CN111133939B - Cultivation method for increasing size of waxberry fruits by using colored greenhouse film - Google Patents
Cultivation method for increasing size of waxberry fruits by using colored greenhouse film Download PDFInfo
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- CN111133939B CN111133939B CN201811305951.4A CN201811305951A CN111133939B CN 111133939 B CN111133939 B CN 111133939B CN 201811305951 A CN201811305951 A CN 201811305951A CN 111133939 B CN111133939 B CN 111133939B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0206—Canopies, i.e. devices providing a roof above the plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/10—Devices for affording protection against animals, birds or other pests
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly discloses a cultivation method for increasing the size of waxberry fruits. The method changes the light quality in the fruit growing environment by building a greenhouse covered by a bicolor light-transmitting film, and mainly comprises the following steps: (1) selecting land and building a shed: constructing a bow-shaped shed frame with the tops of two waxberry trees as a group; (2) covering a bicolor light-transmitting film: in the fruit turning white period, the top of the shed frame is covered with a bicolor light-transmitting film which is formed by arranging a blue film and a red film at intervals. Compared with the method of covering by a single colored film, the method of the invention can obviously increase the size of the waxberry fruit and improve the fruit quality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for increasing the size of waxberry fruits.
Background
Light is an important environmental factor and can influence the growth and development of crops through three aspects of light intensity, photoperiod and light quality. The light quality is one of important influence factors for the growth and development of plants, and influences the carboxylation efficiency of the plants to a certain extent, thereby influencing the carbon metabolism of the plants, such as photosynthetic fixation, carbohydrate transportation, transformation, accumulation and the like, and further influencing the content of soluble solids such as sugar, acid and the like in the plants. The light with different wavelengths has important regulation effects on crop morphogenesis, growth and development, physiological metabolism, nutritional quality and the like.
In agricultural production, except setting up artificial light source, can set up the printing opacity canopy that has the filtering effect on the crop, cover the spectrum that the natural light is seen through in the printing opacity film of chooseing for use different colours, and then change the light quality of crop growing environment. Compared with the arrangement of an artificial light source, the method can save a large amount of electric energy and has wide application prospect. Different plants or different stages of the same plant have different requirements on the light quality ratio, and at present, no report is found on the research on the influence of light-transmitting films with different colors on the quality of waxberry fruits.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a cultivation method for increasing fruit size by building a greenhouse covered by a bicolor light-transmitting film to change the light environment for the growth of waxberry fruits and adjust the fruit development environment.
The method comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting land and building a shed: constructing a bow-shaped shed frame with the tops of two waxberry trees as a group;
(2) covering a bicolor light-transmitting film: and in the fruit turning white period, covering a double-color light-transmitting film on the top of the shed frame, wherein the double-color light-transmitting film is formed by arranging a blue film and a red film at intervals.
As an optimized scheme, the shed frame is built by combining steel pipes and a scaffold, and is 6-7 m high, 7-8 m wide and 11-12 m long.
The construction of the canopy frame is not limited to the above form, and any form of canopy frame construction mode can be applied to the invention. The height, width and length of the shelf can be adjusted according to the actual growth condition of the waxberry tree.
Preferably, a white insect-proof net is arranged around the shed frame.
Preferably, the area ratio of the blue film to the red film in the two-color light-transmitting film is 1: 1.
The arrangement mode of the double-color light-transmitting film is preferably that two colors are uniformly arranged at intervals, namely, the two colors are in a blue-red-blue-red form.
The invention provides an application of a two-color light-transmitting film with a blue film and a red film arranged at intervals as a greenhouse film in the aspect of increasing the size of waxberry fruits.
Advantageous effects: the invention applies the color film light transmission technology, and by building a film shed in the fruit turning white period, finds that the size of the waxberry fruits can be obviously increased by covering blue and red two-color light transmission films which are uniformly arranged at intervals, compared with open cultivation and single-color film covering cultivation, and the method can be used as a cultivation method for directionally optimizing the quality of the waxberry fruits. The method of the invention not only can change the light quality in the fruit growing and developing environment by changing the spectrum transmitted to the waxberries, thereby increasing the fruit size, but also has the functions of shading sun, shielding rain and preventing insects. The method is easy to realize, has low cost and good economic benefit.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a color light-transmitting film booth.
