CN111102084B - Engine and mechanical equipment and application - Google Patents

Engine and mechanical equipment and application Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111102084B
CN111102084B CN201910626348.4A CN201910626348A CN111102084B CN 111102084 B CN111102084 B CN 111102084B CN 201910626348 A CN201910626348 A CN 201910626348A CN 111102084 B CN111102084 B CN 111102084B
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engine
speed
efficiency
ratio
power
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CN111102084A (en
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徐忠民
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Xiangyang Kangjie Feilong Machinery Manufacturing Co ltd
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Xiangyang Kangjie Feilong Machinery Manufacturing Co ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D29/00—Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto
    • F02D29/02—Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto peculiar to engines driving vehicles; peculiar to engines driving variable pitch propellers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D13/00—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing
    • F02D13/02—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing during engine operation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/0002—Controlling intake air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/0002—Controlling intake air
    • F02D2041/0022—Controlling intake air for diesel engines by throttle control
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Abstract

The invention provides an engine, a mechanical device and application, wherein the mechanical device comprises a mechanical device main body and an engine, wherein the engine is assembled on the mechanical device main body and is used for providing power for the mechanical device main body, and the rotation speed ratio of the engine in an optimal efficiency area ranges from 5 to 40, so that the high-efficiency mechanical device under different working conditions can improve the system efficiency by increasing the rotation speed range of the engine.

Description

Engine and mechanical equipment and application
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of mobile equipment, in particular to an engine, mechanical equipment and application.
Background
An internal combustion engine is a typical powered machine that is capable of directly converting thermal energy released by combustion of fuel into power.
However, mechanical devices such as automobiles, motorcycles, ships, trains, and airplanes equipped with engines have a great problem in that the efficiency of the entire automobile system is low under different working conditions. A common internal combustion engine type automobile will be described as an example.
One of the reasons for inefficiency in the automotive system is that the output of an internal combustion engine type automobile when operating at optimum efficiency is far greater than the demand for the running resistance required by the automobile, and therefore the automobile engine can only reduce the efficiency to match the running resistance.
The reserved backup power of the internal combustion engine type automobile is very high, and particularly at low speed, the load rate is very low. While both the dynamic and load carrying performance of a vehicle are possible, the actual efficiency of the vehicle engine is still very low. An automobile using gasoline as fuel is mainly characterized in that the air-fuel ratio is unchanged, and the compression ratio is reduced by reducing the air inflow so as to reduce the output power. Diesel-fueled automobiles have mainly been invariable compression ratios, and by decreasing the amount of fuel intake, increasing the air-fuel ratio to reduce the output power, all have led to a decrease in engine efficiency.
Further, the engine of the internal combustion engine type automobile has a small rotation speed range in the optimal efficiency area, the ratio of the maximum rotation speed to the minimum rotation speed is 2-3, and the output power cannot be changed efficiently by adjusting the rotation speed in a large range. The range of resistance power variation under different working conditions of the automobile is large, and the automobile engine can only reduce the efficiency and match the running resistance. Engine efficiency operating outside the optimum efficiency zone will drop significantly.
Another problem is that the overall automotive system is quite complex, increasing the system efficiency is affected by a number of factors, and increasing one factor alone affects other factors, so that the final system efficiency is not necessarily increased.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide an engine and a machine and an application, wherein the machine is capable of being moved at different speeds, the system efficiency is improved.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an engine and a machine and an application, wherein the machine is capable of operating with high system efficiency at different movement speeds.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an engine and a mechanical device and application, wherein the mechanical device is capable of ensuring power performance while operating at high system efficiency.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an engine and a mechanical device and application, wherein the system efficiency of the mechanical device is improved while the fuel cost is not a disadvantage.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an engine and mechanical device and application wherein the mechanical device is capable of reducing backup power to increase system efficiency, particularly in low speed constant speed regions.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an engine and a machine and an application, wherein the output power of the machine in the optimum efficiency state of the engine is closer to the running resistance power curve.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an engine and a mechanical device and an application, wherein the light load loss of the mechanical device can be reduced.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an engine and a mechanical device and application, wherein transmission losses of the mechanical device can be reduced.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an engine and a mechanical device and application, wherein the mechanical device is capable of operating near an optimal compression ratio and air-fuel ratio regardless of the amount of intake air such that the engine efficiency loss factor is near 1.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the first level resistance power variation of the resistance power, hundred kilometers resistance power consumption and wind resistance power of a vehicle at different speeds.
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the percent power resistance and percent change in resistance of a vehicle at different speeds.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a national fifth exhaust emission test standard.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a graph of a maximum output power of an engine and a variation in running resistance power of an automobile of a conventional automobile system.
Fig. 5 is a graphical representation of the output power of an engine and the power variation of the driving resistance of a vehicle of a high efficiency vehicle system according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram showing various data changes of the high-efficiency automobile system traveling at constant speeds at different speeds according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. The preferred embodiments in the following description are by way of example only and other obvious variations will occur to those skilled in the art. The basic principles of the invention defined in the following description may be applied to other embodiments, variations, modifications, equivalents, and other technical solutions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in the present disclosure, the terms "longitudinal," "transverse," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," etc. refer to an orientation or positional relationship based on that shown in the drawings, which is merely for convenience of description and to simplify the description, and do not indicate or imply that the apparatus or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore the above terms should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
It will be understood that the terms "a" and "an" should be interpreted as referring to "at least one" or "one or more," i.e., in one embodiment, the number of elements may be one, while in another embodiment, the number of elements may be plural, and the term "a" should not be interpreted as limiting the number.
According to one aspect of the invention, a high efficiency machine of the internal combustion engine type is designed, wherein the high efficiency machine can overcome the disadvantages of the existing internal combustion engine type machine and can work at higher efficiency under different working conditions.
The high efficiency mechanical device of the internal combustion engine type designed by the invention can be implemented as various mobile devices such as motorcycles, ships, trains, etc., and is described herein by taking a high efficiency automobile system as an example. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the high efficiency automotive system is merely one embodiment of the high efficiency machine, and is merely illustrative and the high efficiency machine of the present invention is not limited to the high efficiency automotive system.
The engine of the internal combustion engine type automobile in the market at present works in the optimal efficiency area with a small corresponding rotating speed range, and the ratio of the maximum rotating speed to the minimum rotating speed of the engine, namely the rotating speed ratio is generally 2 to 3, so that the output power can not be changed efficiently by adjusting the rotating speed in a large range. The range of resistance power variation under different working conditions of the automobile is large, so that the output power can be reduced only by reducing the efficiency of the engine.
For example, assuming that the optimal efficiency of the maximum air inflow of the conventional gasoline engine is 40%, the rotation speed range is 1000-6000 r/min, the rotation speed ratio is 6, and assuming that the corresponding rotation speed range in the optimal efficiency state of the engine is 1750-4500 r/min, the efficiency of the gasoline engine is obviously reduced outside the rotation speed range, and the gasoline engine is an irregular reverse basin-shaped efficiency curve. Except for 1 gear, the gear shifting is generally carried out at 1800-2500 r/min,1000r/min and the maximum air inflow, and the compression ratio or the air-fuel ratio cannot work in the optimal state, so the rotation speed ratio of the traditional automobile engine in the optimal efficiency state is 2-3. When the speed of the car is 10-60 km/h, the load rate is about 0.02-0.18%, the efficiency of the gasoline engine is about 14-25% under the condition of actual small air inflow, and the actual system efficiency of the car is 4-20%, which reflects the great potential of improving the system efficiency.
The present state of operation of an internal combustion engine vehicle is described here as an example, and it is notable that prior to evaluating a vehicle system, whether it be a present internal combustion engine vehicle system or a highly efficient vehicle system provided by the present invention, a method for effectively evaluating a vehicle system needs to be established. The automotive system itself is quite complex due to various complex operating conditions and states.
In the present invention, the maximum resistance power ratio of the automobile, the maximum acceleration time of the automobile at the minimum load capacity, and the state of the automobile traveling at the average speed at the level of the minimum load capacity are focused.
The maximum resistance power ratio of the automobile is very large, reflecting the huge load variation faced by the engine in the automobile system, and is an obstacle factor for evaluating the improvement of the system efficiency.
Under the horizontal uniform speed running of the minimum load capacity, the suburban mixed average speed is assumed to be 50km/h, and the suburban mixed average speed is a working condition factor for evaluating the system efficiency.
The maximum acceleration time of the automobile at the minimum load capacity is a dynamic factor of the evaluation system and reflects the maximum dynamic performance and the load capacity of the automobile.
First, a description will be given of why the maximum resistance power ratio of the automobile is an obstacle factor in evaluating the improvement in the system efficiency.
Heretofore, it has been clarified that factors affecting the efficiency of an automobile are plural, and factors other than the engine itself, such as wind resistance, running resistance power, and transmission, among which three factors are the most critical factors affecting the efficiency of an automobile, namely, the loss coefficient of the engine, the loss coefficient of the transmission, and the loss coefficient of the light load of the engine.
The driving power of the automobile refers to the power of the engine driving the wheel efficiency. The effective power of the engine refers to the actual output power transmitted from the engine crankshaft, that is, the actual output power of the engine, and also refers to the output power of the engine unless otherwise specified. The indicated power of the engine refers to the work done by the combustion of fuel per unit time on the piston. The optimal efficiency state of the engine means that the efficiency of the engine is highest in the optimal compression ratio, air-fuel ratio and optimal rotation speed range, and the effective power of the engine is the largest, namely the full effective power, at the fixed rotation speed. At the optimum efficiency of the engine, the mechanical loss power accounts for about 10-30% of the indicated power of the engine.
