,尤其是已经提到的所谓的端管排放。其中不仅包括具有作为唯一的驱动源的内燃机的车辆,而且尤其也包括所谓的混合动力车辆,该混合动力车辆具有内燃机和一个或多个用于驱动的电机。只要内燃机至少暂时地运行,就希望减少排放。
这在使用模型预测的调节的情况下利用机动车的动力传动系的模型来进行,其中在使用质量标准的情况下在预测水平的范围内求取用于动力传动系的调节参量的额定值轨迹。该额定值轨迹尤其是关于质量标准来优化,也就是说,额定值轨迹这样匹配或优化,使得尽可能好地满足质量标准。
作为质量标准,在此使用成本函数的最小化,该成本函数包括至少一个排放值或燃料消耗。然后根据所求取的额定值轨迹来调整调节参量。但是尤其是如在模型预测的调节中常见的那样,在计算最佳的额定值轨迹之后,首先仅实施(时间上)最接近的一个或多个额定值。在一段有限的时间之后,基于新的系统状态或新的模型预测来重复优化。
模型预测的调节(MPC)是这样一种调节方案,其中通过预测未来的系统特性(在当前情况下即机动车的和在那里尤其是动力传动系的系统特性)可以在每个扫描步骤、即确定的时间间隔中实现非常高的调节质量。与传统的调节方案相反,可以明确地考虑输入、输出和状态限制。
模型预测的调节尤其是用于复杂系统(例如MIMO系统,即具有多个输入参量和多个输出参量的系统)的最佳调节的有效方法。该原理在机动车中在调节排放或端管排放时是特别有利的,因为由废气设备的热惯性决定的系统动态性(Streckendynamik)遭受高的时间常数并且其特性因此可以相对好地预见。此外,随着车辆的联网的增加,预测数据的可用性提高。
在此,机动车的动力传动系除了内燃机之外尤其也包括废气设备或废气后处理设备。同样,必要时存在的电机、尤其马达驱动的电机也能够属于此,同样如变速器那样。在电机的情况下,于是也可以考虑所属的电池。然后,可以为机动车的动力传动系建立相应的模型,并且例如将其存储在实施的计算单元中。在此,这样的模型尤其是基于特定的输入参量来描述动力传动系的特性,并且因此尤其是也描述了在此产生的排放。
为了减少排放或端管排放,在此考虑不同的过程方式或处理方式(Verfahrensweise),其可以通过相应地预先给定所属的调节参量来实现。例如,通过改变至少一个燃烧参数(例如喷射持续时间、喷射量、喷射次数和喷射正时、点火时间点、空气量),可以减少内燃机的原始排放(即,内燃机式的原始排放)。例如,通过加热废气设备和/或改变NSC再生策略,可以提高催化器效率。内燃机的运行点移动(必要时与电机组合)例如可通过在混合运行策略的范围中的装载和卸载来进行,直至纯电动行驶或接入附加消耗器。变速器的挡位的选择可以改变。同样,可以组合或使用这些过程方式中的两种或更多种。所属的调节参量(或调节环节)在此尤其包括转速、喷射特性或喷射预先给定量,或废气后处理设备(包括催化器)的运行模式等。
所提及的预测水平是这样一种时间窗,所述时间窗在当前的时刻开始并且到达直至有限的、处于未来的时刻。预测水平或其持续时间或长度能够基于时间和/或基于路线并且在行驶(或机动车的运行)期间变化。通过这种方式,可以比如直接在发动机起动之后较长地选择预测水平,相反在城市阶段中则更短。
作为用于模型预测的调节的输入参量,使用机动车的和/或机动车的周围环境的当前的和/或未来的状态参量。在此,状态参量(或过程参量)尤其是理解为这样的参量或参数,所述参量或参数尤其是也关于在此产生的排放涉及和/或影响机动车的运行并且在那里尤其涉及和/或影响动力传动系。
催化器效率、原始排放水平,即排出的原始排放(即直接来自于发动机或内燃机的排放)的水平、电池的充电状态、当前的和/或预计的路线引导的回收潜力、地理位置、颗粒过滤器和/或氮氧化物存储催化器(所谓的NSC)的负载和/或老化、用于选择性催化还原(所谓的SCR)的系统的填充水平和/或老化,以及必要时其他的周围环境条件和/或边界条件。这些参量或参数(其部分地也可理解为或处理为边界条件)影响动力传动系的运行或影响通过调节参量对其产生影响的可能性。
在此,在求取额定值轨迹-也就是说各个调节参量的有待调整的额定值的变化曲线中,也可以考虑不连续的事件(例如颗粒过滤器再生、主动的OBD干预等)。必要时,所描述的过程也可以在这些不连续的事件期间优化机动车的排放特性和/或在尽可能好的排放特性的背景下定义这些事件的时间顺序和位置。
