CN111068066A - 一种生物纳米材料及其应用与制备 - Google Patents

一种生物纳米材料及其应用与制备 Download PDF

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CN111068066A
CN111068066A CN201911420214.3A CN201911420214A CN111068066A CN 111068066 A CN111068066 A CN 111068066A CN 201911420214 A CN201911420214 A CN 201911420214A CN 111068066 A CN111068066 A CN 111068066A
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贾力
周雨
解晓东
林敏�
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Fuzhou University
Minjiang University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种生物纳米材料及其应用与制备。本发明以核酸适配体修饰的具有靶向捕获外泌体能力的纳米粒,通过在MSN表面修饰一种或多种核酸适配体,使其具有高效地识别和捕获肿瘤外泌体同时将其代谢出体外的能力,并将其用于预防肿瘤转移。本发明捕获的肿瘤外泌体通过肝肠代谢排出体外,材料结构更简单,作用方式更新颖、有效、安全。

Description

一种生物纳米材料及其应用与制备
技术领域
本发明属于纳米材料及生物医药领域,涉及一种生物纳米材料及其应用与制备。
背景技术
癌症是当今威胁人类健康的主要原因之一,而且至今难以治愈。90%以上的癌症病人死 于肿瘤转移,因此针对肿瘤转移的靶向纳米材料能够有效抑制肿瘤转移,从而减少癌症死亡 人数。肿瘤转移被认为是因肿瘤细胞由原位瘤脱落,经过血液循环到达新的位点形成新的转 移病灶而成,而循环中的肿瘤细胞(Circulating Tumor Cells,CTCs)要到达新的位点,肿瘤外 泌体(Tumor-derived exosomes,TDEs)的发挥的作用至关重要。我们所针对的是血液循环和肿瘤 部位中的TDEs。Exosomes表面具有许多特异性蛋白,如EGFR,EpCAM,CD44等,而这 些蛋白在正常细胞中不表达或者表达量很低。因此,我们能够特异性针对这些肿瘤外泌体, 利用纳米材料与外泌体的靶向识别和结合,将其代谢排出体外,从而达到有效的抑制肿瘤转 移的目的。
外泌体(exosomes)的功能取决于其所来源的细胞类型,其可参与到机体免疫应答、抗原提 呈、细胞迁移、细胞分化、肿瘤侵袭等方方面面。(Hadi Valadi,Karin
Figure RE-RE-GDA0002419739980000011
,Apostolos Bossios, Margareta
Figure RE-RE-GDA0002419739980000012
,James J.Lee and Jan O.
Figure RE-RE-GDA0002419739980000013
etal.Exosome-mediated transfer ofmRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism ofgenetic exchange between cells.Nat Cell Biol 2007;9:654–9)在广泛的正常生理环境下,外泌体(exosomes)是促进真核细胞间的交流信号。在 恶性肿瘤中,这种作用被用于促进癌细胞的存活和生存生长以及癌细胞的转移。外泌体能够 使肿瘤细胞通过上皮间质转化而逃避免疫的攻击,从而使肿瘤发生转移(Nicholas Syn,Lingzhi Wang,GautamSethi,Jean-Paul Thieryand Boon-Cher Goh Exosome-Mediated Metastasis:FromEpithelial–Mesenchymal Transition to Escape from Immunosurveillance)有研究表明肿瘤来源的 外泌体参与到肿瘤细胞与基底细胞的遗传信息的交换,从而导致大量新生血管的生成,促进 了肿瘤的生长与侵袭。
核酸适配体是一种能识别特异性抗原的DNA或RNA序列,与传统抗体相比,它具有体 积小,稳定,生物相容性高,合成简便等优点。在作为靶向基团,核酸适配体由于体积较小, 产生的位阻会很少,从而加大了和靶点的结合能力。