The system efficiency of the automobile is approximately equal to the optimal efficiency of the engine, the total loss coefficient of the automobile system is approximately equal to the actual efficiency of the engine, the transmission loss coefficient is approximately equal to the light load loss coefficient is approximately equal to the driving power of the automobile/the fuel consumption of the automobile, wherein the actual efficiency of the engine is approximately equal to the optimal efficiency of the engine, the maximum output power of the engine is approximately equal to the fuel consumption of the automobile, the optimal efficiency of the engine is approximately equal to the maximum output power of the engine, and the effective power of the engine is approximately equal to the maximum output power of the engine. In most cases, the variable volume combustion chamber engine is such that the actual efficiency of the engine is approximately equal to the optimum efficiency of the engine and the engine efficiency loss factor is approximately equal to 1.
That is, the system efficiency of the automobile is approximately equal to the optimum efficiency of the engine, the engine efficiency loss factor, the transmission loss factor, and the light load loss factor. For a fixed engine of an automobile, the best efficiency of the engine is generally fixed, and then the three most critical factors for the impact on the efficiency of the automobile system are the engine efficiency loss factor, the transmission loss factor, and the light load loss factor.
Indicated power of car = active power + mechanical loss power. At the optimum efficiency of the engine, the load ratio = resistance power/engine maximum available power, the backup power = engine maximum available output power-resistance power.
When the driving power of the automobile is equal to the driving resistance power of the automobile, the automobile runs horizontally at a constant speed. Assuming that the vehicle is traveling at a constant speed horizontally, wear in the vehicle interior, such as friction wear of a power train, the influence of light load wear of an engine on a small load, power consumption of vehicle electronics, etc., is temporarily ignored, and at this time, the engine output power is equal to the traveling resistance power. Only the influence of the rolling resistance system, the air resistance system, the frontal area on the running resistance is considered here, and the following calculation methods are used throughout assuming that the influence of the three systems is fixed.
The formula set of the running resistance power and the hundred kilometer resistance power consumption at the vehicle speed is as follows:
pz=fv→pz= (mg+ (caρ/2)/(vj2) ×v, wz=pz/v×100km, wz≡f, where Pz represents the resistive power in W; f represents resistance, and the unit is N; v represents the speed in m/s; m represents the mass of the whole vehicle, and the unit is kg; g represents gravitational acceleration, and the unit is N/kg; c represents the air resistance coefficient; a represents the windward area, and the unit is m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the ρ represents the air resistance air density coefficient in Ns 2 /m 4 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Wz represents hundred kilometer resistance power consumption in kWh.
Assuming a vehicle, for example, a target 3008, the vehicle has a total minimum mass (preparation mass) m=1540kg, a total maximum mass of 2000kg, g=9.8n/kg, a rolling resistance coefficient f=0.015, an air resistance coefficient c=0.338, a frontal area a=2.46M 2 Air resistance air density coefficient ρ= 1.2258Ns 2 /m 4 。
The running resistance power and hundred kilometer resistance power consumption of the vehicle at different speeds are shown in the following table 1-1:
v has the unit of m/s; the unit of Pz is W; wz is in kWh.
TABLE 1-1
Referring to table 1-1, the maximum and minimum vehicle speed ratios are 200/10=20, and the corresponding hundred kilometer resistance power consumption ratio is 50/6.4=7.8, which reflects the torque change ratio. The maximum drag power ratio Bz of the automobile refers to the ratio of the maximum drag power of the maximum load of the maximum automobile speed to the minimum drag power of the minimum load of the minimum automobile speed without using a clutch, bz=162, and the magnitude of the maximum drag power ratio of the automobile is determined by the automobile speed and the load, wherein the automobile is mainly influenced by the automobile speed, the truck is also influenced by the load, and the maximum drag power ratio of the truck is smaller than the automobile.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2 described above, the rolling resistance power and the vehicle speed are linear, and the wind resistance power is nonlinear due to the vehicle speed. The resistance power variation range of the automobile is very large, and the output power and the load cannot be strictly matched even through the rotation speed variation.
One objective problem that can be observed in existing automotive systems is that the maximum drag power ratio is very large. The maximum drag power ratio Bz reflects a large load change of the automobile system, which is an obstacle factor for evaluating the improvement of the system efficiency. The greater the variation in the maximum resistance power ratio Bz, the greater the impediment to the improvement in the efficiency of the vehicle system, because the vehicle system needs to reduce the output power by reducing the efficiency so that the output power and the running resistance power of the vehicle match.
The system efficiency of an automotive system is hampered by a number of factors, and by a single approach and factors within the engine system, the output power and load of the engine at optimum efficiency conditions cannot be closely matched.
The intuitive way to reduce the maximum drag power of the vehicle is to increase the minimum vehicle speed, reduce the maximum speed, reduce the body weight and in particular: and the wind resistance coefficient is reduced. The resistance power consumption of hundred kilometers reflects the higher the power consumed at higher vehicle speeds, and the resistance power consumption of hundred kilometers is proportional to the resistance.
Next, for selecting the vehicle to run at a horizontal constant speed with the minimum load capacity, it is assumed that the suburban mixed average vehicle speed is 50km/h, which is a working condition factor for evaluating the system efficiency, and selecting the maximum acceleration time of the vehicle with the minimum load capacity, which is a dynamic factor for evaluating the system, the following description will be made.
The automobile mainly selects a reference vehicle speed under urban road conditions in order to facilitate comparison of system efficiency.
The test standards according to the national fifth exhaust emission are shown in fig. 3 below.
The urban road junction is a mixture of suburbs and urban areas, the suburb average speed of the car is assumed to be 75km/h (50-100 km/h), the suburb average speed of the car is 1/3, the urban average speed of the car is 35km/h (20-50 km/h), the urban road junction is 2/3, the suburb and urban mixed speed is calculated to be (75 km/h+35km/h 2)/3 approximately 48km/h, and therefore the suburb mixed speed is assumed to be 50km/h under urban road conditions.
Further, automobiles have various complex operating conditions, and one operating condition needs to be selected as a cut-in point for efficiency analysis.
The automobile consists of four driving states of acceleration, uniform speed, deceleration and idle speed idling. The constant-speed running state can be divided into heavy load, light load, high speed, low speed and idle running, and the maximum legal speed, common main working conditions, unusual special working conditions and the like. The road friction resistance, wind speed and direction and the like influence the working condition of the automobile. The operating conditions of the automobile are very complex.
The maximum legal speed refers to the highest running speed of the expressway of the car of 120km/h and the speed of the truck of 90km/h, which are the speed limit factors of the high-efficiency automobile system, and are used for selecting the variable-volume combustion chamber to work in an economic area or a power area. The common working condition of the automobile refers to the change of constant speed less than or equal to the maximum regulated speed, nominal load capacity and small acceleration. Unusual conditions mean greater than maximum legal vehicle speed, overload, large acceleration, etc.
The driving power of the automobile is equal to the driving resistance power of the automobile, so that the automobile can run horizontally at a constant speed. The driving power of the automobile is larger than the driving resistance power of the automobile, so that the automobile can run in a horizontal acceleration mode. The driving power of the automobile is smaller than the driving resistance power of the automobile, so that the automobile horizontally decelerates and runs. The driving power of the automobile is always equal to zero, the engine idles at idle speed, and the automobile is stationary. The driving power of the automobile refers to the power consumed by the engine output to drive wheels to rotate through a transmission system so as to overcome the driving resistance and push the automobile to run.
At a fixed speed, the resistance power of the car from the minimum load capacity to the maximum load capacity is not changed greatly, so that the horizontal uniform speed running of the minimum load capacity of the car is the most basic running method, and is a data set for comparing the selected efficiency, wherein the speed of 50km/h is a comparison point before and after the improvement of the system efficiency scheme, and is a working condition factor for evaluating the system efficiency. For the truck, at a fixed speed, the resistance power of the truck from empty to full varies greatly, and 2 efficiency comparison data sets of empty and full can be considered, but the actual average cargo state of the truck is difficult to evaluate, and the efficiency improvement is difficult to compare before and after the scheme improvement.
The automobile is fixed with a gear under a fixed speed, the load capacity is gradually increased from the minimum load capacity to the maximum load capacity, the acceleration is gradually increased from the uniform speed to the maximum acceleration, the automobile continuously ascends a slope, the backup power of the engine is reduced, the load rate is increased, the load is increased, the efficiency of the engine is gradually increased, and the dynamic property and the load capacity of the automobile are reflected. Further, at maximum acceleration, the efficiency of the engine is highest except that the gasoline engine adopts turbo charging, so that the acceleration time of a traditional automobile and the acceleration time of a high-efficiency automobile are compared, and the engine efficiency is a fixed value. Therefore, the maximum acceleration can be used for evaluating the dynamic factor of the system and reflecting the maximum dynamic performance and the loading capacity of the automobile. The factors such as road friction resistance, wind speed and direction influence, load capacity change, gradient change and the like can be regarded as dynamic change factors under the fixed vehicle speed.
By means of the method, analysis on complex working conditions of the automobile can be focused on two key indexes of system efficiency and maximum acceleration time under the horizontal uniform-speed running state under different speeds.