Fig. 2 shows the illumination intensity in different directions in the light-transmitting booth of different colors.
FIG. 3 shows the effect of different color light-transmitting films on the photosynthesis of the waxberry tree.
FIG. 4 shows the effect of different color light-transmitting films on the water content and mineral element content of leaves of waxberry.
FIG. 5 shows the effect of different color light-transmitting films on the quality, longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of waxberry fruit.
FIG. 6 shows the effect of different color transparent films on the quality of waxberry fruit.
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a combination of two color light transmissive films in one embodiment.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The method comprises the steps of building a group of color light-transmitting film sheds formed by two waxberry trees on a hillside with a small gradient, wherein the color light-transmitting film sheds are built in a steel pipe and scaffold mode as shown in figure 1, and the shed frame is 6m high, 7-8 m wide and 11m long. The top of the shed frame is arched, and is covered with 5 colored light-transmitting films (chemical fiber material, commercially available, with thickness of about 0.08mm) of red, blue, yellow, green, white, etc., respectively, and the white insect-proof net is surrounded. The colored light-transmitting film and the white insect-proof net are simultaneously covered in the turning-to-white period of the 'Dongkui' fruit. And in the mature period of the red bayberries in 2018, 6 months and 15 days, the data such as the illumination intensity in the greenhouse, the tree photosynthesis rate and the like are measured. And 50 leaves of each shed and open field 80d are collected for measuring the water content and the macroelements of the leaves. After the fruit was ripe, 500g of fruit was collected from each shed and from open field (CK) and used for measuring the quality of the fruit. Three replicates were set for each treatment. The evaluation index is measured by a method conventional in the art.
1. Illumination intensity and leaf photosynthetic rate in different-color light-transmitting film shed
As shown in fig. 2, the illumination intensity is higher in the south and east compared in different directions; the data in different colour printing opacity membrane sheds are compared, and the illumination intensity in yellow and green printing opacity membrane sheds is higher. As shown in FIG. 3, leaf intercellular CO in white and red light-transmitting film shed2The concentration is significantly different from that of open ground CK; the net photosynthetic rate of leaves in the yellow and green light-transmitting film sheds is remarkably different from that of CK, and the net photosynthetic rate of leaves in the green light-transmitting film shed is the highest; the transpiration rate of the leaves in the yellow light-transmitting film shed is higher than CK remarkably, and the transpiration rate of the leaves in the red light-transmitting film shed is lower than CK remarkably.
2. Water content and macroelements of inner blade of light-transmitting film shed with different colors
As shown in fig. 4, the water content of the leaves in the red and green light-transmitting film sheds is remarkably higher than CK, and the water content of the leaves in the yellow and blue light-transmitting film sheds is remarkably higher than CK; the content of N in the leaves in the red light-transmitting film shed is higher than CK; the content of the P in the red and blue light-transmitting film shed is higher than CK, and the content of the P in the white and yellow light-transmitting film shed is higher than CK; the content of K in the leaves in the red and yellow light-transmitting film sheds is higher than CK, and the content of K in the leaves in the white and green light-transmitting film sheds is lower than CK.
3. Fruit quality, longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter in light-transmitting film shed with different colors
As shown in fig. 5, the fruit quality in the blue light-transmitting film shed is very significant higher than CK, and the fruit quality in the white light-transmitting film shed is very significant lower than CK; the significance of the longitudinal diameter and the transverse diameter of the fruit in the blue light-transmitting film shed is higher than CK, and the significance of the longitudinal diameter and the transverse diameter of the fruit in the white light-transmitting film shed is lower than CK.
4. Fruit quality in different color light-transmitting film shed
As shown in fig. 6, TSS content of fruits in the yellow light-transmitting film shed is significantly increased compared to CK, TSS content of fruits in the white and red light-transmitting film sheds is significantly decreased compared to CK, and TSS content of fruits in the blue and green light-transmitting film sheds is significantly decreased compared to CK. The soluble sugar content of the fruits in the yellow light-transmitting film shed is remarkably increased compared with CK, and the soluble sugar content of the fruits in the red light-transmitting film shed is remarkably increased compared with CK. The titratable acid content of the fruits in the white light-transmitting film shed is remarkably increased compared with CK, and the titratable acid content of the fruits in the red, blue and green light-transmitting film sheds is remarkably reduced compared with CK. The sugar-acid ratio of the fruits in the red and yellow light-transmitting film sheds is higher than CK, and the sugar-acid ratio of the fruits in the blue and green light-transmitting film sheds is higher than CK. The flavone content in the green light-transmitting film shed is remarkably increased compared with CK, and the flavone content in the white, red and blue light-transmitting film sheds is remarkably reduced compared with CK. The polyphenol content in the red light-transmitting film shed is remarkably increased compared with CK, and the polyphenol content in the green light-transmitting film shed is remarkably increased compared with CK.