介孔二氧化硅纳米粒(MSN)是一种广泛用于疾病的诊断和治疗中的纳米材料。它独特 的介孔结构,可变的粒径,良好的生物相容性,和稳定的化学特性,让MSN成为一种理想 的纳米材料。
现有技术中,介孔二氧化硅纳米材料通常作为药物载体应用,再利用核酸适配子起靶向 识别作用,如由核酸适配子-阿霉素-介孔二氧化硅形成的新型递药系统,核酸适配子与介孔 二氧化硅结合进行药物的递送。核酸适配体结合MSN纳米颗粒的应用中,可以在MSN孔道 内负载药物,并对药物起到缓释的作用,提高药物的持久性。如现有技术利用已报道的可特 异性结合EpCAM的DNA适配子共价结合羧基化修饰的介孔二氧化硅纳米材料,并在其介孔 内装载阿霉素,靶向EpCAM阳性的SW620结直肠癌细胞,通过SW620细胞和Romas淋巴 癌细胞的研究证实,在PH5.5时阿霉素的释放率明显高PH7.4的释放率;由DNA适配子-阿霉素-介孔二氧化硅形成的新型递药系统可降低EpCAM的表达、抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖同时可促进肿瘤细胞的晚期凋亡和坏死。
故现有技术中缺少一种通过在介孔二氧化硅纳米粒表面修饰一种或多种核酸适配体,使 其具有高效地识别和捕获肿瘤外泌体同时将其代谢出体外的能力,并将其用于预防肿瘤转移 的技术。
发明内容
针对现有技术中的上述问题,本发明提供了一种以核酸适配体修饰的具有靶向捕获外泌 体能力的纳米粒,通过在MSN表面修饰一种或多种核酸适配体,使其具有高效地识别和捕 获肿瘤外泌体同时将其代谢出体外的能力,并将其用于预防肿瘤转移。本发明内容如下:
一种生物纳米材料,所述生物纳米材料为具有特异性识别肿瘤细胞外泌体的核酸适配体 修饰的介孔二氧化硅纳米材料;所述介孔二氧化硅纳米材料带正电荷。
一种生物纳米材料的应用,将所述生物纳米材料用于特异性识别和捕获肿瘤外泌体,捕 获的肿瘤外泌体通过肝肠代谢排出体外,达到预防和治疗肿瘤细胞转移的效果。
一种生物纳米材料的制备,包括如下步骤:
步骤一、将十六烷基三甲基氯化铵与三乙醇胺和四乙基硅烷混合搅拌,再与3-氨丙基三 乙氧基硅烷作用,得到氨基修饰的二氧化硅纳米粒子MSN-NH2
步骤二、氨基修饰的二氧化硅纳米粒子MSN-NH2在1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺 /N-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺EDC/NHS作用下与核酸适配体作用得到具有靶向外泌体能力的生物纳 米材料MSN-AP。
进一步的,所述的MSN-AP粒径大小为50-500nm。
进一步的,所述核酸适配体的连接量为10-1000pmol/mg。
进一步的,所述生物纳米材料通过更改核酸适配体类型靶向其它物质将其代谢排出体外。
本发明的作用原理为:1.以MSN作为一个小分子纳米材料的主体;2.以一种或多种核酸 适配体作为靶向基团修饰MSN,使其具有靶向外泌体的能力,从而达到靶向捕获肿瘤外泌体 的的目的,将肿瘤外泌体代谢出体外,从而阻断其在肿瘤转移中的作用的目的。
本发明的效益在于:
(1)本发明以MSN作为主体,能通过控制纳米粒的粒径,很好的透过血管、胆管内皮等并 代谢出体内;再通过核酸适配体做为靶向基团,能够有效作用于癌症病人血液中的外泌体, 并与之结合使其通过肝肠通道代谢出体内
(2)本发明所用到的靶向基团的种类和数量可以根据需求改变。针对不同的靶细胞,和外泌 体表面的特异性抗原,靶向基团的种类可以改变,所以本发明能适用于预防多种癌症的转移。
附图说明
图1中a是所合成MSN的透射电子显微镜(TEM)成像;b是MSN与是适配体连接后的TEM 成像;c是所合成MSN的原子力显微镜(AFM)成像;d是MSN与适配体连接后MSN-AP的 AFM成像;
图2中A是MSN与适配体连接后MSN-AP的粒径分布;B是所合成MSN的粒径分布;
图3中A是荧光共聚焦下拍摄MSN-AP(Cy5标记)捕获EXO(PKH67标记)的图片(A549细胞 外泌体A-EXO,HELF细胞外泌体H-EXO);B是TEM下拍摄MSN捕获EXO的图片;C是 MSN-AP和EXO结合的模型;D是MSN-AP在血液中捕获EXO的量化统计图;
图4中A是大鼠注射MSN-AP和不注射MSN-AP两种EXO(A-EXO和H-EXO)在肠中的浓度图;B是注射和不注射MSN-AP不同时间段肠中EXO的浓度图;