The automobile speed reduction running is divided into 3 types, namely braking speed reduction which consumes kinetic energy, sliding speed reduction with the help of kinetic energy and oil supply speed reduction which provides power, wherein the oil supply speed reduction and the oil supply downhill running under fixed speed have smaller occurrence probability, the efficiency of an engine is lower than that of a uniform speed, and the engine needs to be avoided when the traditional automobile is driven. By the above analysis, an evaluation model of the system efficiency can be established, so that the vehicle system can be effectively evaluated under the model.
Further, the foregoing mentions that the vehicle system efficiency is approximately equal to the optimum efficiency of the engine, the engine efficiency loss factor, the transmission loss factor, and the light load loss factor, wherein the engine efficiency loss factor, the transmission loss factor, and the light load loss factor are the most critical three factors affecting the vehicle system efficiency.
The effect of transmission loss and engine light load loss on an automobile system is analyzed specifically, as follows:
first, analysis of transmission losses:
the efficiency of the drive train in the automobile system is mainly determined by a transmission, the loss coefficient of the transmission is directly related to the speed ratio of gears, and meanwhile, a complex processing mechanism is arranged in the automatic gear transmission, so that the loss is larger than that of a manual gear. The car is generally a 4-10 speed transmission, and the truck is generally a 5-16 speed transmission. For ease of analysis, it is assumed that conventional cars employ automatic transmissions and trucks employ manual transmissions. The loss coefficient of the lowest to highest gear of the 6AT automatic transmission is assumed to be 0.88 to 0.96,6 and the loss coefficient of the lowest to highest gear of the manual transmission is assumed to be 0.92 to 0.98.
Assume that the relationship between the 6AT automatic transmission gear position and the loss factor is the following data table (1-5):
6AT gear 1 2 3 4 5 6
Speed ratio 4.148 2.37 1.556 1.155 0.859 0.686
Transmission loss factor 0.88 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96
Tables 1 to 5
It can be seen by referring to tables 1-5 that increasing gear can increase transmission loss factor to some extent.
Second, analysis of light load loss factor:
there are three main categories of mechanical losses in engine systems. The first type is related to output torque or effective power, namely torque loss, such as that the piston is close to the upper dead center, the larger the gas compression pressure is, the larger the combustion chamber is, and the larger the friction force is; the second category relates to the rotational speed of the engine, called its rotational speed loss, such as hydrodynamic lubrication friction loss of the piston, the greater the rotational speed, the greater the loss; the third category is the power loss of engine accessories, such as auxiliary machinery, e.g., water pumps, fans, oil pumps, etc., which can be seen as primarily torque loss. In addition, friction loss of a mechanism composed of a crank, a connecting rod and a bearing, and the like. Both of them are combined.
For ease of analysis, assuming that torque loss is proportional to output torque, rotational speed loss is proportional to rotational speed, if the available power or output torque is 0, then the torque loss is approximately 0. It is assumed that the mechanical loss of the gasoline engine accounts for 10.7% of the indicated power, and accounts for 12% of the effective power, wherein the full load torque loss is 8% and the full load rotating speed loss is 4%. When the effective power is reduced at a fixed rotating speed, the light load torque loss and the effective power are basically reduced in the same proportion, the actual efficiency value of the engine is not influenced, the light load rotating speed loss and the effective power are in an inverse proportion direction, the actual efficiency value of the engine is influenced, the light load rotating speed loss is a light load loss influence quantity indirectly derived from the mechanical loss, and the light load torque loss and the effective power comprise the light load loss power and a light load loss coefficient.
When the output power of the engine is smaller than the maximum effective power, the higher the rotating speed is, the larger the light load loss influence is, the smaller the resistance power is, the larger the light load loss influence is, the effective power or the resistance power is zero, and the light load loss influence is the maximum.
When the traditional automobile runs at a low speed, the rotating speed range is small, the resistance power is small, the rotating speed cannot be greatly reduced, the light load loss coefficient is small, and the system efficiency is directly reduced. As is diesel engines. Conversely, if the rotation speed ratio is increased, the rotation speed is decreased, and the system efficiency is improved.
For example, assuming that the gasoline engine has a rotation speed range of 1750-3500 r/min, a maximum effective power of 60kW when the rotation speed is 3500r/min, a full load torque loss of 4.8kW, a full load rotation speed loss of 2.4kW, a maximum effective power of 30kW when the rotation speed is 1750r/min, a full load torque loss of 2.4kW, and a full load rotation speed loss of 1.2kW at an optimal efficiency of 40%, the efficiency of the engine is not related to the light load loss.
For example, a car with a mass of 1.54 tons, a speed of 20km/h, a drag power of only 1.35kW. If the effective power is 0 at 1750r/min, the light load loss power of the gasoline engine is 1.2kW, and the idle state can be understood as neutral idle state. If the effective power is less than 30kW, the light load loss effect exists. If the resistance power is 30kW, the light load loss power= (1-30/30) ×30×4% =0, the light load loss coefficient=1.35/(0+1.35) =100%, and no light load loss influence exists. The resistance power is 1.35kW, the light load loss power= (1-1.35/30) ×30×4% =1.15 kW, and the light load loss coefficient=1.35/(1.15+1.35) =54%.
The traditional method is to use a smaller displacement engine to reduce the maximum effective power at a fixed rotating speed, so that the influence of light load loss is reduced. Another method is to reduce the rotation speed, if the minimum rotation speed is reduced to 500r/min, the light load loss power= (1-1.35/(30×500/1750))×30×500/1750×4% = 0.29kW, the light load loss coefficient=1.35/(0.29+1.35) =82%, and the light load loss influence is greatly reduced.
It can be concluded that the system efficiency of the vehicle is significantly reduced in the low-speed driving range, as affected by light load losses. The system efficiency is improved, and from the aspect of reducing the influence of light load loss, the reduction of the rotating speed of the engine is important, which is also the reason that some marine diesel engines adopt the rotating speed of 106 r/min.
Vehicle speed = engine speed/(final reduction ratio speed ratio) wheel diameter pi 60/1000. The vehicle speed ratio refers to a ratio between a maximum vehicle speed and a minimum vehicle speed without using a clutch.
The engine speed ratio refers to the ratio between the highest rotational speed and the lowest rotational speed in a steady operation state of the engine. Transmission speed refers to transmission output speed.
The transmission speed ratio (gear ratio) refers to a ratio between the engine output speed and the transmission output speed without using a clutch, and in a stepped transmission, may also be referred to as a gear speed ratio.
The total speed ratio refers to the ratio between the highest and lowest rotational speeds of the transmission output at a given engine speed, and may also refer to the ratio between the lowest and highest speed ratios of the transmission.
The final reduction ratio refers to the ratio between the transmission output speed and the wheel speed, and is a fixed value.
Further, the relationship between the vehicle speed and the engine speed is vehicle speed ≡transmission speed=engine speed/transmission speed ratio (speed ratio).
In a conventional sedan, engine speed ratio =total speed ratio =vehicle speed ratio ∈ transmission speed ratio, and a small speed range of the engine increases the transmission speed range by a change in the transmission speed ratio, corresponding to the vehicle speed range.
The present invention provides a high efficiency vehicle system, wherein the high efficiency vehicle system increases the rotation speed range of the engine compared with the conventional vehicle, and by reducing the rotation speed of the engine and ensuring that the engine works at the optimal efficiency during low speed and uniform speed running, the corresponding maximum power is reduced, and the backup power=the maximum effective output power-resistance power of the engine is reduced.
And secondly, in the high-efficiency automobile system, the starting speed ratio is equal to the total speed ratio which is equal to the speed ratio, the output power and the reserve power of the engine can be adjusted by the redundant speed ratio of the transmission, the redundant speed ratio comprises the speed ratio for reducing the constant-speed reserve power in medium-low speed running and the speed ratio for increasing the accelerating power in low-speed running, so that the maximum output power of the engine at the constant-speed is closer to a running resistance power curve, and the requirements of power performance and the like are met.
And secondly, the high-efficiency automobile system is in an intermediate gear when started at a low speed and is used for reducing the rotating speed and the backup power. The highest acceleration of the high-efficiency automobile is started at the lowest gear, and the highest acceleration is used for improving the rotating speed and increasing the output power. In the running process of the high-efficiency automobile system, the gear can be randomly switched according to the torque in the rotating speed range. When the high-efficiency automobile system accelerates or the load capacity is increased, the gear is reduced and the output power is increased when the maximum output power is exceeded. When the high-efficiency automobile system runs at a constant speed, redundant gears which can be raised are arranged, and the standby power can be reduced by raising the gears.
Secondly, the high efficiency automobile system increases the minimum starting speed and decreases the maximum speed, so that the speed ratio is reduced, and the dependence on the increase of the engine speed ratio or the total speed ratio is reduced.
A conventional automotive system scheme a is as follows:
a car adopts a 6AT transmission, the total speed ratio is 6.05, the load capacity is 1.54-2 tons, and the maximum output power of the engine is 100kW when 6000 r/min. The rotation speed range of the optimal efficiency area is 1750-3500 r/min, the rotation speed is 1000-6000 r/min, the corresponding vehicle speed is 5.5-200 km/h, the rotation speed ratio of the engine is equal to the total speed ratio=the vehicle speed ratio, the rotation speed ratio of the transmission is equal to 36.3, when the vehicle speed is smaller than 100km/h, the backup power is large, and the efficiency of the whole automobile system is lower. Under the maximum air inflow of the traditional system, the engine efficiency is 15% at 1000r/min
6000r/min is 35%, 1750-3500 r/min is 40%.