关于未来的(也就是说在预测水平以内设置的)状态参量的信息或者还有对排放的影响参量以及例如对废气温度、废气质量流量、行驶速度等的影响参量以及状态参量的限制可以通过不同的方法和技术来获得。其中特别包括基于导航数据的预测、基于用于检测周围环境或车辆周围环境的传感器数据的预测(例如摄像机、雷达、激光雷达等)、基于机动车与其他单元、如道路交通中的固定设备或其他机动车之间的通信(所谓的车对物通信或车对车通信)的预测、基于“移动设备管理”的预测(即例如手机数据的处理,例如用于识别拥堵)、基于当前的和/或过去的测量值和/或模型值的预测(例如通过用于在线数据评估、加权的低通滤波等的统计方法)、基于最可能的(“最可能的”)路线引导的预测和基于服务器服务的预测(尤其所谓的基于云的服务)。应理解,也可以使用这些可能性中的两种或更多种来进行预测。在此,能够关于在预测水平范围内的排放的预期变化来估计参数变化的作用。
在预测水平内对于预期排放、废气温度、废气质量流量、催化器温度、催化器效率等的计算尤其可以在使用不同的模型类型的情况下进行。这些尤其包括基于数据的模型(例如特性曲线族、神经网络、高斯过程模型等)、物理模型和现象学模型(也就是例如基于真实(已知的)物理定律的模型,与基于数据的模型相反,所述基于数据的模型通过对输入信号和输出信号的观察/测量来形成,但是不是有意地包含物理关系)。应当理解,这些模型中的两个或更多个的组合也是可能的。
在一个非常简单的示例中,动力传动系模型可以包含通过对于发动机或内燃机进行网格测量或统计试验设计(所谓的DoE)来予以参数化的特征曲线族或等效的神经网络或高斯过程模型,以描述发动机的原始排放、废气温度和质量流。催化器温度可以借助于热力学第一定律来描绘,而废气设备的转换效率又基于特征曲线族(由试验台测量来参数化)或借助于反应动力学的公式(例如阿伦尼乌斯公式)来实现。
通过使用作质量标准的成本函数最小化来找到用于所观察的机动车或所观察的车辆联合(Fahrzeugverbund)的最佳的额定值轨迹。在此,成本函数包括或者包含至少一个排放值或燃料消耗。作为排放值(或排放组分),特别是考虑氮氧化物(NOx)、二氧化碳(CO2)、一氧化碳(CO)、碳氢化合物(HC)、氨(NH3)或颗粒、特别是微尘。此外,成本函数优选地也还可以考虑电池的充电状态。此外,可以考虑其它参数、像比如噪音负荷等。
此外,成本函数可以在行驶期间(或在运行期间)尤其动态地被匹配或适配,以便例如对边界条件的所预测的或未预料到的改变作出反应(例如驶入到环境区中、本地的微尘警报、天气影响等)。
此外,成本函数可以以级联结构(所谓的级联MPC)存在。这意味着,给每个子系统(例如每个单个车辆)分配单独的成本函数,其导致个体的最佳行为。然后,上级计算单元例如协调多个机动车或完整的车队的成本函数,并且因此确保整个车队满足上级的排放目标。
最小化问题、也就是成本函数的最小化可以以不同的方式来表达,由所述最小化问题来导出最佳的系统特性或者说最佳的额定值轨迹。优选的是成本函数在硬附加条件下的最小化(例如在同时低于关于其他排放值的预先给定量的情况下进行CO2的最小化)或者但是也在使用软附加条件(所谓的软约束)的情况下进行成本函数的最小化,所述软附加条件虽然保证满足附加条件(例如在同时低于关于其他排放值的预先给定量的情况下进行CO2的最小化),但是其中由于高的成本对附加条件的损害被惩罚(例如高的CO2成本)。也可以考虑的是,使各个排放值或具有可能非线性项的排放组分的加权总和最小化。
优化问题、即求取(最佳的)额定值轨迹优选在线地在运行期间(或在行驶期间)进行(或解决或处理),尤其由机动车中的计算单元进行。但是也可以考虑通过中央计算单元或计算集群(从中央计算单元或计算集群将额定值轨迹或额定值预先给定量传送给机动车)的解决方案,或者在准备阶段(Vorfeld)离线解决方案,其中,将结果存储在合适的基于数据的结构中,计算单元访问所述结构。这些变型中的两个或更多个的组合同样是可以考虑的。
为了解决所描述的优化问题,尤其可以使用不同的方法,这些方法被分配给不同的类别并且以不同的优点和缺点为特征。这些方法尤其包括所谓的数值最佳控制(例如,直接多次射击、直接并置等),基于Pontryagins最大/最小原理的间接方法,基于数据的优化(例如,神经动态编程、近似动态编程、强化学习等)或其他方法,像比如值迭代、策略迭代、后向动态编程、推出算法等。这些的组合同样可以考虑的。因此,取决于所选择的方法或算法,最佳的额定值轨迹可以作为纯时间序列存在,或者额外地作为系统状态的函数存在(所谓的“反馈控制律”)。