图5中A是MSN-AP对裸鼠肿瘤转移肺组织抑制实验裸鼠肺器官照片,B是MSN-AP对裸 鼠肿瘤转移肺组织抑制实验肺部肿瘤节点数量统计图,C为MSN-AP对裸鼠肿瘤转移肺组织 抑制实验肺HE染色切片。
具体实施方式
以下将通过实施例,对本发明进行进一步说明,但本发明不局限于这些实施例,在本发 明的权利要求所阐述的范围内,可进行各种改变和等同替换。
一种生物纳米材料,所述生物纳米材料为具有特异性识别肿瘤细胞外泌体的核酸适配体 修饰的介孔二氧化硅纳米材料;所述介孔二氧化硅纳米材料带正电荷。该生物纳米材料的制 备,包括如下步骤:
步骤一、将十六烷基三甲基氯化铵与三乙醇胺和四乙基硅烷混合搅拌,再与3-氨丙基三 乙氧基硅烷作用,得到氨基修饰的二氧化硅纳米粒子MSN-NH2;具体如下:
取2.0g十六烷甲基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)与0.1g的三乙醇胺(TEA)溶于20mL超纯水中,并且在95℃的油浴里恒温搅拌1h。之后将1.5mL的四乙基硅烷(TEOS)逐滴滴加入到混合液中,然后继续在95℃油浴里恒温搅拌1h。停止加热,待样品冷却到室温后,将样品在15000rpm下离心10min,移除上清,再利用无水乙醇洗涤3次以除去反应残留。然后将洗 涤后的固体物质加入到20mL的1%化钠-甲醇溶液中(100mL甲醇含1g氯化钠)室温搅拌4h, 以去除CTAC。之后将所得的固体物质冷冻干燥,得白色固体MSN-OH。
取100mg的MSN-OH与2.5mL 3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)溶于到20mL无水乙醇中,再在常温下搅拌12h。将样品液在15000rpm下离心10min,以移除上清,然后分别用 无水乙醇与超纯水洗涤3遍来除去反应残留,所得的固体物质冷冻干燥后即可得到氨基修饰 的二氧化硅纳米粒子MSN-NH2,TEM拍照显示其形貌如图(1a)所示,AFM拍照如图(1c) 所示,粒径分布如图(2B)所示。
步骤二、氨基修饰的二氧化硅纳米粒子MSN-NH2在1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺 /N-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺EDC/NHS作用下与核酸适配体作用得到具有靶向外泌体能力的生物纳 米材料MSN-AP;具体操作如下:
将7nmol羧基修饰的EGFR-AP与8mg的EDC与8mg的NHS加入到5mL的超纯水 中,搅拌15min后,加入10mg的MSN-NH2再继续搅拌12h。将反应混合液在15000rpm 下离心10min,移除上清,干燥得MSN-AP,TEM和AFM拍照显示其形貌分别如图(1b)和 图(1d)所示,粒径分布如图(2A)所示
进一步的,所述的MSN-AP粒径大小为50-500nm。
进一步的,所述核酸适配体的连接量为10-1000pmol/mg。
进一步的,所述生物纳米材料通过更改核酸适配体类型靶向其它物质将其代谢排出体外。
一种生物纳米材料的应用,将所述生物纳米材料用于特异性识别和捕获肿瘤外泌体,捕 获的肿瘤外泌体通过肝肠代谢排出体外,达到预防和治疗肿瘤细胞转移的效果。
为了验证本发明的应用,申请人设置了如下试验。
试验一
将10ul A-EXO与10ul(20ug/ml)MSN-AP在37℃条件下孵育15min~30min,用PKH67染色,将染色后的样品,加入事先铺好的共聚焦小皿(3w/皿的helf贴壁细胞,hoechst染料染 色),静置30min后共聚焦显微镜拍摄分析。拍摄结果如图(3A)。将10ul A-EXO与 10ul(20ug/ml)MSN-AP在37℃条件下孵育15min~30min,制样TEM拍摄,拍摄结果如图(3B) 所示。如图(3B)所示,MSN-AP与A-EXO在缓冲液里很好的识别并结合。
将25ulA-EXO用PKH67染料染色。取大鼠血液300ul×4分别加入染色后A-EXO:50ng、 50ng、550ng、550ng,再分别加入30ulMSN-AP(400ug/ml),取一个50ng和一个550ng在37℃ 的条件下摇床1h,另外的50ng和550ng的在37℃条件下静置1h,取所有样品2000g离心5min, 取上清液,14800g离心,弃去上清,沉淀用PBS洗涤1次,用含1%的BSA的PBS封闭30min(培 养箱封闭),每个样品加入30ul磁珠孵育,摇床15min,稀释至1ml后继续孵育5min。流式 细胞仪检测。测定结果如图(3D)所示,MSN-AP和A-EXO在细胞培养基和大鼠血液中成功 识别与结合,验证了本发明应用的可行性。