Here, the magnitude of the intake air amount is measured by the ratio of the actual intake air amount to the cylinder volume of the engine, and the index of the efficiency decrease when the intake air amount is assumed to decrease is shown in the following table 2-1:
intake air amount 1 0.5 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
Conventional actual efficiency 0.4 0.31 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.2 0.16 0.1
TABLE 2-1
When the traditional automobile system runs at a constant speed, various data are shown in the following table 2-2:
TABLE 2-2
Transmission gear shifting is considered herein to be the reflection of optimal conditions at the vehicle speed point and covers the effects of transmission losses and light load losses on the system efficiency of the vehicle.
In the data sheet (2-2), the speed of the vehicle is 50km/h, the backup power is 31kW, and the load factor is 13%; the optimal efficiency of the engine is 40%, the actual efficiency is 23%, the light load loss coefficient is 0.78, the transmission loss coefficient is 0.96, and the system efficiency of the car is 17%. The speed of the vehicle is 10km/h, the backup power is 34kW, and the load factor is 2%; the optimal efficiency of the engine is 40%, the actual efficiency is 14%, the light load loss coefficient is 0.32, the transmission loss coefficient is 0.88, and the efficiency of the car system is only 4%. Because the resistance power of the automobile is small in a low-speed driving area, if the rotation speed of the engine cannot be reduced by the automobile system, the lower the speed of the automobile is, the smaller the resistance power is, and the larger the influence of light load loss on the efficiency of the automobile system is.
An aspect of the high efficiency automotive system according to the present invention:
only the speed ratio of the 6AT transmission is adopted, the total speed ratio is 6.05, the load capacity is 1.54-2 tons, and the maximum output power of the gasoline engine is 100kW when the load capacity is 5000 r/min. The rotation speed ratio is increased to 10, the rotation speed range of the optimal efficiency area is 500-5000 r/min, the corresponding vehicle speed range is 10-200 km/h, the total speed ratio of the engine is equal to the rotation speed ratio of the transmission, namely 60.5 is equal to 20, and the maximum rotation speed is equal to or less than 6000r/min during maximum acceleration.
Under the maximum air inflow of the high-efficiency automobile system, the efficiency is 40% at 500-3500 r/min, 38% at 5000r/min and 35% at 6000r/min.
The data table (3-1) and FIG. 5 of the high-efficiency automobile system running at uniform speed under different speeds are as follows:
TABLE 3-1
As can be easily seen from comparison of fig. 4 and fig. 5, the maximum output power of the engine of the high-efficiency automobile system provided by the invention is closer to the running resistance power curve of the automobile.
In the high-efficiency automobile system of the present invention, the backup power is greatly reduced, the engine efficiency loss coefficient is improved, and the transmission loss coefficient and the light load loss coefficient are also remarkably improved, compared with the table (2-2) and the table (3-1), so that the system efficiency can be improved.
Table (2-2) compared with (3-1), the system efficiency of the high-efficiency automobile system is greatly improved at the speed of 10-60 km/h, and the average value is improved from 10% to 21% of the traditional automobile. Compared with the suburban mixed average speed of 50km/h, the fuel consumption ratio of the vehicle running at a constant speed of hundred kilometers is 6/4.1=1.5 times, and the high-efficiency automobile system provided by the invention can greatly improve the system efficiency of the automobile at different constant speeds.
At a vehicle speed of 10-60 km/h, the vibration is slightly increased at a low engine output because the rotational speed is close to 500 r/min. The rotating speed of 10-20 km/h can be reduced to be close to 250r/min, but the oil consumption is greatly reduced. For example, in Table (3-2), if the rotation speed of the vehicle at a speed of 10km/h is reduced to 250r/min, the vibration feeling is not significantly increased since the engine output is only 0.91 kW. However, from the aspect of the system efficiency of the automobile, when the automobile speed is 10-30 km/h, the total loss coefficient of the automobile is less than 57 percent, and the motor can be used for driving, so that the system efficiency of the automobile is improved.
In table (3-2), the total speed ratio is 2.37/1.156, the total engine speed ratio is 5000/513, and the total speed ratio=total engine speed ratio=2.37/1.156×5000/513=20 at a vehicle speed of 10 to 200 km/h. The gear position during slow start is 2 gears, the speed can be directly changed into 4 gears without 3 gears when the vehicle speed is accelerated to 20km/h, and the speed is 30-100 km/h, and 5-6 gears are adopted, so that the rotating speed of the engine is as close to 500r/min as possible, the rotating speed of the engine is reduced, and the residual backup power is pressed again. The gear used up to 200km/h is no longer the traditional highest 6 th gear, but 4 th gear, in order to increase the rotational speed of the engine and the output power.
The maximum output power of the high-efficiency automobile system is closer to a resistance power curve, the backup power is reduced, the load rate is improved, and the efficiency of an engine is improved.
Notably, transmission gear shifting is considered herein as a reflection of optimal conditions at the vehicle speed point and covers the effects of transmission losses and light load losses on the system efficiency of the vehicle.
The data table (4-1) of the traditional car acceleration time-maximum acceleration running is as follows:
the vehicle speed unit is km/h, the engine speed is r/min, the unit of the maximum power and the resistance power is kW, and the maximum acceleration is m/s 2 The unit of acceleration time is s.
Vehicle speed 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Gear position 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1
Engine with a motorRotational speed 4876 4388 5444 4763 4083 5182 4146 5442 3628 1814
Speed ratio 1.115 1.115 1.556 1.556 1.556 2.37 2.37 4.15 4.15 4.15
Maximum efficiency 0.38 0.4 0.36 0.39 0.4 0.38 0.4 0.36 0.4 0.4
Maximum power 88 84 93 88 78 94 79 93 69 35
Resistance power 17.3 13.7 10.7 8.2 6.1 4.5 3.2 2.2 1.3 0.6
Maximum acceleration 1.7 1.8 2.4 2.7 2.8 4.2 4.4 7.1 7.9 7.9
Acceleration time 1.67 1.53 1.15 1.04 1.00 0.67 0.63 0.39 0.35 0.35
TABLE 4-1
The data of the high-efficiency automobile system running at the uniform speed under different speeds are shown in the following table 4-2:
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TABLE 4-2
Comparing tables 4-1 and 4-2, the traditional car has 8.8 seconds of acceleration time, the acceleration is regulated by 1-4 gears, the hundred kilometers of the high-efficiency car system has 9.3 seconds of acceleration time, and the acceleration is regulated by 1-2 gears, so that the dynamic performance of the two is basically not different.
Similarly, under different working conditions, the method of the truck with the diesel engine and the car with the gasoline engine is basically the same.
In the low-speed driving region, the vibration sense generated by the low-speed engine is determined by the light load loss power, the driving resistance power and the rotating speed, so that the cost of the low-frequency low-power damping system is increased.
In a low-speed driving area and under the maximum acceleration, the vibration of the engine of the high-efficiency automobile system is basically not different from that of the traditional automobile system, and the rotating speed and the maximum output power of the engine are improved to the level of the traditional engine by reducing the gear of the transmission. As with the table (4-1) of the conventional automobile system, the engine speed of 10km/h is 1814r/min and the maximum output power is 35kW, and in the related data table (4-2) of the high-efficiency automobile system, the engine speed of 20km/h is 1794r/min and the maximum power is 38kW.
Further, in the conventional automobile system, the air conditioner and the compressor are rotated at the speed determined by the speed of the engine, the efficiency is very low, and the ratio of the power consumed by the air conditioner to the resistance power of the vehicle speed of 50km/h is large. In the high-efficiency automobile system of the invention, after the rotation speed ratio of the engine is increased, the rated rotation speed range of auxiliary power consumption equipment of the automobile such as a generator, an air conditioner compressor and the like is increased, and the average efficiency is continuously reduced. Preferably, the high-efficiency automobile system adopts a low-power controllable stepless speed changer to output a relatively fixed rotating speed to drive a generator and also can output a variable rotating speed to drive a compressor, the rotating speed of the compressor is determined by heat needing to be converted, and the influence of the generator, an air conditioner compressor and the like on the efficiency of the automobile system is greatly reduced.
Further, it is also possible to employ an engine with a variable combustion chamber volume while increasing the engine speed range so that the engine can be operated at or near the optimum air-fuel ratio and the optimum compression ratio.
Specifically, in the data table (2-2) described above, the vehicle speed is 10km/h, the backup power is 34kW, the load factor is 2%, the load factor is adjusted to 100% assuming that the rotation speed ratio is 2, the backup power is zero, and the variation range of the volume of the combustion chamber is 1/50 to 1, except for a large engine, the conventional vehicle-mounted engine is not realistic, so that the output power of the engine cannot be matched with the resistance power by adjusting the variable volume combustion chamber engine alone.
The compression ratio of the variable compression ratio engine is 1-8 to 1-14, the volume variation of the combustion chamber is less than 2 times, the exhaust positive pressure is discharged, and the volume variation of the variable volume combustion chamber engine is far greater than that of the variable compression ratio engine so as to enable the output power and the resistance power of the engine to be matched. And (3) injection: the maximum volume of the combustion chamber is the maximum intake air amount/the minimum compression ratio, which is used to adjust the characteristics of different fuels.