5. Comprehensive evaluation of different color light-transmitting films
The illumination intensity (south), net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO of the leaves in the light-transmitting film shed with different colors2Concentration, transpiration rate, water content, N, P, K content, and fruit quality17 relevant properties such as quantity, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, TSS, soluble sugar, titratable acid, sugar-acid ratio, flavone and polyphenol content are subjected to data standardization, the factor analysis function of a dimensionality reduction module in SPSS 21 software is adopted, and main component analysis is carried out on 17 individualities of 6 treatments (5 color light-transmitting films + CK), and the results are shown in Table 1.5 principal components are extracted in total, the cumulative contribution rate reaches 100%, and the distribution range of the principal component characteristic values is as follows: 1.637 to 6.464. Meanwhile, a factor load matrix (table 2) of 5 principal components is obtained through calculation, the variance contribution rate of the 1 st principal component is 38.024%, and the behavior with a large load value is as follows: quality factors of the fruits such as the quality of the single fruit, the longitudinal diameter, the transverse diameter, titratable acid, the sugar-acid ratio and the like. The variance contribution rate of the 2 nd principal component is 25.707%, wherein, the traits such as net photosynthetic rate of leaves and transpiration rate have larger load values and are the photosynthetic factors of leaves. The variance contribution rate of the 3 rd principal component was 16.496%, and the properties with a large load value were TSS and soluble sugars, which were sugar factors. The variance contribution rate of the 4 th main component is 10.146%, and the character with larger load value is flavone and polyphenol content, which is a nutritional factor. The variance contribution rate of the 5 th principal component is 9.627%, and the load value of the variance contribution rate on each character is not prominent, but the variance contribution rate has the effect of increasing the information expression quantity of the comprehensive model.
TABLE 1 eigenvalues and variance contribution rates of evaluation factors for leaf character and fruit quality in a color shade shed
TABLE 2 factor load matrix of principal components on different traits
In pairs of 5 principal components and in each principal componentCalculating a principal component score model by taking the proportion of the corresponding characteristic value to the total characteristic value as a weight: fHeald＝6.464F1+4.370F2+2.804F3+1.725F4+1.637F5The composite score for each treatment is shown in table 3, and the ranking order of the different treatments is: the blue, red, green, yellow, CK and white light-transmitting films are beneficial to the growth of waxberry leaves and the improvement of fruit quality, but the influence modes of the two films are different aiming at the same evaluation index. For example, blue film coverage can significantly increase the cross diameter of fruit compared to open field cultivation for cross diameter of fruit, while red film coverage has no significant change in cross diameter of fruit.
TABLE 3 comprehensive evaluation of different color light-transmitting films
In the embodiment, factors influencing the comprehensive quality of the waxberries are divided into 5 main components by researching the influence of the light-transmitting films with different colors on the quality of the waxberries, wherein the factors mainly comprise fruit quality factors, leaf photosynthesis factors, sugar factors, nutritional factors and the like. The inventors found that light-transmitting films of different colors had different effects on 5 main components and evaluation indexes in the main components. Wherein, the comprehensive evaluation of the coverage of the blue film, the red film, the green film and the yellow film is obviously superior to the outdoor cultivation. The color light-transmitting films have different influences on the quality of the waxberry fruits by changing the spectrum of transmitted light, and the inventor further imagines that if the light-transmitting films with different colors are combined in pairs, the spectrum of the transmitted light further changes, which may have different influences on a certain main component or a certain evaluation index in the main component.
Example 2
Based on the experimental results of example 1, the present group combined blue film, red film, green film and yellow film two by two, and studied the effect of the color transparent film of the two color combinations on the quality of the waxberry fruits, such as the effect on fruit size, acidity, sugar content and nutrient elements.