特别符合目的的还有向外实现接口(即模型预测的调节的功能或相应的实施的计算单元的功能)。为了在当监管机构处证明以及为了控制总复合体例如规定,在中央计算单元上计算统计数据。特别地,可以提供所有可用排放值(包括二氧化碳)的最小值、最大值、平均值和中位值。这些值尤其是全局地以及散开地(aufgelöst)根据城市、城镇和高速公路路段以及根据周围环境条件来提供。
此外,可以设置输入接口,从而例如可以改变全局(或局部)优化目标。这可以全局地或局部地进行。局部地例如可以通过所谓的地理围栏(Geofencing)来确定其中适用另一优化函数或成本函数的范围。该接口例如可以选择性地由运营商、由监管机构或也经由其它算法(例如取决于天气)来使用,以便进一步优化空气质量。
在优化过程中,如前所述,也可在优化局部性关键的排放(例如,NOx、颗粒物等)时考虑其它附近车辆,以确定车辆联合的最佳可能的排放策略。在排放物是跨越地区或全局性关键的(例如温室气体)的情况下,必要时也可以由所使用的优化算法考虑远离的机动车。因此,排放优化既可以针对单个机动车也可以针对车队进行。
根据本发明的计算单元、例如机动车的控制器,尤其是在程序技术上设置用于执行根据本发明的方法。
以具有用于执行所有方法步骤的程序代码的计算机程序的形式来实施根据本发明的方法也是有利的,因为这尤其在实施用的控制器还用于其它任务并且因此本来就存在时引起的成本特别低。用于提供计算机程序的合适的数据载体尤其是磁存储器、光学存储器和电存储器,例如硬盘、闪存、EEPROM、DVD等,也可以通过计算机网络(互联网、内联网等)下载程序。
本发明的其它优点和设计方案由说明书和附图得出。
本发明借助于实施例在附图中示意性地示出并且在下面参照附图进行描述。
附图说明
图1示意性地示出了机动车,利用该机动车可执行根据本发明的方法;
图2示意性地示出了根据本发明的方法的一种优选的实施方式的流程图。
具体实施方式
在图1中示意性示出了机动车100,利用该机动车可以执行根据本发明的方法。机动车100具有内燃机120,该内燃机通过离合器130与电机140耦联。于是,通过变速器150形成到轴160上的连接。此外,废气后处理系统125连接到内燃机120上。
示例性地,内燃机120、废气后处理系统125、离合器130、电机140和变速器150形成机动车100的动力传动系110。借助于计算单元170、例如控制器能够操控动力传动系110或动力传动系的至少一些部件或组件。不言而喻,也可以为不同的组件设置不同的计算单元,这些计算单元于是尤其是彼此处于通信连接中。
此外,示例性地示出了(外部的)计算单元180,该计算单元例如可以是其他机动车的、固定的装置的或上级的系统的计算单元。在此,计算单元180和计算单元170可以优选无线地通信和交换数据。为此可以使用相应的、在这里未示出的无线电模块。不言而喻,也可以设置另外的或多个这样的外部计算单元。
在图2中示意性地示出了根据本发明的方法在一种优选的实施方式中的流程图、即模型预测的调节200。
预测水平245的选择通过预先给定固定的或可变的水平长度(基于时间和/或基于路线)来进行。尤其通过基于例如关于预测水平245的导航数据的预测获得的影响参量220被输送给动力传动系的模型210。此外,也可以考虑所述动力传动系的当前的状态参量230。
模型210示例性地可以包含通过对于发动机或内燃机的网格测量或统计试验设计(所谓的DoE)来予以参数化的特征曲线族或等效的神经网络或高斯过程模型,以用于描述发动机的原始排放、废气温度和质量流。催化器温度例如可以借助于热力学第一定律来描绘,而废气设备的转换效率又基于特征曲线族(由试验台测量来参数化)或借助于反应动力学的公式(例如阿伦尼乌斯公式)来实现。
借助于所述模型210来求取所述动力传动系的额定值轨迹250,更确切地说在所述预测水平245的范围内进行求取。这样的额定值轨迹尤其是可理解为用于动力传动系的不同调节参量的额定值。在此,在最小化作为质量标准的成本函数240的情况下求取该额定值轨迹250、因此进行优化,该成本函数包含模型210的至少一个输出。然后基于额定值轨迹250或相应的单个额定值来调整动力传动系的调节参量260。在此得出的、必要时经改变的状态参量在下面的步骤中又在求取额定值轨迹250时被考虑。