After the method of increasing the engine speed range and adjusting the backup power is adopted, the mode of attenuating the engine output power can be combined, so that the output power is greatly reduced under the optimal efficiency of the engine when the engine runs at a low speed and uniform speed, the requirements of reducing the engine power are further reduced by reducing the volume of the combustion chamber, and the design difficulty of the minimum combustion chamber is greatly reduced.
For example, by adopting a method of increasing the engine speed range to adjust the backup power, the speed ratio is increased to 10-20, so that the output power of the engine is reduced by 5 times when the automobile runs at a low speed, the volume change range of the combustion chamber is about 1/10-1, and the volume of the minimum combustion chamber is 1/10, so that the design difficulty of the combustion chamber is greatly reduced.
The mechanical equipment consisting of the variable volume combustion chamber engine, the method for adjusting the backup power by increasing the engine rotating speed range and the mode for attenuating the engine output power can embody the advantage that the traditional Atkinson and Miller cycle engine has higher efficiency than the Otto cycle engine, and avoid the defects of the traditional Atkinson and Miller cycle engine: the external electronic booster is required to increase the compression ratio during low-speed running, so that a low-speed running, small load and high-efficiency output mode cannot be realized, and the power density of the cylinder cannot be increased when the dynamic property and the large load are required. The turbocharger utilizing tail gas kinetic energy of the traditional Otto cycle engine is replaced, and the 3-connecting rod structure of the Atkinson cycle engine is replaced.
The mechanical equipment, no matter the size of the air inflow, enables the engine to work in the optimal efficiency state by adjusting the volume of the combustion chamber, and the efficiency loss coefficient of the engine is close to 1. In a low-speed driving area, the rotation speed ratio is increased, the rotation speed is reduced, and the light load loss of the engine is reduced. By increasing the transmission gear, transmission losses are reduced.
Under the common working condition of the automobile, the engine works in an economic area with normal-pressure exhaust of tail gas. Under the unusual working condition, make the engine work in the power district that the positive pressure of tail gas discharged that power density is big.
By reducing the gear of the transmission, increasing the rotating speed and increasing the volume of the combustion chamber, the output power of the engine is released by adopting a mode of attenuating the output power of the engine, and the output power of the engine is increased together, so that the requirements of power performance and load capacity are met. Finally, the system efficiency of the automobile is greatly improved under different working conditions.
Note that: critical value Lj of intake air amount: and selecting a ratio of the actual air inflow to the maximum air inflow, and after combustion in an optimal state, discharging the tail gas of the engine at normal pressure, wherein the ratio is the critical power of the engine. The maximum intake air amount of the variable combustion chamber is set to 1 (refer to intake air amount=maximum cylinder volume, intake air amount relative value is 1), the critical intake air amount is set to Lj, the maximum volume of the variable combustion chamber is set to 1, and the critical volume is also set to Lj.
Variable volume ratio Bt of combustion chamber: the ratio between the maximum volume and the minimum volume of the variable combustion chamber is set to 1 for the maximum intake air amount and 1/Bt for the minimum intake air amount.
Volume change range (change amount) of the combustion chamber: the range from the maximum volume to the minimum volume of the variable combustion chamber is that the air inflow and the volume of the combustion chamber are basically corresponding under the condition that the optimal compression ratio and the air-fuel ratio are fixed, the maximum volume is set to be 1, and the volume change range of the combustion chamber is 1-1/Bt.
Variable volume ratio Btd of the dynamic region of the combustion chamber: the ratio between the maximum volume and the critical volume of the variable combustion chamber is set to 1, btd=1/Lj. The dynamic area combustion chamber volume variation range is 1-Lj.
Variable volume ratio Btj of the combustor economy zone: the ratio between the critical volume and the minimum volume of the variable combustion chamber is set to 1/Bt with Btj =bt. The volume change range of the combustion chamber in the economical area is Lj-1/Bt.
The threshold value Lj of the intake air amount of the engine is about 0.37 to 0.3, and the corresponding volume change amount is about 2.7 to 3.3 times. This threshold is mainly related to the compression ratio, and the greater the compression ratio, the greater the threshold, and also related to the air-fuel ratio, intake air temperature, atmospheric pressure, heat radiation coefficient, mechanical loss coefficient, fuel calorific value, and the like.
When the air inflow is Lj-1, the tail gas is discharged in positive pressure, the optimal efficiency of the engine is finally reduced to the level of the traditional engine, but the power density of the engine is improved, and the dynamic region is used for unusual working conditions such as large acceleration, overload, ultra-high-speed running and the like.
When the air inflow is Lj-1/Bt, the tail gas is discharged at normal pressure, the efficiency of the engine is basically consistent, the efficiency of the engine is higher than that of the traditional engine, the engine is in an optimal efficiency state, the economical efficiency of the automobile is increased, and the economical efficiency area is used for the working conditions of main common constant-speed driving range, small acceleration, common load capacity change, common regulation speed and the like.
In order to ensure that the tail gas of the engine is discharged at normal pressure, the variable volume ratio Bt of the combustion chamber can be selected to be between Lj and 15 in an automobile system, namely the volume change range of the combustion chamber can be between 1/(Lj) and 1/15 and 1, the larger the change quantity is, the larger the change of the output power of the engine is, but the lower the precision is, the efficiency is gradually reduced slightly, and the design difficulty is also higher.
For example, assuming that the compression ratio of the gasoline engine is 10, the threshold value lj=0.33 of the intake air amount, the variable volume ratio bt=12 of the combustion chamber, the intake air amount is 1, the compression ratio and the air-fuel ratio are in an optimal state, the exhaust gas is discharged at positive pressure, the optimal efficiency of the engine is 40%, and the compression ratio and the air-fuel ratio are in an optimal state, the exhaust gas is discharged at normal pressure, and the optimal efficiency of the engine is 60%.
The volume change amount of the dynamic region is 1-0.33, the variable volume ratio Btd=1/0.33=3, the efficiency of the engine in the dynamic region is 40-60%, and the optimal efficiency of the engine finally falls to the level of the traditional engine. The volume change amount of the economical region is 0.33-1/12, the variable volume ratio Btj =12×0.33=4 of the economical region, the efficiency of the engine in the economical region is basically kept at 60%, and the efficiency of the engine is higher than that of the traditional engine. In the actual process, btj is 1 to 5 or Bt is Lj to 15, which is better. The Btj value must not be too great, otherwise the design difficulty of the smallest combustion chamber is great and the efficiency of the engine is somewhat reduced.
In the mechanical equipment consisting of the method for adjusting the backup power by increasing the engine speed range and the mode for attenuating the engine output power and adopting the variable volume combustion chamber engine, the engine can always work in an economical area and in an optimal state by 3 methods, the output power of the engine is matched with the resistance power of a common working condition, and a formula capable of preliminarily calculating and intuitively selecting parameters in 3 methods is found to be very important.
When the engine works in the optimal state, the rotating speed of the engine is basically in direct proportion to the output power, so that the rotating speed ratio is consistent with the corresponding output power ratio; in a conventional automobile, the engine speed ratio is equal to the total speed ratio=the vehicle speed ratio, the transmission speed ratio is equal to the total speed ratio, the small speed range of the engine increases the speed range of the transmission through the change of the speed ratio of the transmission, the corresponding speed range is corresponding to the speed range, after the method of increasing the engine speed range to adjust the backup power is adopted, the speed ratio range is increased, when the engine speed ratio is equal to the total speed ratio > the vehicle speed ratio, the surplus speed ratio of the transmission can be used for adjusting the output power and the backup power of the engine, and when the speed ratio is changed, the speed ratio is actually changed, and the surplus speed ratio can be regarded as the output power ratio.
When the engine works in the optimal state, the change of the air inflow is in direct proportion to the output of the engine, so the variable volume ratio of the combustion chamber in the economical area can be basically regarded as the output power ratio, when the engine works in the dynamic area, the tail gas emission is from positive pressure to normal pressure, the efficiency change of the engine in the optimal state is very large, so the variable volume ratio of the combustion chamber in the dynamic area can be divided by the efficiency ratio of the variable volume ratio and the variable volume ratio, and can also be regarded as the output power ratio; the engine output power attenuation coefficient is to reduce the engine output power by spacing oil inlet, stopping oil inlet cylinder number and using the combination mode of big and small cylinders, and is also basically proportional to the engine output power ratio.
Under the condition that the automobile runs horizontally at a constant speed, the driving power of the automobile=running resistance power, the driving power of the automobile=the effective power of an engine (the actual output power of the engine) ×a light load loss coefficient×a transmission loss coefficient=the fuel consumption of the automobile;
only the relation between the engine efficiency and each parameter is analyzed, so that the influence of the light load loss coefficient and the transmission loss coefficient is not considered; a relationship between the running resistance power ratio in the vehicle system and the respective power ratios and efficiency ratios is established.
Therefore, a method for estimating main parameters in the mechanical equipment is obtained, and a relation formula set of the resistance power ratio of the maximum regulated speed and the mechanical equipment is:
specifically, firstly, the invention provides a simple method for intuitively estimating main parameters in a high-efficiency automobile system, which comprises the following steps:
bf=pzmax/Pfmin, if Bf > Bbj Bn Btj Bs, then bηj > 1; if Bf is less than or equal to Bbj Bn Btj Bs, then bηj is approximately equal to 1 and bt= Btj Btd.