Two color light-transmitting films of two color combinations were manufactured by the same manufacturer (chemical fiber material, thickness of about 0.08mm), and the two colors were uniformly arranged at intervals on the same light-transmitting film, wherein the total area ratio of the two colors was 1:1, for example, the total area ratio of the blue film to the red film on the same light-transmitting film was 1:1, and schematic diagrams of two possible embodiments thereof are shown in fig. 7. In this embodiment, the two-color light-transmitting film is formed by two colors arranged at regular intervals. The experimental procedure was as described in example 1. The influence of different color light-transmitting film combinations on fruit size, acidity, sugar factor and nutritional factor is respectively measured. Meanwhile, a treatment group (open field cultivation) without a color film shed is used as a control. The experimental results are shown below.
1. Effect of different color light-transmitting film combinations on fruit size
The inventor researches the influence of different color light-transmitting film combinations on the fruit size by measuring the single fruit quality, the longitudinal diameter and the transverse diameter. The results of the experiment were repeated three times and averaged, and the results are shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 Effect of different color clear film combinations on fruit size
Compared to the experimental results of example 1 and the treatment results of the control group, we found that the blue + red bicolor film coverage significantly increased the quality of the single fruit as well as the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the fruit. According to the experimental result of example 1, compared with the open field cultivation, the single blue film covering can obviously increase the single fruit quality (21.5g), the longitudinal diameter (32.8mm) and the transverse diameter (33.1mm), and the present example shows that the red film and the blue film are arranged at intervals to form the double-color film covering, so that the waxberry fruit is larger, the single fruit quality is obviously improved by 5.1% compared with the single blue film covering group through the square difference analysis, the other treatment groups are not obviously improved compared with the control group or the single blue film covering group, and the fruit covered by the blue + red double-color film is relatively larger.
The spectral components of the transmitted light are known to be ultraviolet (300-400 nm), blue-violet (400-510 nm), green (510-610 nm), red (610-720 nm), and near-infrared (720-1100 nm). The surmised that the spectrum ratio of visible light with the wavelength of 400-720 nm is changed or the spectrum ratio of a certain wave band is increased due to the combination of the blue film and the red film, so that a complementary or additive effect is generated, the effect of the blue film on increasing the fruit size is obviously better than that of a single colored light-transmitting film, and the specific principle and action mechanism need to be further researched.
2. Influence of different color light-transmitting film combinations on waxberry fruit acidity
Acidity is one of the main factors affecting the taste of bayberry, and is also an important index for determining the quality of fruit.
The inventors investigated the effect of different color clear film combinations on the titratable acid of myrica rubra (table 5).
TABLE 5 Effect of different color photopermeable film combinations on fruit acidity
It has been reported that pre-harvest shade can reduce titratable acid in fruits. From example 1, it is clear that the titratable acid content can be reduced to some extent by the red, yellow, blue and green monochromatic light-transmitting films compared with the films cultivated in the open. The experimental result of the double-color film covering shows that the titratable acid content of the fruits covered by the blue and green double-color films is the lowest, the difference of the titratable acid content and the single-color film covering group is obvious through the square difference analysis, and the other double-color film groups are not obviously reduced compared with the single-color film processing group or the contrast group. Sensory evaluation shows that the taste of the blue and green two-color film covering group is good, and the acidity of the fruits can be obviously reduced by processing the blue and green two-color film.
The specific principle and action mechanism need to be further researched, because the spectrum ratio of visible light with the wavelength of 400-720 nm is changed or the spectrum ratio of a certain wave band is increased after the blue film and the green film are combined, a complementary or additive effect is generated in the aspect of reducing the titratable acid content of the fruits, and the effect is better than that of a single color light-transmitting film.
3. Influence of different color light-transmitting film combinations on waxberry sugar factor
Sugar accumulation during fruit development is one of the key factors for quality development. Sucrose, glucose and fructose are the major soluble sugar components in the waxberry fruit. The inventor researches the influence of different color light-transmitting film combinations on the waxberry sugar factor by measuring the content of soluble solids (TSS) and soluble sugar. The experimental results were repeated three times and averaged.