试验二
将DNAE转染进入A-EXO及H-EXO,将大鼠(提前12h禁食)4只分别麻醉(乌拉坦),门静脉分别注射转染后的A-EXO、H-EXO、A-EXO和MSN-AP、H-EXO和MSN-AP,注射后 大鼠手术结扎小肠,4h后收集肠内容物,裂解外泌体膜后提取DNA做PCR测定DNA含量, 计算EXO浓度,结果如图(4A)所示,H-EXO的浓度为0.04,H-EXO和MSN-AP为0.05, A-EXO为0.06,A-EXO和MSN-AP为0.065,测定结果可见添加了本发明的MSN-AP材料 的外泌体浓度明显高于未添加组,说明了本发明材料与外泌体的结合并通过肠道代谢。
同样处理的A-EXO大鼠尾静脉注射,注射后手术收集大鼠胆汁,相同的方法测定EXO 含量,测定结果如图(4B)所示,如图的测定结果,A-EXO和MSN-AP试验组中,肠内EXO 的含量随着时间的延长而增加,但未添加MSN-AP的试验组EXO含量并没有增加,说明了 本发明材料捕获外泌体的有效性。
试验三
将实验用裸鼠随机分为4个小组,每个组4只。将A549细胞消化后悬浮于生理盐水中, 每只裸鼠通过尾静脉注射200μL含1.5×106个A546细胞。10min后,4个组的裸鼠分别尾静脉注射200μL的生理盐水,MSN,MSN-AP,A-EXO。注射后继续饲养15天,每3天称一 次裸鼠体重。15天后处死所有裸鼠,解剖并取出肺组织,布氏液处理组织,并观察转移病灶 数,最后进行石蜡包埋后切片观察,结果如图(5)所示,各组小鼠平均肿瘤节点情况为:生理 盐水组为3,MSN组为2.3,MSN-AP组为0.2,A-EXO组为6,该数据说明本发明材料MSN-AP 能有效降低肿瘤细胞的转移。
本发明通过介孔二氧化硅与核酸适配体结合,改变现有技术通过核酸适配体-介孔二氧化 硅-药物(如阿霉素)的形式靶向识别并杀死肿瘤细胞的方式,而是通过核酸适配体直接识别、 结合肿瘤外泌体,并利用介孔二氧化硅在血液中转运并通过肠道代谢排出的功能将结合的肿 瘤外泌体排出,通过转移肿瘤外泌体达到有效抑制肿瘤转移的目的,本发明材料结构更简单, 作用方式更新颖、有效、安全。
对于本领域技术人员而言,显然本发明不限于上述示范性实施例的细节,而且在不背离 本发明的精神或基本特征的情况下,能够以其他的具体形式实现本发明。因此,无论从哪一 点来看,均应将实施例看作是示范性的,而且是非限制性的,本发明的范围由所附权利要求 而不是上述说明限定,因此旨在将落在权利要求的等同要件的含义和范围内的所有变化囊括 在本发明内。

Claims (6)

1.一种生物纳米材料,其特征在于:所述生物纳米材料为具有特异性识别肿瘤细胞外泌体的核酸适配体修饰的介孔二氧化硅纳米材料;所述介孔二氧化硅纳米材料带正电荷。
2.一种权利要求1所述的生物纳米材料的应用,其特征在于: 将所述生物纳米材料用于特异性识别和捕获肿瘤外泌体,捕获的肿瘤外泌体通过肝肠代谢排出体外,达到预防和治疗肿瘤细胞转移的效果。
3.一种权利要求1所述的生物纳米材料的制备,其特征在于:包括如下步骤:
步骤一、将十六烷基三甲基氯化铵与三乙醇胺和四乙基硅烷混合搅拌,再与3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷作用,得到氨基修饰的二氧化硅纳米粒子MSN-NH2
步骤二、氨基修饰的二氧化硅纳米粒子MSN-NH2在1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺/N-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺EDC/NHS作用下与核酸适配体作用得到具有靶向外泌体能力的生物纳米材料MSN-AP。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种生物纳米材料的制备,其特征在于:所述的MSN-AP粒径大小为50-500 nm。
5.根据权利要求3所述的一种生物纳米材料的制备,其特征在于:所述核酸适配体的连接量为10-1000 pmol/mg。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种生物纳米材料,其特征在于:所述生物纳米材料通过更改核酸适配体类型靶向其它物质将其代谢排出体外。
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