Bf is the maximum drag power ratio of the maximum legal vehicle speed, pfmax is the drag power of the maximum load of the maximum legal vehicle speed, pfmin is the drag power of the minimum load of the minimum vehicle speed, Bηj is the best economy zone to minimum system efficiency ratio, Bη is the best to minimum system efficiency ratio, bbj is the gear ratio to reduce the backup power, bn is the highest to minimum speed ratio, btj is the economy zone combustion chamber variable volume ratio, bs is the engine output power attenuation coefficient, bt is the combustion chamber variable volume ratio, btd is the dynamic zone combustion chamber variable volume ratio.
Notably, bf refers to the maximum resistance power ratio of the maximum legal vehicle speed, and refers to the ratio of the maximum resistance power Pfmax of the maximum load amount of the maximum legal vehicle speed to the minimum resistance power Pfmin of the minimum load amount of the minimum vehicle speed without using a clutch.
The maximum resistance power ratio Bf of the maximum regulated speed is used for replacing the maximum resistance power ratio Bz of the automobile, so that the economic zone can be used for the working conditions of main common constant-speed driving range, small acceleration, common load capacity change, common regulated speed and the like. Bηj≡1: refers to the engine operating at the best efficiency state in the economy area; bηj > 1: meaning that the engine cannot operate in an optimal efficiency state in the economy area. The only way in which the vehicle system is designed is to match the driving resistance power in a manner that reduces the system efficiency, which is characteristic of conventional vehicle systems. However, the influence of the light load loss coefficient, the transmission loss coefficient and the like is not considered in the set of formulas, and the above-mentioned is only an approximate reasoning formula for representing the importance and the relation of increasing the output power ratio of the engine. Therefore, in the uniform running, under any change of the speed and the load, the driving power is always equal to the running resistance power and is in one-to-one correspondence, otherwise, the uniform running cannot be performed; when the driving power range of the automobile output by the engine in the optimal state is smaller than the driving resistance power range, namely Bf is larger than Bbj Bn Btj Bs, the only method of the automobile system is to reduce the efficiency, and then the one-to-one correspondence relationship can be formed. There are many ways to reduce efficiency, such as reducing compression ratio, increasing or decreasing air-fuel ratio, operating in the power region, increasing idle loss, increasing transmission loss, etc.
For example, a car adopts a total speed ratio of 6AT transmission of 6.05, a load capacity of 1.54-2 tons, an economic zone speed of 10-120 km/h, a power zone speed of 120-200 km/h and a rotating speed range of 500-5000 r/min, and the efficiency of an engine in an optimal economic zone is assumed to be 60 percent, and the efficiency of the engine in the power zone is assumed to be 40-38 percent; bf=29/0.64=45, bbj= 1.156/0.686=1.69, bn=10, btj =3, bs=1.
Bf is less than or equal to Bbj Bn is Btj Bs.fwdarw.45 is less than or equal to 1.69.3.1=50, so Bηj is approximately equal to 1. The high-efficiency automobile system works in the optimal economic area, and the efficiency of the engine is 60% all the time.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the output power of the critical value of the air inflow can be matched with the resistance power of 100km/h, and the output power is adjusted to be equal to or greater than 120km/h through gears, wherein 120km/h is the highest regulated speed value of the car, and when the speed is 140km/h actually, the efficiency of the engine is 60%, the speed is 140-200 km/h, and the efficiency of the engine is gradually reduced but is between 40-60%. The data of the high-efficiency automobile system running at different speeds at constant speed are shown in the following table (5-1) and fig. 6:
the vehicle speed unit is km/h, the rotating speed unit is r/min, the power unit is kW, and the oil consumption unit is L.
TABLE 5-1
As can be readily seen from a comparison of fig. 4 and 6, the critical output power of the engine is closer to the running resistance power curve of the automobile, which is a key factor in the new method for improving the efficiency of the automobile system. In the comparison of the tables (2-2) and (3-1), the transmission loss coefficient and the light load loss coefficient of the new method are also obviously improved.
In tables (2-2) and (5-1), when the suburban mixed average speed is 50km/h, the fuel consumption ratio of the uniform speed running hundred kilometers is 6/2=3 times, and the efficiency of the engine under different working conditions is greatly improved by the novel method.
When the high-efficiency automobile system according to the invention is used at the speed of 10-60 km/h, the engine is at low output power, and the vibration is slightly increased because the rotating speed is close to 500 r/min. The rotating speed of 10-20 km/h can be reduced to be close to 250r/min, the vibration sense is not obviously increased, but the oil consumption is greatly reduced.
For example, in Table (5-1), if the rotational speed of the vehicle at a speed of 10km/h is reduced to 250r/min, since the engine output is only 0.91kW, the vibration feeling is not significantly increased, the system efficiency is increased from 23% to 42%, the idling running may be performed without motor driving, and the fuel consumption of hundred kilometers is reduced from 3.1L to 1.7L.
The gear of the high-efficiency automobile system is 2 (or 4) gears when the automobile system is slowly started, and 5-6 gears are adopted when the automobile speed is 30-100 km/h, so that the rotating speed of the engine is as close to 500r/min as possible, the rotating speed of the engine is reduced, and the critical output power of the engine is more close to the running resistance power curve of the automobile. The gear used up to 200km/h is no longer the traditional highest gear, say 6, but 4, and the speed of the engine is increased by reducing the gear of the transmission, increasing the output.
Transmission gear shifting is considered herein to be the reflection of optimal conditions at the vehicle speed point and covers the effects of transmission losses and light load losses on the efficiency of the vehicle system.
The acceleration time and efficiency of the high efficiency automotive system, critical acceleration and maximum acceleration travel data table (5-3) according to some embodiments of the present invention is as follows:
TABLE 5-3
The table (5-3) selects the normal maximum acceleration, the engine adopts the output power corresponding to the critical value of the air inflow, the hundred kilometers of acceleration time is 17.4s, the maximum vehicle speed is 20-50 km/h from the starting to the crossing of 50m in the urban area, 10-6 s is needed, the engine works in the optimal efficiency state at the moment, and the system efficiency of the automobile is about 60% by 0.85.
The maximum acceleration is selected extremely, the maximum output power corresponding to the maximum air inflow is adopted by the engine, the total hundred kilometers of acceleration time is 7.75s, the maximum vehicle speed is 20-50 km/h from the starting to the crossing passing through 50m in urban areas, 9.5-4.8 s are needed, and the system efficiency of the automobile is 40% by 0.85. The analysis described above reflects that the maximum vehicle speed in urban areas is 60km/h and that it is not necessary to select the extremely maximum acceleration mode for the acceleration running at the intersections.
In addition, in the above scheme, the engine attenuation coefficient is bs=1, and in the example, no analysis is performed by adopting a mode of attenuating the engine output power, which is basically the same as a method of adjusting the backup power by adopting a method of increasing the engine speed range and a method of adopting a variable volume combustion chamber engine, so that the output power of an economic zone of the engine at the vehicle speed is finally more approximate to a running resistance power curve, and the requirements of dynamic performance and the like are met.
Similarly, under different working conditions, the method of the truck with the diesel engine and the car with the gasoline engine is basically the same. A diesel engine only truck, the maximum speed of which can be slightly increased over a conventional diesel engine, is provided by a variable volume combustion chamber engine and by means of a method of adjusting the back-up power by increasing the engine speed range.
For example, when the high-efficiency automobile system is a heavy truck trailer, the total speed ratio of the transmission is adopted to be 20, the loading capacity of the heavy truck is 8.8-40 tons, the speed of the automobile is 10-100 km/h, and the rotating speed range is 500-2500 r/min; bz=259/6.36=62, bbj=5, bn=5, btj =2.5, bs=1, bz++bj Bbj ×bn× Btj ×bs, bηj++1, assuming an optimum economy zone threshold efficiency of 64%, the efficiency of an engine of 10 to 100km/h is about 64% without consideration of the effects of light load loss, transmission loss, and extreme acceleration.
It is noted that the high efficiency automotive system can always operate the compression ratio and the air-fuel ratio in an optimal state at a high rotation speed after the variable volume combustion chamber engine is adopted. The high-efficiency automobile system increases the backup power, reduces the gear by virtue of the transmission and increases the volume of the combustion chamber, can partially increase the rotating speed of the engine without reducing the efficiency of the engine without generating the problems of reduction of the compression ratio and extension of the combustion time caused by increase of the air-fuel ratio, and is particularly suitable for increasing the rotating speed of the compression ignition type diesel engine, thereby increasing the rotating speed ratio of the engine
Further, in the conventional automobile system, if the speed is higher in a high-speed driving area, the influence of wind resistance is obvious, the wind resistance is higher, the driving resistance power is higher, and the system efficiency of the automobile is increased but the hundred kilometers oil consumption is higher; in a low-speed driving area, the lower the speed is, the influence of wind resistance is not obvious, the nonlinear change of resistance power and the speed is not obvious, but the lower the speed is, the lower the system efficiency of the automobile is, and the larger the hundred kilometers oil consumption is; the system efficiency of the automobile is the lowest and the hundred kilometers oil consumption is the largest in the idle running method; the heavy load is increased, the backup power is reduced, and the efficiency of the engine is increased; during acceleration, the backup power is reduced, the efficiency of the engine is increased, and during maximum acceleration, the backup power is zero, so that the efficiency of the engine is highest; when the vehicle is coasting and decelerating, the engine does not provide power, but the light load loss of the engine at high rotating speed has great influence on the waste of the kinetic energy of the vehicle, and the higher the rotating speed is, the larger the light load loss influence is, which is equivalent to increasing the oil consumption; braking and decelerating, wherein the higher the vehicle speed is, the larger the kinetic energy loss is; idle idling has a large impact on system efficiency.