TABLE 6 influence of different color light-transmitting film combinations on sugar factor
According to the experimental result of example 1, the TSS content (12.7%) and the soluble sugar content (10.5%) of the yellow film-covered group are obviously improved compared with the open field cultivation, however, through the two-color film covering experiment, the red + yellow two-color film covering obviously improves the TSS and the soluble sugar content of the waxberry fruit compared with the single yellow film, and through the analysis of variance, the difference is obvious. While other combinations did not have a significant increase in TSS and soluble sugar content compared to the single yellow film group. The higher sugar content is beneficial to the formation of good flavor of the waxberry fruits and the improvement of the fruit quality. Through sensory evaluation, the fruits of the red and yellow film-covered group show higher sugar degree and the best taste.
Light has a regulatory effect on carbohydrates in higher plants, Kowallik et al found that red light favors sugar synthesis (Kowallik W.blue light effects on reproduction. Annu Rev Plant Physiol, 1982). The conjecture is that the spectrum proportion of visible light with the wavelength of 400-720 nm is changed or the spectrum proportion of a certain wave band is increased due to the combination of the red film and the yellow film, and on one hand, the wave band provides more nitrogen sources with assimilable states for the synthesis of organic nitrogen-containing compounds; on the other hand, it is likely that the increase of the spectral ratio of the band improves the photosynthesis capacity of the leaves of the waxberries, thereby increasing the content of soluble carbohydrates (mainly sucrose); the regulation and control of the phytochrome on the sucrose metabolism enzyme can be induced by the light quality, the improvement of the activity of the enzyme related to the sucrose metabolism is promoted, and the photosynthetic products are more distributed to the waxberry fruits. The specific reasons and mechanisms remain to be further investigated.
4. Effect of different color light-transmitting film combinations on flavones and polyphenols
The inventor researches the influence of different color light-transmitting film combinations on two nutritional factors in the waxberry fruit by measuring the content of flavone and polyphenol. The experimental results were repeated three times and averaged.
TABLE 7 Effect of different color clear film combinations on flavones and polyphenols
As can be seen from example 1, the green film coverage increased the flavone and polyphenol content in the fruits compared to the control, while the other monochromatic films all reduced the flavone content. The results of the embodiment show that the yellow + green film covering can obviously improve the content of flavone and polyphenol substances in the fruits, and the difference is obvious compared with a single color film covering group through analysis of formula difference. The yellow and green double-color film is covered to ensure that the waxberry fruits are rich in flavone and polyphenol bioactive components and improve the nutritional efficacy of the fruits.
Photoplasm has a significant effect on the increase in the content of secondary metabolites in plants. Xibaodong et al believe that the short-band light is beneficial to accumulation of flavonoids (influence of light quality and illumination time on flavone and lactone contents in ginkgo leaves, university of Nanjing, 2006). Xulinyu considers that yellow, green and blue lights can promote accumulation of flavonoids (research on influence of photoplasm on growth of radix tetrastigme and synthesis of flavonoids, Zhejiang university of agriculture and forestry, 2018). We hypothesize that the ratio of light to mass in transmitted light for accumulating favorable flavonoids is increased due to the coverage of the yellow and green two-color films, and a complementary or additive effect is generated, so that the synthesis of the flavonoids and polyphenols in the fruits is promoted, and the specific reason is to be further analyzed.
In the above-described embodiment, the color arrangement of the two-color film is arranged at regular intervals (fig. 7 (a)), for example, yellow-green-yellow-green, and the color arrangement of the two-color film may be performed as shown in fig. 7 (B).
The color film of the invention not only can change the light quality in the fruit growing and developing environment by changing the spectrum transmitted to the waxberries, but also has the effects of shading sun, keeping off rain and preventing insects, and plays an important role in improving the quality of the waxberries.
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. A cultivation method for increasing the size of waxberry fruits is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting land and building a shed: constructing a bow-shaped shed frame with the tops of two waxberry trees as a group;
(2) covering a bicolor light-transmitting film: and in the fruit turning white period, covering a bicolor light-transmitting film on the top of the shed frame, wherein the bicolor light-transmitting film is formed by arranging a blue film and a red film at intervals.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the canopy frame is built by combining steel pipes and scaffolds, and is 6-7 m high, 7-8 m wide and 11-12 m long.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein a white insect net is wrapped around the perimeter of the canopy frame.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the area ratio of the blue film to the red film in the two-color light transmitting film is 1: 1.
5. Use of the method of claim 1 to increase the size of a waxberry fruit.
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