Claims (13)
1.一种用于在使用模型预测的调节(200)的情况下利用机动车(100)的动力传动系(110)的模型(210)来操控具有内燃机(120)的机动车(100)的动力传动系(110)的方法,其中在使用质量标准的情况下在预测水平(245)的范围内求取用于动力传动系(110)的调节参量(260)的额定值轨迹(250),
其中,将所述机动车(100)的和/或机动车(100)的周围环境的当前的和/或未来的状态参量(220)用作所述模型预测的调节(200)的输入参量,
其中,将包括至少一个排放值(241)或燃料消耗的成本函数(240)的最小化用作质量标准,并且
其中,所述调节参量(260)根据所求取的额定值轨迹(250)来调整。
2.根据权利要求1所描述的方法,其中,借助于预先给定所述调节参量(260)来执行至少一种处理方式,所述处理方式选自:降低所述内燃机(100)的原始排放、提高催化器效率、移动所述内燃机(100)的运行点或所述内燃机(100)与电机(140)的组合、以及选择变速器(150)的挡位。
3.根据权利要求1或2所描述的方法,其中,所述状态参量(220)从以下参量中选出:催化器效率、原始排放水平、电池的充电状态、当前和/或预计的路线引导的回收潜力、地理位置、颗粒过滤器和/或氮氧化物存储催化器的负载和/或老化、以及用于选择性催化还原的系统的填充水平和/或老化。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所描述的方法,其中,基于以下参量或值中的至少一个借助于预测来求取未来的状态参量(220):导航数据、用于检测周围环境的传感器数据、在机动车(100)与其他单元和/或机动车之间的通信、移动设备管理、当前的和/或过去的测量值和/或模型值、最可能的路线引导以及服务器服务。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所描述的方法,其中,所述动力传动系(110)的模型(210)包括以下模型中的至少一个:基于数据的模型、物理模型和现象学模型。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所描述的方法,其中,由成本函数(240)所包含的至少一个排放值(241)选自:氮氧化物、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氨和颗粒、尤其是微尘颗粒。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所描述的方法,其中,所述成本函数(240)在机动车(100)运行期间被匹配、尤其是动态地匹配。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所描述的方法,其中,所述机动车(100)的成本函数(240)从属于用于多个机动车的上级的成本函数。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所描述的方法,其中,所述成本函数(240)的最小化在硬约束条件下、在软约束条件下或通过各个排放值的加权总和的最小化来进行。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所描述的方法,其中,所述额定值轨迹(250)在线地在所述机动车(100)运行期间、尤其在所述机动车(100)中和/或在所述机动车(100)之外被求取,和/或在所述机动车(100)运行之前离线地被求取,并随后存储。
11.一种计算单元(170),其被设立用于执行根据前述权利要求中任一项所描述的方法的所有方法步骤。
12.一种计算机程序,当根据权利要求1至10中任一项所描述的方法在计算单元(170)上被实施时,该计算机程序促使计算单元(170)执行所述方法的所有方法步骤。
13.能够机读的存储介质,其具有存储在其上面的根据权利要求12所描述的计算机程序。
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