In addition to the idling running method, if the efficiency change of the high-efficiency automobile system is smaller than the wind resistance change, the lower the speed is, the smaller the oil consumption of hundred kilometers is, the higher the speed is, the larger the wind resistance is, the larger the running resistance power is, and the larger the oil consumption of hundred kilometers is; others are substantially identical to conventional automotive systems.
Assume that the total loss factor of the hybrid system is 0.57. When the high-efficiency automobile system runs at a low speed, if the total loss coefficient of the hybrid power system driven by the generator is larger than the total loss coefficient of the system driven by the engine, the energy can be saved by adopting the motor for driving, and the method is very effective in the traditional automobile system.
Referring to a data table (2-2) of a traditional automobile system, when the automobile speed is 60km/h, the total loss coefficient is 0.51, when the automobile speed is less than or equal to 60km/h, motor driving can be adopted, under higher-speed running, even an alternate working mode of motor driving, engine driving and charging is adopted, and the efficiency of partial engine power driving is higher, so that the meaning that the hybrid power system exists in the traditional automobile system is realized.
With reference to the data table (3-1) of the high-efficiency automobile system, which is provided by the invention and is used for adjusting the backup power by increasing the rotating speed range of the engine, when the automobile speed is 40km/h, the total loss coefficient is 0.60, and when the automobile speed is less than or equal to 30km/h, the motor can be used for driving. However, in the high-efficiency automobile system, the fact that the speed of the automobile is reduced to be very low is practical is important, in a data table (3-1) of mechanical equipment, the speed of the automobile is 10km/h, the rotating speed is 513r/min, the total loss coefficient is 0.52, motor driving can be adopted, and if the rotating speed is reduced to be 250r/min, the total loss coefficient is 0.70, and motor driving cannot be adopted.
In the example, assuming that the urban road junction length is 100km, the running speed is 20km/h and 50km/h respectively, one road junction is 1 time per 1km, the kinetic energy loss is 50% during braking, the queuing is carried out for 0-2 times, the average time is 1 time, the queuing time is 0-60 s, and the average time is 30s, wherein the running speed is 100m at an idle speed of 10km/h each time.
Under urban working conditions, assuming that the traditional car system adopts maximum acceleration, the gasoline engine runs in a state with optimal efficiency of 40%, the system efficiency is 36.8%, and 50% of kinetic energy saved by braking is equivalent to reducing the energy consumption of acceleration. The idle speed and idle oil consumption is 1.8L/h, and the oil consumption of the vehicle speed of 10-50 km/h is derived from a data sheet (2-2).
The effects of the speed, idle running and the like of the traditional car system on the efficiency of the running system are as follows:
TABLE 6-1
When the speed of the vehicle is 50km/h, the speed is high, the acceleration is more oil-consuming, the braking kinetic energy loss is large, but the efficiency of the running system is improved by 1.5 times compared with that of the vehicle at 20 km/h. If the speed of idle running is increased from the traditional 10km/h to 20km/h, the fuel consumption of crossing queuing running can be saved by=1.79+ (0.11-0.03) - (1.13+ (0.32-0.1))=1.87-1.35=0.52L, and the running system efficiency can be improved by 5%. The key of the traditional automobile system for improving the efficiency of the running system is that the automobile can work in a high-speed area as soon as possible, and the concept of 'lightly stepping on the accelerator and lightly stepping on the brake to save oil' in the low-speed running area is incorrect, and the concept of 'lightly stepping on the accelerator and lightly stepping on the brake to save oil' should be adopted. The queuing idling at the intersection accounts for 15% of the efficiency of a running system, and the parking and flameout technology can improve the system efficiency of the automobile. The idling speed is 10km/h, the oil consumption is 0.32L/100km by adopting a low-power motor for driving, the running system efficiency can be improved by 15 percent, and the problems of stopping and idling movement can be simultaneously solved by adopting a mode of mixed starting and driving of the motor and the engine.
If the motor drive can improve the efficiency of the low-speed running area of the automobile system, the motor and the engine are connected in parallel to drive the automobile, and the motor can be connected with the input end or the output end of the transmission, the motor is different from a general hybrid electric automobile in that the motor drive is only used for frequent starting, short-distance and low-power low-speed running and reverse-warehouse running of urban roads, the low-power motor drive is adopted, the capacity of a storage battery is greatly reduced, and the trouble of external charging is omitted.
When the vehicle speed is greater than a certain set value, such as 10-60 km/h, the acceleration is greater than a certain set value, and the set value is related to whether energy is saved, the electric drive can be actively switched into the engine drive mode, or the engine can be started to run by means of the running inertia of the vehicle, so that the power of a motor is reduced, and the influence of the efficiency loss of the engine, the light load loss, the transmission loss and the friction loss of a clutch on the efficiency of a vehicle system in a low-speed running area is reduced. And the automobile starting mode of mountain areas, obstacles and large acceleration road conditions is set, the traditional mode of starting from the engine is directly adopted, the idle speed starting speed can be changed at will, and the starting operation under various working conditions is not influenced.
In urban conditions, the high-efficiency automobile system is implemented as a car, and adopts critical power acceleration, and the engine runs in a state that the optimal efficiency is 60 percent. The oil consumption of the vehicle speed of 10-50 km/h is derived from a data sheet (3-1).
According to some embodiments of the present invention, the effect of the high-efficiency automobile system speed, idle running, etc. on the efficiency of the running system, scheme 1, data table (6-2) is as follows:
TABLE 6-2
According to some embodiments of the invention, the effect of the high-efficiency automobile system speed, idle running, etc. on the efficiency of the running system, scheme 2, data table (6-3) is as follows:
TABLE 6-3
The rotation speed of the scheme 1 is 0.5 times lower than that of the scheme 2, so the idle speed and the oil consumption of the vehicle speed of 10km/h are lower.
The higher the vehicle speed through the intersection, the more fuel is charged. If the idle running speed is increased from the traditional 10km/h to 20km/h, the scheme 1 has no drop in hundred kilometers oil consumption, so that oil is not saved, and the scheme 2 improves the running system efficiency by 1.5 percent, so that the method has no practical significance. In the high-efficiency automobile system, measures of 'lightly stepping on the accelerator and lightly stepping on the brake' can be adopted in the running process so as to save oil consumption.
The idling of the crossing queuing accounts for 6-11% of the running efficiency, and the efficiency of the high-efficiency automobile system can be improved by adopting a parking and flameout technology. In the scheme 1, the speed of the vehicle is 10km/h, the rotating speed is 250r/min, the total loss coefficient is more than 57 percent, the motor cannot be used for driving, but the motor can be used for driving by adopting a 0.5kW low-power motor under the reverse garage driving, and the problems of stopping and flameout and reverse garage driving can be solved simultaneously by adopting a mode of mixed starting and driving of the motor and the engine. The scheme 2 can adopt a 1kW low-power motor to drive, the fuel saving amount is 0.31-0.22=0.09L, and the 2 problems of stopping and idling can be simultaneously solved by adopting a mode of mixing starting and driving of the motor and the engine. The reverse garage running refers to a running method when the automobile is parked at a parking space, and the general speed is less than or equal to 5km/h.
Thus, according to some embodiments of the present invention, hybrid starting and driving may be employed as appropriate, and a park stall technique may be employed to increase the efficiency of the high efficiency automotive system.
Further, hybrid vehicles are representative of fuel economy and have no significant advantages over the high efficiency automotive system of the present invention. That is, the high efficiency automotive system provided by the present invention is excellent in fuel consumption.
In the hybrid power vehicle, under different working conditions, an engine always works in an optimal efficiency state to drive a generator, the efficiency of a vehicle-mounted generator is 90%, and the average fixed large-size generator can reach more than 95%, so that the hybrid power vehicle is unrealistic to use; the utilization rate of the charge and discharge efficiency of the lead storage battery is 75% -90% (85%), the utilization rate of the charge and discharge of the lithium iron phosphate battery is 85% -90%, the power density is high, the cost is high, the lithium battery needs to consider 0.95 of the complex charging circuit, and the actual efficiency is not improved compared with that of the lead battery; the motor efficiency is 70-80% (75 percent); the wheel is directly driven by adopting the hub motor, so that the loss of the transmission system can be ignored; from the viewpoints of power generation, charge, discharge and driving, the total loss coefficient of the system of the hybrid vehicle is approximately equal to 0.9 x 0.85 x 0.75=57%, and the system efficiency of the hybrid vehicle is approximately equal to the optimal efficiency of the engine.
The following data table (7-1) is assumed for heating value, density, and price of 4 fuels:
the thermal efficiency of a diesel engine with a compression ratio of 20 is 64%, the efficiency of a gasoline engine with a compression ratio of 10 is 60%, the efficiency of methanol or ethanol with a compression ratio of 10 is 60%, and the system efficiency of an automobile under different working conditions is 0.85. In actual use, the high-proportion alcohol diesel or the mixed fuel of gasoline can be adopted, the cost of the fuel is reduced, and the price of the gasoline and the diesel takes 7.5 yuan/L.
Type of fuel Diesel oil Gasoline Methanol Ethanol
Density (kg/L) 0.83 0.73 0.79 0.79
Heating value (mJ/kg) 46 43 20 28
Price (Yuan/kg) 9.04 10.27 1.8 4.8
System efficiency 0.64*0.85 0.60*0.85 0.60*0.85 0.60*0.85
Cost (Yuan/kWh) 1.30 1.69 0.64 1.21
TABLE 7-1
The average price of electricity used in 2018 was 0.61 yuan/kWh. The power cost of the pure electric vehicle is as follows: electricity price/(loss of charge, discharge, drive) =0.61/0.64=0.94 yuan/kWh. Coal electricity accounts for about 60% of the generated energy in China, coal and petroleum are fossil energy sources, the price is mainly related to scarcity and commodity price indexes, fuels such as alcohols can be biological renewable energy sources, the renewable energy sources are mainly related to commodity price indexes, namely, in a larger time range, the electricity price of taking coal as a power generation main body is close to the rising proportion of the petroleum price, but the electricity price is always higher than the rising proportion of the alcohols, and the factors such as politics, technical progress, environmental protection, new finding of large reserves and the like are not considered in price analysis.
Therefore, the analysis reflects that compared with the high-efficiency automobile system provided by the invention, the pure electric automobile has no obvious power cost advantage.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the machine includes a machine body and the engine, wherein the engine is mounted to the machine body. At least a portion of the machine body is driven to move by the engine. The engine is capable of powering the mechanical device body. The rotation speed ratio of the optimum efficiency region of the engine may be in a range of 5 to 40, wherein the rotation speed ratio of the optimum efficiency region of the engine may be 5 when the mechanical device is an automobile, and the rotation speed ratio of the optimum efficiency region of the engine may be 40 when the mechanical device is a helicopter.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments of the invention described above and shown in the drawings are by way of example only and not limiting. The objects of the present invention have been fully and effectively achieved. The functional and structural principles of the present invention have been shown and described in the examples and embodiments of the invention may be modified or practiced without departing from the principles described.

Claims (21)

1. A mechanical device, comprising:
a mechanical device body; and
an engine, wherein the engine is mounted to the machine body to drive at least part of the machine body to perform work, and a rotation speed ratio of an optimum efficiency region of the engine ranges from 5 to 40;
the optimal efficiency state of the engine means that the efficiency of the engine is highest in the optimal compression ratio, the air-fuel ratio and the optimal rotating speed range, and the effective power of the engine is the largest, namely the full effective power, at the fixed rotating speed;
the engine speed ratio refers to the ratio between the highest rotating speed and the lowest rotating speed in the stable working state of the engine; the transmission speed refers to the transmission output speed;
the automobile consists of four driving states of acceleration, uniform speed, deceleration and idle speed idling; the constant-speed running state is divided into heavy load, light load, high speed, low speed and idle running, and the constant-speed running state is also divided into maximum legal speed, common main working conditions and unusual special working conditions; the common working condition of the automobile refers to the change of constant speed less than or equal to the maximum regulated speed, within the nominal load capacity and with small acceleration; the unusual working condition refers to the speed, overload and high acceleration which are larger than the maximum regulation; the high-efficiency mechanical equipment can work under higher efficiency under different working conditions;
An engine employing a variable combustion chamber volume while increasing the engine speed range so that the engine can be operated at or near an optimum air-fuel ratio and an optimum compression ratio;
after the method of increasing the engine speed range and adjusting the backup power is adopted, the mode of attenuating the engine output power is combined, so that the output power is greatly reduced under the optimal efficiency of the engine when the engine runs at a low speed and uniform speed, the requirements of reducing the engine power are further reduced by reducing the volume of the combustion chamber, and the design difficulty of the minimum combustion chamber is greatly reduced.
2. The mechanical device according to claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is arranged to adjust the intake air amount and the oil intake amount using variable valve timing technology and/or electronically controlled injection technology to increase the rotational speed range of the engine.
3. The mechanical device of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device decreases a rotational speed of an engine optimal efficiency region at a low speed uniform horizontal travel to decrease a maximum output power of the engine, thereby decreasing a backup power.
4. The mechanical device of claim 1, wherein engine speed ratio is total speed ratio > vehicle speed ratio is transmission speed ratio.
5. The machine of claim 1, wherein the machine is traveling at a highest speed, the highest traveling speed corresponding to an intermediate gear of a transmission.
6. The mechanical device of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is in an intermediate gear of the gearbox at low acceleration start and in a lowest gear of the gearbox at highest acceleration start; the mechanical equipment is accelerated or the load capacity is increased to exceed the maximum output power, and the gear of the gearbox is reduced for running; or the mechanical equipment can raise the gear of the gearbox when running at a constant speed, and the gearbox has redundant raisable gears.
7. The mechanical device according to claim 1, wherein a minimum moving speed is increased to 15-20 km/h when the mechanical device is driven by the engine; or the maximum moving speed is reduced to 150-180 km/h.
8. The machine of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the machine is an automobile.
9. The mechanical device of claim 8, wherein a speed ratio of the optimal efficiency region of the engine is 5.
10. The machine of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the machine is a helicopter.
11. The machine of claim 8, wherein the speed ratio of the optimum efficiency region of the engine is 40.
12. The mechanical device according to claim 1, wherein a minimum moving speed of the mechanical device under the drive of the engine is 15-20 km/h; or the highest moving speed of the mechanical equipment driven by the engine is 150-180 km/h.
13. An engine for a mechanical device, characterized in that the rotation speed ratio of the optimum efficiency region of the engine is in the range of 5 to 40;
the optimal efficiency state of the engine means that the efficiency of the engine is highest in the optimal compression ratio, the air-fuel ratio and the optimal rotating speed range, and the effective power of the engine is the largest, namely the full effective power, at the fixed rotating speed;
the engine speed ratio refers to the ratio between the highest rotating speed and the lowest rotating speed in the stable working state of the engine; the transmission speed refers to the transmission output speed;
the automobile consists of four driving states of acceleration, uniform speed, deceleration and idle speed idling; the constant-speed running state is divided into heavy load, light load, high speed, low speed and idle running, and the constant-speed running state is also divided into maximum legal speed, common main working conditions and unusual special working conditions; the common working condition of the automobile refers to the change of constant speed less than or equal to the maximum regulated speed, within the nominal load capacity and with small acceleration; the unusual working condition refers to the speed, overload and high acceleration which are larger than the maximum regulation; the high-efficiency mechanical equipment can work under higher efficiency under different working conditions;
An engine employing a variable combustion chamber volume while increasing the engine speed range so that the engine can be operated at or near an optimum air-fuel ratio and an optimum compression ratio;
after the method of increasing the engine speed range and adjusting the backup power is adopted, the mode of attenuating the engine output power is combined, so that the output power is greatly reduced under the optimal efficiency of the engine when the engine runs at a low speed and uniform speed, the requirements of reducing the engine power are further reduced by reducing the volume of the combustion chamber, and the design difficulty of the minimum combustion chamber is greatly reduced.
14. The engine of claim 13, wherein a combustion chamber volume of the engine is set to be variable.
15. The engine according to claim 14, wherein a variable volume ratio of a combustion chamber of the engine ranges from Lj to 15, where Lj is a critical value of an intake air amount.
16. The engine of claim 14, wherein the variable volume ratio of the combustion chamber economy zone of the engine ranges from 1 to 5.
17. A method of operating a mechanical device, comprising the steps of:
operating an engine having a speed ratio of not less than 5 in an optimum efficiency region to provide power;
The optimal efficiency state of the engine means that the efficiency of the engine is highest in the optimal compression ratio, the air-fuel ratio and the optimal rotating speed range, and the effective power of the engine is the largest, namely the full effective power, at the fixed rotating speed;
the engine speed ratio refers to the ratio between the highest rotating speed and the lowest rotating speed in the stable working state of the engine; the transmission speed refers to the transmission output speed;
the automobile consists of four driving states of acceleration, uniform speed, deceleration and idle speed idling; the constant-speed running state is divided into heavy load, light load, high speed, low speed and idle running, and the constant-speed running state is also divided into maximum legal speed, common main working conditions and unusual special working conditions; the common working condition of the automobile refers to the change of constant speed less than or equal to the maximum regulated speed, within the nominal load capacity and with small acceleration; the unusual working condition refers to the speed, overload and high acceleration which are larger than the maximum regulation; the high-efficiency mechanical equipment can work under higher efficiency under different working conditions;
an engine employing a variable combustion chamber volume while increasing the engine speed range so that the engine can be operated at or near an optimum air-fuel ratio and an optimum compression ratio;
After the method of increasing the engine speed range and adjusting the backup power is adopted, the mode of attenuating the engine output power is combined, so that the output power is greatly reduced under the optimal efficiency of the engine when the engine runs at a low speed and uniform speed, the requirements of reducing the engine power are further reduced by reducing the volume of the combustion chamber, and the design difficulty of the minimum combustion chamber is greatly reduced.
18. The method of operation of claim 17 wherein in said method said engine is a variable combustion chamber volume engine.
19. The operating method of claim 17, wherein in the method, a speed ratio of the transmission is increased to adjust the backup power of the engine using an excess speed ratio of the transmission.
20. The method of operation of claim 17 wherein in the method the mechanical device is in an intermediate gear of the transmission at low acceleration start and in a lowest gear of the transmission at highest acceleration start; the mechanical equipment is accelerated or the load capacity is increased to exceed the maximum output power, and the gear of the gearbox is reduced for running; or the mechanical equipment can raise the gear of the gearbox when running at a constant speed, and the gearbox has redundant raisable gears.
21. The method of operation of claim 17 wherein in the method the mechanical device is accelerated or the load is increased beyond the maximum output power of the engine to reduce the gear of the transmission.
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